Influence of agro-based reinforcements on the properties of aluminum matrix composites: a systematic review
Source abstract
Abstract
Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) have been extensively studied primarily due to higher strength-to-weight ratio, lower cost, and higher wear resistance properties. However, increasing demand for economical and energy-efficient materials in the automotive, aerospace and other applications is tailoring research area in the agro-based composite materials. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review work is to study the influence of agro-based reinforcements on the tribological and mechanical properties of AMC’s processed by various techniques. It was observed that the processing conditions can be designed to obtain uniform structures and better properties AMCs. The agro-waste reinforcement materials, such as rice husk ash, bamboo stem ash, coconut and shell ash can result in a reduction in the density of AMC’s without compromising mechanical properties. Moreover, the efficient utilization of the agro-waste leads to a decrease in manufacturing cost and prevents environmental pollution, hence, can be considered as a sustainable material. The state-of-the-art revealed that the agro-based reinforcements do not form brittle composites, as in the case of ceramic reinforced composites. Hence, the study concludes that the agro-based AMCs have great potential to act as a replacement for costly and environmentally hazardous ceramic reinforced-AMCs which can especially be used in various automotive applications that demand higher strength-to-weight ratio, lower cost, and higher wear resistance.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties · MXene and MAX Phase Materials · Advanced ceramic materials synthesis
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Macke A, Schultz BF. Metal matrix composites offer the automotive industry an opportunity to reduce vehicle weight, improve performance. Adv Mater Process 2012:19–23.10.31399/asm.amp.2012-03.p019 ↗
2. Miracle DB (2005) Metal matrix composites – From science to technological significance. Compos Sci Technol 65:2526–2540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.05.02710.1016/j.compscitech.2005.05.027 ↗
3. Tung SC, McMillan ML (2004) Automotive tribology overview of current advances and challenges for the future. Tribol Int 37:517–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2004.01.01310.1016/j.triboint.2004.01.013 ↗
4. Sun C, Song M, Wang Z, He Y (2011) Effect of particle size on the microstructures and mechanical properties of SiC-reinforced pure aluminum composites. J Mater Eng Perform 20:1606–1612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-010-9801-310.1007/s11665-010-9801-3 ↗
5. Surappa MK (2003) Aluminium matrix composites: challenges and opportunities. Sadhana 28:319–33410.1007/BF02717141 ↗
6. Rohatgi BPPK, Schultz B, Matters M (2011) Lightweight metal matrix nanocomposites - stretching the boundaries of metals. Mater Matters 2(4):1–6
7. Surappa MK, Rohatgi PK (1981) Preparation and properties of cast aluminium-ceramic particle composites. J Mater Sci 16:983–993. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0054274310.1007/BF00542743 ↗
8. Maleque MA, Atiqah A, Talib RJ, Zahurin H (2012) New natural fibre reinforced aluminium composite for automotive brake pad. Int J Mech Mater Eng 7:166–170
9. Rajan TPD, Pillai RM, Pai BC (1998) Reinforcement coatings and interfaces in aluminium metal matrix composites. J Mater Sci 33:3491–3503. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:100467482275110.1023/A:1004674822751 ↗
10. Panigrahi SK, Jayaganthan R (2010) Effect of annealing on precipitation, microstructural stability, and mechanical properties of cryorolled Al 6063 alloy. J Mater Sci 45:5624–5636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-4627-910.1007/s10853-010-4627-9 ↗
11. Reddy BSB, Das K, Das S (2007) A review on the synthesis of in situ aluminum based composites by thermal, mechanical and mechanical-thermal activation of chemical reactions. J Mater Sci 42:9366–9378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-1827-z10.1007/s10853-007-1827-z ↗
12. Taylor P (2016) Development of metal-matrix composites from industrial/agricultural waste materials and their derivatives. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 46:143–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2015.107706710.1080/10643389.2015.1077067 ↗
13. Lancaster L, Lung MH, Sujan D, Ash ACS (2013) Utilization of agro-industrial waste in metal matrix composites : towards sustainability. World Acad Sci Eng Technol 73:1136–1144
14. Das S, Dan TK, Prasad SV, Rohatgi PK (1986) Aluminium alloy-rice husk ash particle composites. J Mater Sci Lett 5:562–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0172869110.1007/BF01728691 ↗
15. Siddharth D, Rao JB (2017) Synthesis and characterization of RHA (rice husk ash) particulates reinforced A7075 composites. Int J Adv Mech Civ Eng 4:105–110
16. Dwivedi SP, Saxena A, Kumaraswamy A, Sahu R (2021) Synthesis and characterisation of waste SAC-and RHA-reinforced aluminium-based composite. Green Mater. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.20.0004210.1680/jgrma.20.00042 ↗
17. Alaneme KK, Eze HI, Bodunrin MO (2015) Corrosion behaviour of groundnut shell ash and silicon carbide hybrid reinforced Al-Mg-Si alloy matrix composites in 3.5% NaCl and 0.3M H 2SO4 solutions. Leonardo Electron J Pract Technol 14:141–158
18. Alaneme KK, Bodunrin MO, Awe AA (2018) Microstructure, mechanical and fracture properties of groundnut shell ash and silicon carbide dispersion strengthened aluminium matrix composites. J King Saud Univ - Eng Sci 30:96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2016.01.00110.1016/j.jksues.2016.01.001 ↗
19. Poornesh M, Saldanha JX, Singh J, Pinto GM (2017) Comparison of mechanical properties of coconut shell ash and SiC reinforced hybrid aluminium metal matrix composites. Am J Mater Sci 7:116–119. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.materials.20170704.1010.5923/j.materials.20170704.10 ↗
20. Abdulwahab M, Umaru OB, Bawa MA, Jibo HA (2017) Microstructural and thermal study of Al-Si-Mg/melon shell ash particulate composite. Results Phys 7:947–954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2017.02.01610.1016/j.rinp.2017.02.016 ↗
21. Safiuddin M, Jumaat MZ, Salam MA, Islam MS, Hashim R (2010) Utilization of solid wastes in construction materials. Int J Phys Sci 5:1952–1963
22. Atiqah MAM (2012) Development and characterization of coir fibre reinforced composite brake friction materials. Arab J Sci Eng 38:3191–3199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-012-0454-410.1007/s13369-012-0454-4 ↗
23. Siva Prasad D, Rama Krishna A (2011) Production and mechanical properties of A356. 2 / RHA composites. Int J Adv Sci Technol Prod 33:51–58
24. Zuhailawati H, Samayamutthirian P, Haizu CHM, Campus E, Pinang P (2007) Fabrication of low cost of aluminium matrix composite reinforced with silica sand. J Phys Sci 18:47–55
25. Kanthavel K, Sumesh KR, Saravanakumar P (2016) Study of tribological properties on Al / Al2O3 / MoS2 hybrid composite processed by powder metallurgy. Alexandria Eng J 55:13–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.01.02410.1016/j.aej.2016.01.024 ↗
26. Baradeswaran A, Perumal AE (2014) Study on mechanical and wear properties of Al7075 / Al2O3 / graphite hybrid composites. Compos Part B 56:464–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.08.01310.1016/j.compositesb.2013.08.013 ↗
27. Adebisi AA, Maleque A, Ali MY (2016) Effect of variable particle size reinforcement on mechanical and wear properties of 6061Al – SiC p composite. Compos InterfaCes 23:533–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/09276440.2016.116741410.1080/09276440.2016.1167414 ↗
28. Tiwari S, Pradhan MK (2017) Effect of rice husk ash on properties of aluminium alloys: A review. Mater Today Proc 4:486–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.01.04910.1016/j.matpr.2017.01.049 ↗
29. Kulkarni PP, Siddeswarappa B, Kumar KSH (2019) A survey on effect of agro waste ash as reinforcement on aluminium base metal matrix composites. Open J Compos Mater 09:312–326. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojcm.2019.9301910.4236/ojcm.2019.93019 ↗
30. Bhattacharya SC (1993) State-of-the-art of utilizing residues and other types of biomass as an energy source. RERIC Int Energy J 15:1–23
31. Aigbodion V (2012) Development of Al-Si-Fe/Rice husk ash particulate composites synthesis by double stir casting method. Usak Univ J Mater Sci 1:187–197
32. Sathiesh Kumar N (2020) Fabrication and characterization of Al7075 / RHA /Mica composite by squeeze casting. Mater Today Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.76910.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.769 ↗
33. Bakar RA, Yahya R, Gan SN (2016) Production of high purity amorphous silica from rice husk. Procedia Chem 19:189–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2016.03.09210.1016/j.proche.2016.03.092 ↗
34. Bazargan A, Bazargan M, McKay G (2015) Optimization of rice husk pretreatment for energy production. Renew Energy 77:512–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.11.07210.1016/j.renene.2014.11.072 ↗
35. Verma N, Vettivel SC (2018) Characterization and experimental analysis of boron carbide and rice husk ash reinforced AA7075 aluminium alloy hybrid composite. J Alloys Compd 741:981–998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.01.18510.1016/j.jallcom.2018.01.185 ↗
36. Joharudin NFM, Latif NA, Mustapa MS, Badarulzaman NA, Mahmod MF 2020 Effect of burning temperature on rice husk silica as reinforcement of recycled aluminium chip AA7075. J Adv Res Fluid Mech Therm Sci 68 https://doi.org/10.37934/ARFMTS.68.1.125132.10.37934/ARFMTS.68.1.125132 ↗
37. Alaneme KK, Sanusi KO (2015) Microstructural characteristics, mechanical and wear behaviour of aluminium matrix hybrid composites reinforced with alumina, rice husk ash and graphite. Eng Sci Technol an Int J 18:416–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2015.02.00310.1016/j.jestch.2015.02.003 ↗
38. Narasaraju G, Raju DL (2015) Characterization of hybrid rice husk and fly ash-reinforced aluminium alloy (AlSi10Mg) composites. Mater Today Proc 2:3056–3064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2015.07.24510.1016/j.matpr.2015.07.245 ↗
39. Usman AM, Raji1 A, Hassan MA, Waziri and NH. Influence of particulate loading on the mechanical properties of Al-4.5 Cu/GSA composite. Int J Eng Sci 2014;3:1–7.
40. Ravi Kumar K, Pridhar T, Sree Balaji VS (2018) Mechanical properties and characterization of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and coconut shell ash(CSA) reinforced aluminium (Al 6082) matrix hybrid composite. J Alloys Compd 765:171–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.06.17710.1016/j.jallcom.2018.06.177 ↗
41. Babu RBMR (2019) Effect of mechanical properties on palm sprout shell ash reinforced with Al-6061 alloy metal matrix composites. Int J Sci Res Eng Trends 5:2395–2566
42. Virkunwar AK, Ghosh S, Basak R (2019) Study of mechanical and tribological characteristics of aluminium alloy reinforced with sugarcane bagasse ash. SSRN Electron J. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.331351010.2139/ssrn.3313510 ↗
43. Baharin S, Universiti J (2011) Analysis of worn surfaces of palm shell activated carbon (Psac) reinforced aluminium matrix. Eng e-Trans 6:156–160
44. Emeruwa OE, Nnakwo KC, Atuanya CU (2017) Investigative study of the structure and mechanical behaviour of horse eye bean seed shell ash reinforced aluminium alloy matrix composite. Int J Sci Res Sci Eng Technol 3:8–13
45. Tafzeelul Kamal MAS (2018) Evaluation of mustard husk ash as reinforcement for aluminium matrix composite. Mater Res Express Accept 5:1–16
46. Odoni BU, Odikpo F, Chinasa NC, Akaluzia RO (2020) Experimental analysis, predictive modelling and optimization of some physical and mechanical properties of aluminium 6063 alloy based composites reinforced with corn cob ash. J Mater Eng Struct 7:451–465
47. Ikubanni PP, Oki M, Adeleke AA, Adediran AA, Agboola OO, Babayeju O, Egbo N, Omiogbemi IMB (2021) Tribological and physical properties of hybrid reinforced aluminium matrix composites. Mater Today Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.53710.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.537 ↗
48. Ebenezer NS, Vinod B, Jagadesh HS (2021) Corrosion behaviour of bamboo leaf ash-reinforced nickel surface-deposited aluminium metal matrix composites. J Bio- Tribo-Corrosion 7:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-021-00510-x10.1007/s40735-021-00510-x ↗
49. Yevich R, Logan JA (2003) An assessment of biofuel use and burning of agricultural waste in the developing world. Global Biogeochem Cycles. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gb00195210.1029/2002gb001952 ↗
50. Sarkar JK, Wang Q (2020) Different pyrolysis process conditions of South Asian waste coconut shell and characterization of gas, bio-char, and bio-oil. Energies. https://doi.org/10.3390/en1308197010.3390/en13081970 ↗
51. Satheesh M, Pugazhvadivu M (2019) Investigation on physical and mechanical properties of Al6061-Silicon Carbide (SiC)/Coconut shell ash (CSA) hybrid composites. Phys B Condens Matter 572:70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2019.07.05810.1016/j.physb.2019.07.058 ↗
52. Kaladgi ARR, Rehman KF, Afzal A, Baig MA, Soudagar MEM, Bhattacharyya S (2021) Fabrication characteristics and mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloy reinforced with Al2O3 and coconut shell particles synthesized by stir casting. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 1057:12017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1057/1/01201710.1088/1757-899X/1057/1/012017 ↗
53. Bello SA, Raheem IA, Raji NK (2017) Study of tensile properties, fractography and morphology of aluminium (1xxx)/coconut shell micro particle composites. J King Saud Univ - Eng Sci 29:269–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2015.10.00110.1016/j.jksues.2015.10.001 ↗
54. Bannaravuri PK, Birru AK. Strengthening of Al-4.5%Cu alloy with the addition of Silicon Carbide and Bamboo Leaf Ash. Int J Struct Integr 2019;10:149–61. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSI-03-2018-0018.10.1108/IJSI-03-2018-0018 ↗
55. Shridhara K. T, Hanumnthlal S, Annoji Rao T. M. Characterisation of Aluminium-Copper Alloy with Bamboo Leaf Ash and Graphite Metal Matrix Composites. Int J Eng Res 2015;V4:446–50. https://doi.org/10.17577/ijertv4is070374.10.17577/ijertv4is070374 ↗
56. Alaneme KK, Olubambi PA, Afolabi AS, Bodurin MO (2014) Corrosion and tribological studies of bamboo leaf ash and alumina reinforced Al-Mg-Si alloy matrix hybrid composites in chloride medium. Int J Electrochem Sci 9:5663–567410.1016/S1452-3981(23)08196-8 ↗
57. Usman AM, Raji A, Waziri N, Hassan MA (2014) Aluminium alloy - rice husk ash composites production and analysis. Leonardo Electron J Pract Technol 25:84–98
58. De SC, Khosrow R (2010) Rice Husk Ash as a supplementary raw material for the production of cellulose – cement composites with improved performance. Waste Biomass Valor 1:241–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-010-9017-710.1007/s12649-010-9017-7 ↗
59. Madakson PB, Yawas DS, Apasi A (2012) Characterization of coconut shell ash for potential utilization in metal matrix composites for automotive applications. Int J Eng Sci Technol 4:1190–1198
60. Amu OO, Adetuberu AA (2010) Characteristics of bamboo leaf ash stabilization on lateritic soil in highway construction. Int J Eng Technol 2:212–219
61. Zainudin NF, Lee KT, Kamaruddin AH, Bhatia S, Mohamed AR (2005) Study of adsorbent prepared from oil palm ash ( OPA ) for flue gas desulfurization. Sep Purif Technol 45:50–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2005.02.00810.1016/j.seppur.2005.02.008 ↗
62. Robani R, Chan C. Reusing soft soils with cement-palm oil clinker ( POC ) stabilisation. Int Conf Eng Educ 21st Century 2009:1–4.
63. Ahmadi R, Saiful MS, Zawawi DF, Rahman SZA, Ismail I, Mannan AB, et al. Production and Characterisation of Microfine Sized Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) Originated from Bau, Lundu Palm Oil Mill. MATEC Web Conf 2016;87. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20178701011.10.1051/matecconf/20178701011 ↗
64. Hashimah N, Mohamad B. The utilization of Palm Oil Fuel Ash in Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites Materials. 2019.
65. Shigetomi Y, Ishimura Y, Yamamoto Y (2020) Trends in global dependency on the Indonesian palm oil and resultant environmental impacts. Sci Rep 10:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77458-410.1038/s41598-020-77458-4 ↗
66. Ahmad MH, Noor NM. Physical Properties of Local Palm Oil Clinker And Fly Ash. 1st Eng Conf Energy Environ 2007:1–6.
67. Zamri YB, Shamsul JB, Amin MM (2011) Potential of palm oil clinker as reinforcement in aluminium matrix composites for tribological applications. Int J Mech Mater Eng 6:10–17
68. Herna´ndez-Salas J.M., Villa-Ramı´rez M.S, Veloz-Rendo´n J.S, Rivera-Herna´ndez K.N, Gonza´lez-Ce´sar R.A, Plascencia-Espinosa M.A T-ES. Comparative hydrolysis and fermentation of sugarcane and agave bagasse. Bioresour Technol 2009;100:1238–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.09.062.10.1016/j.biortech.2006.09.062 ↗
69. Sn W (2008) Sugarcane bagasse: how easy is it to measure it’s constituents? Proc S Afr Sug Technol Ass 81:266–273
70. Usman AM, Raji A, Hassan MA, Waziri NH (2014) A comparative study on the properties of Al-7%Si-rice husk ash and Al-7%Si-bagasse ash composites produced by stir casting. Int J Eng Sci 3:1–7
71. Kamble A, Kulkarni SG (2019) Microstructural examination of bagasse ash reinforced waste aluminium alloy matrix composite. AIP Conf Proc 2105:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.510069610.1063/1.5100696 ↗
72. Chandla NK, Yashpal, Kant S, Goud MM, Jawalkar CS. Experimental analysis and mechanical characterization of Al 6061/alumina/bagasse ash hybrid reinforced metal matrix composite using vacuum-assisted stir casting method. J Compos Mater 2020;54:4283–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998320929417.10.1177/0021998320929417 ↗
73. Odikpo F, Adesoji A, Ufuoma B, Goodluck O, Olayanju A. Physico-chemical and morphological evaluation of palm kernel shell particulate reinforced aluminium matrix composites. Mater Today Proc 2020:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.641.10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.641 ↗
74. Adediran AA, Alaneme KK, Oladele IO, Akinlabi ET (2020) Wear characteristics of aluminium matrix composites reinforced with Si-based refractory compounds derived from rice husks. Cogent Eng 7:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2020.182663410.1080/23311916.2020.1826634 ↗
75. Tyagi L, Butola R, Jha AK (2020) Mechanical and tribological properties of AA7075-T6 metal matrix composite reinforced with ceramic particles and aloevera ash via Friction stir processing. Mater Res Express 7:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab9c5e10.1088/2053-1591/ab9c5e ↗
76. Farahin N, Joharudin M, Latif NA, Sukri M, Badarulzaman NA (2020) Effects of untreated and treated Rice Husk Ash ( RHA ) addition on physical properties of recycled aluminium chip. Int J Integr Eng 12:132–137
77. Farahin N, Joharudin M, Latif NA, Sukri M (2020) Physical properties and hardness of treated amorphous silica as reinforcement of AA7075 recycled aluminum chip. IOP Conf Ser Sci Eng 824:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/824/1/01201510.1088/1757-899X/824/1/012015 ↗
78. Alaneme KK, Babalola SA, Chown LH, Bodunrin MO (2020) Hot deformation behaviour of bamboo leaf ash – silicon carbide hybrid reinforced aluminium based composite. Manuf Rev 17:1–14
79. Saini S, Gupta A, Jyoti A, Sumit M (2020) Rice husk - extracted silica reinforced graphite / aluminium matrix hybrid composite. J Therm Anal Calorim. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-10404-810.1007/s10973-020-10404-8 ↗
80. Marini CD, Fatchurrohman N, Zulkfli Z (2020) Investigation of wear performance of friction stir processed aluminium metal matrix composites. Mater Today Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.56810.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.568 ↗
81. Holzschuh G. incorporation of rice husk ash and magnesium Metal matrix production: Casting of recycled aluminum cans and incorporation of rice husk ash and magnesium. J Compos Mater 2020:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998320911964.10.1177/0021998320911964 ↗
82. Gupta MK (2020) Effects of tool pin profile and feed rate on wear performance of pine leaf ash / Al composite prepared by friction stir processing. J Adhes Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2020.180029010.1080/01694243.2020.1800290 ↗
83. Sangale AS, Rice K, Ash H, Treatment H (2019) Effect of heat treatment on hardness of aluminium alloy reinforced with Rice Husk Ash. Int J Eng Res Technol 8:754–756
84. Kumar NS, Harshavardhan KP, Murugan RA (2020) Characterization of aluminium hybrid composite reinforced with baggase ash and graphite processed through squeeze casting. J Crit Rev 7:176–178
85. Arulraj M, Palani PK, Sowrirajan M (2019) Enhancing wear resistance of squeeze cast hybrid aluminium matrix (LM24-SiCp-coconut shell ash) composite. Int J Comput Mater Sci Surf Eng 8:145–166. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCMSSE.2019.10230210.1504/IJCMSSE.2019.102302 ↗
86. Vinod SRB, Anandajothi PNM. Dry Sliding Wear Mechanism Maps of Al – 7Si – 0 . 3Mg Hybrid Composite: Novel Approach of Agro-Industrial Waste Particles to Reduce Cost of Material. J Bio- Tribo-Corrosion 2019;0:0. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-019-0227-7.10.1007/s40735-019-0227-7 ↗
87. Harish TM, Mathai S, Cherian J, Mathew KM, Thomas T, Prasad KVV, et al. Development of aluminium 5056 / SiC / bagasse ash hybrid composites using stir casting method. Mater Today Proc 2019:2–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.081.10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.081 ↗
88. Patil NA, Safwan A, Pedapati SR, Ash RH (2020) Effect of deposition methods on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al 7075 alloy-rice husk ash surface composites using friction stir processing. Mater Today Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.63910.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.639 ↗
89. Oghenevweta JE, Aigbodion VS (2016) Mechanical properties and microstructural analysis of Al – Si – Mg / carbonized maize stalk waste particulate composites. J King Saud Univ - Eng Sci 28:222–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2014.03.00910.1016/j.jksues.2014.03.009 ↗
90. Atuanya CU, Ibhadode AOA, Dagwa IM (2012) Effects of breadfruit seed hull ash on the microstructures and properties of Al – Si – Fe alloy / breadfruit seed hull ash particulate composites. Results Phys 2:142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2012.09.00310.1016/j.rinp.2012.09.003 ↗
91. Saravanan SD, Kumar MS (2013) Effect of mechanical properties on rice husk ash reinforced aluminum alloy (AlSi10Mg) matrix composites. Procedia Eng 64:1505–1513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.09.23210.1016/j.proeng.2013.09.232 ↗
92. Gladston JAK, Sheriff NM, Dinaharan I, Selvam JDR (2015) Production and characterization of rich husk ash particulate reinforced AA6061 aluminum alloy composites by compocasting. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 25:683–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(15)63653-610.1016/S1003-6326(15)63653-6 ↗
93. Jose J, Christy TV, Peter PE, Feby JA, George AJ, Joseph J, Chandra RG, Benjie NM (2018) Manufacture and characterization of a novel agro-waste based low cost metal matrix composite (MMC) by compocasting. Mater Res Express Accept 5:1–32
94. Kumar BP, Birru AK. Microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium metal matrix composites with addition of bamboo leaf ash by stir casting method. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China (English Ed 2017;27:2555–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(17)60284-X.10.1016/S1003-6326(17)60284-X ↗
95. Venkatesh L, Arjunan TV, Ravikumar K (2019) Microstructural characteristics and mechanical behaviour of aluminium hybrid composites reinforced with groundnut shell ash and B4C. J Brazilian Soc Mech Sci Eng 41:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-019-1800-110.1007/s40430-019-1800-1 ↗
96. Ahamed AA, Ahmed R, Hossain MB, Billah M (2016) Fabrication and characterization of aluminium-rice husk ash composite prepared by stir casting method. Rajshahi Univ J Sci Eng 44:9–1810.3329/rujse.v44i0.30361 ↗
97. Varalakshmi K, Ch Kishore Kumar K, Ravindra Babu P, Ch Sastry MR. Characterization of Al 6061-coconut Shell ash metal matrix composites using stir casting. Int J Latest Eng Sci 2019;2:41–9.
98. Prasad DS, Shoba C, Ramanaiah N (2014) Investigations on mechanical properties of aluminum hybrid composites. J Mater Res Technol 3:79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2013.11.00210.1016/j.jmrt.2013.11.002 ↗
99. Gireesh CH, Prasad KGD, Ramji K, Vinay PV (2018) Mechanical characterization of aluminium metal matrix composite reinforced with aloe vera powder. Mater Today Proc 5:3289–3297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.57110.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.571 ↗
100. Devanathan R, Ravikumar J, Boopathi S, Selvam DC, Anicia SA (2020) Influence in mechanical properties of stir cast aluminium ( AA6061) Hybrid Metal matrix Composite ( HMMC ) with Silicon Carbide, Fly Ash and Coconut coir Ash Reinforcement. Mater Today Proc 22:3136–3144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.45010.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.450 ↗