Porous carbon derived from waste polystyrene foam for supercapacitor
Source abstract
Abstract
Polystyrene, one of the classical plastic, has caused serious environmental problems due to overuse and inability to recycle effectively. Transforming it into functional carbon materials is one of the effective ways to recycle polystyrene and other waste plastics, which has drawn the attention. In this study, we have developed a facile and efficient method for the preparation of three-dimensional (3D) network structure porous carbon (PC) via the Friedel–Crafts reaction with waste polystyrene serves as carbon source. Notably, the constructed carbonyl (–CO–) cross-linking bridges between the linear polystyrenes provide the resulting hierarchical porous polystyrene with a high cross-linking density and amounts of oxygen atoms to achieve the carbonizability of cross-linking polystyrene framework. Moreover, silica particles created more porous structure for carbon material. The prepared PC showed large specific surface area and 3D porous structure and exhibited good capacitance and electrochemical stability as electrode materials for supercapacitor.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication · Conducting polymers and applications · biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (38)
Show source-provided references
1. Fu Z, Jia J, Li J et al (2017) Transforming waste expanded polystyrene foam into hypercrosslinked polymers for carbon dioxide capture and separation. Chem Eng J 323:557–56410.1016/j.cej.2017.04.090 ↗
2. Al-Salem SM, Lettieri P, Baeyens J (2009) Recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste (PSW): a review. Waste Manag 29:2625–264310.1016/j.wasman.2009.06.004 ↗
3. Kan A, Demirboğa R (2009) A new technique of processing for waste-expanded polystyrene foams as aggregates. J Mater Process Technol 209:2994–300010.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.07.017 ↗
4. Ignatyev IA, Thielemans W, Vander BB (2014) Recycling of polymers: a review. Chemsuschem 7:1579–159310.1002/cssc.201300898 ↗
5. Fonseca WS, Meng X, Deng D (2015) Trash to treasure: transforming waste polystyrene cups into negative electrode materials for sodium ion batteries. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3:2153–215910.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00403 ↗
6. Luo W, Zhao T, Li Y et al (2016) A micelle fusion–aggregation assembly approach to mesoporous carbon materials with rich active sites for ultrasensitive ammonia sensing. J Am Chem Soc 138:12586–1259510.1021/jacs.6b07355 ↗
7. Ma J, Ren Y, Zhou X et al (2018) Pt nanoparticles sensitized ordered mesoporous WO3 semiconductor: gas sensing performance and mechanism study. Adv Func Mater 28:1705268–170528010.1002/adfm.201705268 ↗
8. Zhu Y, Zhao Y, Ma J et al (2017) Mesoporous tungsten oxides with crystalline framework for highly sensitive and selective detection of food borne pathogens. J Am Chem Soc 139:10365–1037310.1021/jacs.7b04221 ↗
9. Ren Y, Zhou X, Luo W et al (2016) Amphiphilic block copolymer templated synthesis of mesoporous indium oxides with nanosheet-assembled pore walls. Chem Mater 28:7997–800510.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03733 ↗
10. Wang C, Wang F, Liu Z et al (2017) N-doped carbon hollow microspheres for metal-free quasi-solid-state full sodium-ion capacitors. Nano Energy 41:674–68010.1016/j.nanoen.2017.10.025 ↗
11. Yue Q, Li J, Zhang Y et al (2017) Plasmolysis-inspired nanoengineering of functional Yolk-Shell microspheres with magnetic core and mesoporous silica shell. J Am Chem Soc 139:15486–1549310.1021/jacs.7b09055 ↗
12. Zhou J, Zhang Z, Wei X et al (2015) Nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon materials prepared from meta-aminophenol formaldehyde resin for supercapacitor with high rate performance. Electrochim Acta 153:68–7510.1016/j.electacta.2014.11.075 ↗
13. Kim BH, Yang KS (2013) Enhanced electrical capacitance of porous carbon nanofibers derived from polyacrylonitrile and boron trioxide. Electrochim Acta 88:597–60310.1016/j.electacta.2012.10.123 ↗
14. Tanoğlu M, Ergün Y (2007) Porous nanocomposites prepared from layered clay and PMMA [poly(methyl methacrylate)]. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 38:318–32210.1016/j.compositesa.2006.04.002 ↗
15. Pol VG, Thackeray MM (2011) Spherical carbon particles and carbon nanotubes prepared by autogenic reactions: evaluation as anodes in lithium electrochemical cells. Energy Environ Sci 4:1904–191210.1039/C0EE00256A ↗
16. Gong J, Liu J, Chen X et al (2014) Converting real-world mixed waste plastics into porous carbon nanosheets with excellent performance in the adsorption of an organic dye from wastewater. J Mater Chem A 3:341–35110.1039/C4TA05118A ↗
17. Chung YH, Jou S (2005) Carbon nanotubes from catalytic pyrolysis of polypropylene. Mater Chem Phys 92:256–25910.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.01.023 ↗
18. Jiang G, Liu J, Jiang Z et al (2014) Striking influence of chain structure of polyethylene on the formation of cup-stacked carbon nanotubes/carbon nanofibers under the combined catalysis of CuBr and NiO. Appl Catal B 147:592–60110.1016/j.apcatb.2013.08.037 ↗
19. Liu Y, Qian J, Wang J (2000) Pyrolysis of polystyrene waste in a fluidized-bed reactor to obtain styrene monomer and gasoline fraction. Fuel Process Technol 63:45–5510.1016/S0378-3820(99)00066-1 ↗
20. Torres ISM, Colín-Orozco E, Olayo MG et al (2018) Carbonization, hydrogenation and oxidation in the thermal degradation of expanded polystyrene. J Mater Sci 53:2268–2276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1649-610.1007/s10853-017-1649-6 ↗
21. Chen AB, Li YT, Yu YF et al (2016) Synthesis of hollow mesoporous carbon spheres via “dissolution-capture” method for effective phenol adsorption. Carbon 103:157–16210.1016/j.carbon.2016.02.091 ↗
22. Watanabe R, Yokoi T, Kobayashi E et al (2011) Extension of size of monodisperse silica nanospheres and their well-ordered assembly. J Colloid Interface Sci 360:1–710.1016/j.jcis.2010.09.001 ↗
23. Zhang J, Zhang W, Han M et al (2018) One pot synthesis of nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon derived from phenolic formaldehyde resin with sodium citrate as activation agent for supercapacitors. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 29:4639–464810.1007/s10854-017-8415-z ↗
24. You C, Liao S, Qiao X et al (2014) Conversion of polystyrene foam to a high-performance doped carbon catalyst with ultrahigh surface area and hierarchical porous structures for oxygen reduction. J Mater Chem A 2:12240–1224610.1039/C4TA02225D ↗
25. Zeng Q, Wu D, Zou C et al (2010) Template-free fabrication of hierarchical porous carbon based on intra-/inter-sphere crosslinking of monodisperse styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer nanospheres. Chem Commun 46:5927–592910.1039/c0cc00449a ↗
26. Hao P, Zhao Z, Tian J et al (2014) Hierarchical porous carbon aerogel derived from bagasse for high performance supercapacitor electrode. Nanoscale 6:12120–1212910.1039/C4NR03574G ↗
27. Wang Q, Yan J, Wang Y et al (2014) Three-dimensional flower-like and hierarchical porous carbon materials as high-rate performance electrodes for supercapacitors. Carbon 67:119–12710.1016/j.carbon.2013.09.070 ↗
28. Zhao Q, Wang X, Wu C et al (2014) Supercapacitive performance of hierarchical porous carbon microspheres prepared by simple one-pot method. J Power Sources 254:10–1710.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.12.091 ↗
29. Xu F, Cai R, Zeng Q et al (2011) Fast ion transport and high capacitance of polystyrene-based hierarchical porous carbon electrode material for supercapacitors. J Mater Chem 21:1970–197610.1039/C0JM02044C ↗
30. Fan T, Zeng W, Niu Q et al (2015) Fabrication of high-quality graphene oxide nanoscrolls and application in supercapacitor. Nanoscale Res Lett 10:192–20010.1186/s11671-015-0894-3 ↗
31. Lv LP, Wu ZS, Chen L et al (2015) Precursor-controlled and template-free synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles for supercapacitors. RSC Adv 5:50063–5006910.1039/C5RA06697B ↗
32. Gamby J, Taberna PL, Simon P et al (2001) Studies and characterisations of various activated carbons used for carbon/carbon supercapacitors. J Power Sources 101:109–11610.1016/S0378-7753(01)00707-8 ↗
33. Zheng X, Lv W, Tao Y et al (2014) Oriented and interlinked porous carbon nanosheets with an extraordinary capacitive performance. Chem Mater 26:6896–690310.1021/cm503845q ↗
34. Luo G, Huang H, Lei C et al (2016) Facile synthesis of porous graphene as binder-free electrode for supercapacitor application. Appl Surf Sci 366:46–5210.1016/j.apsusc.2016.01.015 ↗
35. Yu D, Dai L (2009) Self-assembled graphene/carbon nanotube hybrid films for supercapacitors. J Phys Chem Lett 1:467–47010.1021/jz9003137 ↗
36. Chen XY, Chen C, Zhang Z et al (2013) Nitrogen-doped porous carbon for supercapacitor with long-term electrochemical stability. J Power Sources 230:50–5810.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.054 ↗
37. Shao JQ, Ma FW, Wu G et al (2017) In-situ MgO (CaCO3) templating coupled with KOH activation strategy for high yield preparation of various porous carbons as supercapacitor electrode materials. Chem Eng J 321:301–31310.1016/j.cej.2017.03.092 ↗
38. Qu S, Wan J, Dai C et al (2018) Promising as high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials porous carbons derived from biological lotus leaf. J Alloy Compd 751:107–11610.1016/j.jallcom.2018.04.123 ↗