A review on biopolymer-based treatments for consolidation and surface protection of cultural heritage materials
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Nowadays, the scientific community emphasizes the use of reversible and non-toxic materials in the field of cultural heritage. Biopolymers are one of the alternative materials to synthetic polymers and solvents that are dangerous for human health and for the environment, applied in consolidation and coating treatment. Natural biopolymers may be divided into polysaccharide, protein, and polyester: All of them are low cost, eco-friendly, and biocompatible, besides many physicochemical characteristics such as being transparent, soluble in water, hydrogel, and film-forming, and can be easily functionalized. The addition of nanoclay, essential oil, and active molecules improves the physicochemical properties of biopolymers and proposes smart response abilities to the new composite material. This work is intended to provide an overview of the development of biopolymers by considering the most general aspects and scanning the diverse substrates of application for the conservation and protection of cultural heritage. Graphical abstract
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Silk-based biomaterials and applications · Bone Tissue Engineering Materials · Diatoms and Algae Research
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (75)
Show source-provided references
1. Khademian E, Salehi E, Sanaeepur H et al (2020) A systematic review on carbohydrate biopolymers for adsorptive remediation of copper ions from aqueous environments-part A: classification and modification strategies. Sci Total Environ 738:139829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.13982910.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139829 ↗
2. Udayakumar GP, Muthusamy S, Selvaganesh B et al (2021) Biopolymers and composites: properties, characterization and their applications in food, medical and pharmaceutical industries. J Environ Chem Eng 9:105322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.10532210.1016/j.jece.2021.105322 ↗
3. Yaashikaa PR, Senthil Kumar P, Karishma S (2022) Review on biopolymers and composites—evolving material as adsorbents in removal of environmental pollutants. Environ Res 212:113114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.11311410.1016/j.envres.2022.113114 ↗
4. Dassanayake RS, Acharya S, Abidi N et al (2018) Biopolymer-based materials from polysaccharides: properties, processing characterization and sorption applications. IntechOpen
5. Rydz J, Sikorska W, Kyulavska M, Christova D (2014) Polyester-based (bio)degradable polymers as environmentally friendly materials for sustainable development. Int J Mol Sci 16:564–596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms1601056410.3390/ijms16010564 ↗
6. Zhang Q, Song M, Xu Y et al (2021) Bio-based polyesters: recent progress and future prospects. Prog Polym Sci 120:101430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.10143010.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101430 ↗
7. George A, Sanjay MR, Srisuk R et al (2020) A comprehensive review on chemical properties and applications of biopolymers and their composites. Int J Biol Macromol 154:329–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.12010.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.120 ↗
8. Lin S, Wang F, Shao Z (2021) Biomass applied in supercapacitor energy storage devices. J Mater Sci 56:1943–1979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05356-110.1007/s10853-020-05356-1 ↗
9. Gross RA, Kalra B (2002) Biodegradable polymers for the environment. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.297.5582.80310.1126/science.297.5582.803 ↗
10. Bertasa M, Dodero A, Alloisio M et al (2020) Agar gel strength: a correlation study between chemical composition and rheological properties. Eur Polym J 123:109442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.10944210.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109442 ↗
11. Ortega-Morales BO, Gaylarde CC (2021) Bioconservation of historic stone buildings—an updated review. Appl Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/app1112569510.3390/app11125695 ↗
12. Mekonnen H, Bires Z, Berhanu K (2022) Practices and challenges of cultural heritage conservation in historical and religious heritage sites: evidence from North Shoa zone, Amhara region. Ethiop Herit Sci 10:172. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00802-610.1186/s40494-022-00802-6 ↗
13. Castro Simarro C (2020) An investigation into adhesives to consolidate distemper paintings on canvas. GEC 18:123–135. https://doi.org/10.37558/gec.v18i1.76610.37558/gec.v18i1.766 ↗
14. Siegert CC, Hamilton MD, Erhart EM, Devlin JB (2020) A comparative assessment of consolidation materials applied to burned bone. Forensic Sci Int 310:110224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.11022410.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110224 ↗
15. Baij L, Hermans J, Ormsby B et al (2020) A review of solvent action on oil paint. Herit Sci 8:43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-020-00388-x10.1186/s40494-020-00388-x ↗
16. Cavallaro G, Milioto S, Konnova S et al (2020) Halloysite/keratin nanocomposite for human hair photoprotection coating. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12:24348–24362. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c0525210.1021/acsami.0c05252 ↗
17. Cavallaro G, Caruso MR, Milioto S et al (2022) Keratin/alginate hybrid hydrogels filled with halloysite clay nanotubes for protective treatment of human hair. Int J Biol Macromol 222:228–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.17010.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.170 ↗
18. Caruso MR, Cavallaro G, Milioto S, Lazzara G (2023) Halloysite nanotubes/keratin composites for wool treatment. Appl Clay Sci 238:106930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2023.10693010.1016/j.clay.2023.106930 ↗
19. Infurna G, Cavallaro G, Lazzara G et al (2020) Bionanocomposite films containing halloysite nanotubes and natural antioxidants with enhanced performance and durability as promising materials for cultural heritage protection. Polymers. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1209197310.3390/polym12091973 ↗
20. Ward AG, Courts A (1977) The science and technology of gelatin. Academic Press, London, New York
21. Liu J, Song H, Wang Z et al (2020) Stretchable, self-healable, and reprocessable chemical cross-linked ionogels electrolytes based on gelatin for flexible supercapacitors. J Mater Sci 55:3991–4004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04271-410.1007/s10853-019-04271-4 ↗
22. Vizárová K, Reháková M, Kirschnerová S et al (2011) Stability studies of materials applied in the restoration of a baroque oil painting. J Cult Herit 12:190–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2011.01.00110.1016/j.culher.2011.01.001 ↗
23. Vanin FM, Sobral PJA, Menegalli FC et al (2005) Effects of plasticizers and their concentrations on thermal and functional properties of gelatin-based films. Food Hydrocoll 19:899–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2004.12.00310.1016/j.foodhyd.2004.12.003 ↗
24. Doménech-Carbó MT, Lee Y, Osete-Cortina L, Martín-Rey S (2015) Influence of plasticizer and biocide on the functional properties of gelatin-based adhesives used in painting consolidation. J Adhes Sci Technol 29:1774–1795. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2014.97599910.1080/01694243.2014.975999 ↗
25. Zhou C-Z, Confalonieri F, Jacquet M et al (2001) Silk fibroin: structural implications of a remarkable amino acid sequence. Proteins: structure. Funct Bioinform 44:119–122. https://doi.org/10.1002/prot.107810.1002/prot.1078 ↗
26. Corey RB, Pauling L (1953) Fundamental dimensions of polypeptide chains. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 141:10–20. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1953.001110.1098/rspb.1953.0011 ↗
27. Dumontel B, Conejo-Rodríguez V, Vallet-Regí M, Manzano M (2023) Natural biopolymers as smart coating materials of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for drug delivery. Pharmaceutics 15:447. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics1502044710.3390/pharmaceutics15020447 ↗
28. Luo Z, Li M, Zhang Q et al (2022) Green preparation of silk fibroin/bamboo-derived cellulose nanofibril nanocomposite films with high mechanical strength. J Mater Sci 57:9265–9276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07252-210.1007/s10853-022-07252-2 ↗
29. Chelazzi D, Badillo-Sanchez D, Giorgi R et al (2020) Self-regenerated silk fibroin with controlled crystallinity for the reinforcement of silk. J Colloid Interface Sci 576:230–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.11410.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.114 ↗
30. Zhao S, Pan H, Liu Y et al (2019) Silk fabric protection obtained via chemical conjugation of transglutaminase and silk fibroin reinforcement. Text Res J 89:4581–4594. https://doi.org/10.1177/004051751983772710.1177/0040517519837727 ↗
31. Cianci C, Chelazzi D, Poggi G et al (2022) Hybrid fibroin-nanocellulose composites for the consolidation of aged and historical silk. Colloids Surfaces A: Physicochem Eng Asp 634:127944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.12794410.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127944 ↗
32. Khan R, MohdH K (2013) Use of collagen as a biomaterial: an update. J Indian Soc Periodontol 17:539–542. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-124X.11833310.4103/0972-124X.118333 ↗
33. Johnson A (2013) Evaluation of the use of SC6000 in conjunction with Klucel G as a conservation treatment for bookbinding leather: notes on a preliminary study. J Inst Conserv 36:125–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/19455224.2013.81564610.1080/19455224.2013.815646 ↗
34. Gîfu IC, Ianchis R, Nistor CL et al (2023) Polyelectrolyte coatings—a viable approach for cultural heritage protection. Materials. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1607287310.3390/ma16072873 ↗
35. Kite M, Thomson R (2006) Conservation of leather and related materials. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston10.4324/9780080454665 ↗
36. Aranaz I, Mengíbar M, Harris R et al (2009) Functional characterization of chitin and chitosan. Curr Chem Biol 3:203–230. https://doi.org/10.2174/18723130978816641510.2174/187231309788166415 ↗
37. Eivazzadeh-Keihan R, Noruzi EB, Mehrban SF et al (2022) Review: the latest advances in biomedical applications of chitosan hydrogel as a powerful natural structure with eye-catching biological properties. J Mater Sci 57:3855–3891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06757-610.1007/s10853-021-06757-6 ↗
38. Hu Y, Xu Y, Wang B et al (2022) Facile preparation and characterization of photopolymerized adhesive hydrogels based on methacrylated catechol-chitosan. J Mater Sci 57:20974–20986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07942-x10.1007/s10853-022-07942-x ↗
39. Zhao L, Yuan P, Zhang M et al (2023) Preparation and properties of porous Zn-based scaffolds as biodegradable implants: a review. J Mater Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08561-w10.1007/s10853-023-08561-w ↗
40. Espinosa-Andrews H, Velásquez-Ordoñez C, Cervantes-Uc JM, Rodríguez-Rodríguez R (2023) Water behavior, thermal, structural, and viscoelastic properties of physically cross-linked chitosan hydrogels produced by NaHCO3 as a crosslinking agent. J Mater Sci 58:6025–6037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08385-810.1007/s10853-023-08385-8 ↗
41. Walsh-korb Z, Stelzner I, Gabriel JS et al (2022) Morphological study of bio-based polymers in the consolidation of waterlogged wooden objects. Materials. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1502068110.3390/ma15020681 ↗
42. Abdel-Kareem O, Abdel-Rahim H, Ezzat I, Essa DM (2015) Evaluating the use of chitosan coated Ag nano-SeO2 composite in consolidation of funeral shroud from the Egyptian museum of Cairo. J Cult Herit 16:486–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2014.09.01610.1016/j.culher.2014.09.016 ↗
43. Giuliani C, Pascucci M, Riccucci C et al (2018) Chitosan-based coatings for corrosion protection of copper-based alloys: a promising more sustainable approach for cultural heritage applications. Prog Org Coat 122:138–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.05.00210.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.05.002 ↗
44. Silva da Conceição DK, Nunes de Almeida K, Nhuch E et al (2020) The synergistic effect of an imidazolium salt and benzotriazole on the protection of bronze surfaces with chitosan-based coatings. Herit Sci 8:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-020-00381-410.1186/s40494-020-00381-4 ↗
45. Boccaccini F, Giuliani C, Pascucci M et al (2022) Toward a green and sustainable silver conservation: development and validation of chitosan-based protective coatings. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23221445410.3390/ijms232214454 ↗
46. Egil AC, Ozdemir B, Gunduz SK et al (2022) Chitosan/calcium nanoparticles as advanced antimicrobial coating for paper documents. Int J Biol Macromol 215:521–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.14210.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.142 ↗
47. Wang X, Hu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang B (2022) The application of thymol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles to control the biodeterioration of cultural heritage sites. J Cult Herit 53:206–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2021.12.00210.1016/j.culher.2021.12.002 ↗
48. Bassi M, Sassoni E, Franzoni E (2021) Experimental study on an innovative biopolymeric treatment against salt deterioration of materials in cultural heritage. Front Mater. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2021.58311210.3389/fmats.2021.583112 ↗
49. Wüstenberg T (2014) Cellulose and cellulose derivatives in the food industry, 1st edn. John Wiley & Sons10.1002/9783527682935 ↗
50. Fornari A, Rossi M, Rocco D, Mattiello L (2022) A review of applications of nanocellulose to preserve and protect cultural heritage wood, paintings, and historical papers. Appl Sci 12:12846. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12241284610.3390/app122412846 ↗
51. Iglesias MC, Gomez-Maldonado D, Davis VA, Peresin MS (2023) A review on lignocellulose chemistry, nanostructure, and their impact on interfacial interactions for sustainable products development. J Mater Sci 58:685–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07992-110.1007/s10853-022-07992-1 ↗
52. Cavallaro G, Lazzara G, Milioto S, Parisi F (2014) Halloysite nanotubes as sustainable nanofiller for paper consolidation and protection. J Therm Anal Calorim 117:1293–1298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-3865-510.1007/s10973-014-3865-5 ↗
53. Caruso MR, Megna B, Lisuzzo L et al (2021) Halloysite nanotubes-based nanocomposites for the hydrophobization of hydraulic mortar. J Coat Technol Res 18:1625–1634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-021-00522-910.1007/s11998-021-00522-9 ↗
54. Camargos CHM, Poggi G, Chelazzi D et al (2022) Protective coatings based on cellulose nanofibrils, cellulose nanocrystals, and lignin nanoparticles for the conservation of cellulosic artifacts. ACS Appl Nano Mater 5:13245–13259. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.2c0296810.1021/acsanm.2c02968 ↗
55. Antonelli F, Galotta G, Sidoti G et al (2020) Cellulose and lignin nano-scale consolidants for waterlogged archaeological wood. Front Chem 8:32. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.0003210.3389/fchem.2020.00032 ↗
56. Yang Z, Zhang J, Qi Y et al (2022) Application of hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl cellulose-methyl methacrylate copolymer emulsion in paper protection. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 37:282–289. https://doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2022-001510.1515/npprj-2022-0015 ↗
57. Böhme N, Anders M, Reichelt T et al (2020) New treatments for canvas consolidation and conservation. Herit Sci 8:16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-020-0362-y10.1186/s40494-020-0362-y ↗
58. Basak S, Annapure US (2022) Trends in “green” and novel methods of pectin modification—a review. Carbohydr Polym 278:118967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.11896710.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118967 ↗
59. Caruso MR, Cavallaro G, Lazzara G, Milioto S (2023) Pectin/microwax composites for surface coating and protection. Mater Lett 333:133567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2022.13356710.1016/j.matlet.2022.133567 ↗
60. Infurna G, Cavallaro G, Lazzara G et al (2021) Understanding the effects of crosslinking and reinforcement agents on the performance and durability of biopolymer films for cultural heritage protection. Molecules 26:3468. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules2611346810.3390/molecules26113468 ↗
61. Hirase S, Araki C, Ito T (1958) Isolation of agarobiose derivative from the mucilage of Gloiopeltis furcata. BCSJ 31:428–431. https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.31.42810.1246/bcsj.31.428 ↗
62. Swider JR, Smith M (2005) Funori: overview of a 300-year-old consolidant. J Am Inst Conserv 44:117–126. https://doi.org/10.1179/01971360580608232910.1179/019713605806082329 ↗
63. Ha NT, Ha CH, Hayakawa N et al (2021) Relationship between structure and some physico-chemical properties of funori from red seaweed Gloiopeltis. J Cult Herit 51:14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2021.06.01010.1016/j.culher.2021.06.010 ↗
64. Bettina GF, Giambra B, Cavallaro G et al (2021) Restoration of a XVII century’s predella reliquary: from physico-chemical characterization to the conservation process. Forests 12:345. https://doi.org/10.3390/f1203034510.3390/f12030345 ↗
65. Harrold J, Wyszomirska-Noga Z (2015) Funori: the use of a traditional Japanese adhesive in the preservation and conservation treatment of western objects. In: Proceedings from the International Conference of the Icon Book & Paper Group, London, pp 8–10
66. Hayakawa N, Kida K, Ohmura T et al (2014) Characterisation of funori as a conservation material: influence of seaweed species and extraction temperature. Stud Conserv 59:S230–S231. https://doi.org/10.1179/204705814X1397570432003510.1179/204705814X13975704320035 ↗
67. Dei L, Andrina E, Cialli O et al (2023) A new smart material constituted of Funori and Ca(OH)2 nanocrystals: implications in cultural heritage conservation. Mater Lett 333:133558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2022.13355810.1016/j.matlet.2022.133558 ↗
68. Gattuso C, Campanella L, Giosafatto CVL et al (2021) The consolidating and adhesive properties of funori: microscopy findings on common and ancient paper samples. J Cult Herit 48:153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.11.01310.1016/j.culher.2020.11.013 ↗
69. Geiger T, Michel F (2005) Studies on the polysaccharide JunFunori used to consolidate matt paint. Stud Conserv 50:193–204. https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.2005.50.3.19310.1179/sic.2005.50.3.193 ↗
70. Llamas R, San Pedro DR (2014) Colorimetric evaluation of three adhesives used in the consolidation of contemporary matte paint after artificial ageing. Cons Património 20:11–21. https://doi.org/10.14568/cp201400210.14568/cp2014002 ↗
71. Catenazzi K (2017) Evaluation of the use of Funori for consolidation of powdering paint layers in wall paintings. Stud Conserv 62:96–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2015.113104310.1080/00393630.2015.1131043 ↗
72. Gaggero G, Delucchi M, Allegretta G et al (2021) Interaction of sodium alginate thickener with components of architectural water-based coatings. Prog Org Coat 151:106016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.10601610.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.106016 ↗
73. Raghav S, Jain P, Kumar D (2021) Alginates: properties and applications. In: Inamuddin B, Ahamed MI, Boddula R, Altalhi T (eds) Polysaccharides: properties and applications. John Wiley & Sons, pp 399–422. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119711414.ch1910.1002/9781119711414.ch19 ↗
74. Li Q, Hu Y, Zhang B (2021) Hydrophilic ZnO nanoparticle-based antimicrobial coatings for sandstone heritage conservation. ACS Appl Nano Mater 4:13908–13918. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c0322410.1021/acsanm.1c03224 ↗
75. Campanella L, Angeloni R, Cibin F et al (2021) Capsulated essential oil in gel spheres for the protection of cellulosic cultural heritage. Nat Prod Res 35:116–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.161672610.1080/14786419.2019.1616726 ↗