Utilization of aluminum sludge (AS) to enhance mine tailings-based geopolymer
Source abstract
Abstract
This paper investigates the feasibility of using aluminum sludge (AS) to enhance copper mine tailings (MT)-based geopolymer. The Si/Al and Na/Al molar ratios were adjusted by adding AS into the high silica content MT and using different amounts of NaOH. Unconfined compression tests and SEM, XRD, and FTIR studies were conducted on geopolymer specimens prepared at different Si/Al and Na/Al ratios and after 7-day curing. The results indicate that by adding AS and utilizing appropriate amount of NaOH, the unconfined compressive strength increases significantly. The main reason is because the addition of AS along with utilization of appropriate amount of NaOH makes both the Si/Al and Na/Al ratios reach the optimum values for geopolymerization, leading to higher degree of geopolymerization and more compact geopolymer microstructure. Based on this study, it can be concluded that AS can be used to effectively enhance the MT-based geopolymer.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Concrete and Cement Materials Research · Magnesium Oxide Properties and Applications · Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (51)
Show source-provided references
1. Drechsler M, Graham A (2005) Innovative material technologies: bringing resources sustainability to construction and mining industries. In: 48th Institute of Quarrying Conference, Adelaide SA, Australia
2. Mudd G, Boger DV (2013) The ever growing case for paste and thickened tailings: towards more sustainable mine waste management. Aust Inst Min Metall Bull 2:56–59
3. Davies MP, Martin TE (2000) Upstream constructed tailings dams: a review of the basics. Tailings and Mine Waste. Balkema, Rotterdam
4. Sultan HA (1978) Utilization of copper mill tailings for highway construction. Final Technical Report, National Science Foundation, Washington DC
5. Sultan HA (1979) Stabilized copper mill tailings for highway construction. Transp Res Rec 734:1–7
6. Teredesai RV (2005) Stabilization of pile run chat for roadway base application. MS Thesis, University of Oklahoma
7. Sato T (2009) Nanoscience for greener concrete. In: NRCC (National Research Council Canada) Research Report NRCC-51339
8. Davidovits J (1994) High-alkali cements for 21st century concrete. In: Metha PK (ed) Proceedings of V. Mohan Malhortra Symposium, Concrete Technology, Past, Present and Future, ACI SP-144
9. Pacheco-Torgal F, Castro-Gomes J, Jalali S (2008) Investigations of tungsten mine waste geopolymeric binder: strength and microstructure. Constr Build Mater 22(11):2212–221910.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.08.003 ↗
10. Rattanasak U, Chindaprasirt P (2009) Influence of NaOH solution on the synthesis of fly ash geopolymer. Miner Eng 22:1073–107810.1016/j.mineng.2009.03.022 ↗
11. Alonso S, Palomo A (2001) Calorimetric study of alkaline activation of calcium hydroxide–metakaolin solid mixtures. Cem Concr Res 31(1):25–3010.1016/S0008-8846(00)00435-X ↗
12. Duxson P, Provis JL, Lukey GC, Mallicoat SW, Kriven VM, Van Deventer JSJ (2005) Understanding the relationship between geopolymer composition, microstructure and mechanical properties. Colloids Surf A 269:47–5810.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.06.060 ↗
13. Duxson P, Fernandez-Jimenez A, Provis JL, Lukey GC, Palomo A, Van Deventer JSJ (2007) Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art. J Mater Sci 42:2917–2933. doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-0637-z10.1007/s10853-006-0637-z ↗
14. Ahmari S, Zhang L (2013) Durability and leaching behavior of mine tailings-based geopolymer bricks. Constr Build Mater 44:743–75010.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.075 ↗
15. Ahmari S, Zhang L (2013) Utilization of CKD to enhance mine tailings-based geopolymer bricks. Constr Build Mater 40:1002–101110.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.069 ↗
16. Ahmari S, Zhang L, Zhang J (2012) Effects of activator type/concentration and curing temperature on alkali-activated binder based on copper mine tailings. J Mater Sci 47:5933–5945. doi: 10.1007/s10853-012-6497-910.1007/s10853-012-6497-9 ↗
17. Ahmari S, Zhang L (2012) Production of eco-friendly bricks from copper mine tailings through geopolymerization. Constr Build Mater 29:323–33110.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.048 ↗
18. Zhang L, Ahmari S, Zhang J (2011) Synthesis and characterization of fly ash modified mine tailings-based geopolymers. Constr Build Mater 25(9):3773–378110.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.005 ↗
19. Xu H, Van Deventer JSJ (2003) Effect of source materials on geopolymerization. Ind Eng Chem Res 42:1698–170610.1021/ie0206958 ↗
20. Kani EN, Allahverdi A (2009) Effect of chemical composition on basic engineering properties of inorganic polymeric binder based on natural pozzolan. Cerm-Silikaty 53(3):195–204
21. Cheng TW, Chiu JP (2003) Fire-resistant geopolymer produced by granulated blast furnace slag. Miner Eng 16:205–21010.1016/S0892-6875(03)00008-6 ↗
22. Steveson M, Sagoe-Crentsil K (2005) Relationships between composition, structure and strength of inorganic polymers, Part I: metakaolin-derived inorganic polymers. J Mater Sci 40(8):2023–2036. doi: 10.1007/s10853-005-1226-210.1007/s10853-005-1226-2 ↗
23. Steveson M, Sagoe-Crentsil K (2005) Relationships between composition, structure and strength of inorganic polymers, Part 2: Flyash-derived inorganic polymers. J Mater Sci 40:4247–4259. doi: 10.1007/s10853-005-2794-x10.1007/s10853-005-2794-x ↗
24. De Silva P, Sagoe-Crenstil K, Sirivivatnanon V (2007) Kinetics of geopolymerization: role of Al2O3 and SiO2. Cem Concr Res 4(37):512–51810.1016/j.cemconres.2007.01.003 ↗
25. Zheng L, Wang W, Shi Y (2010) The effects of alkaline dosage and Si/Al ratio on the immobilization of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash-based geopolymer. Chemosphere 79(6):665–67110.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.018 ↗
26. Rowlesw MR, O’Connor BH (2003) Chemical optimisation of the compressive strength of aluminosilicate geopolymers synthesised by sodium silicate activation of metakaolinite. J Mater Chem 13:1161–116510.1039/b212629j ↗
27. Rowles MR, O’Connor BH (2009) Chemical and structural microanalysis of aluminosilicate geopolymers synthesized by sodium silicate activation of metakaolinite. J Am Ceram Soc 92:2354–236110.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03191.x ↗
28. Xu H, Van Deventer JSJ (2003) Effect of source materials on geopolymerization. Ind Eng Chem Res 42:1698–170610.1021/ie0206958 ↗
29. Perera DS, Uchida O, Vance ER, Finnie KS (2007) Influence of curing schedule on the integrity of geopolymers. J Mater Sci 42:3099–3106. doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-0533-610.1007/s10853-006-0533-6 ↗
30. Zhang Y, Sun W, Li Z (2010) Composition design and microstructural characterization of calcined kaolin-based geopolymer cement. Appl Clay Sci 47:271–27510.1016/j.clay.2009.10.014 ↗
31. Liew YM, Kamarudin H, Mustafa Al Bakri AM, Luqman M, Khairul Nizar I, Ruzaidi CM, Heah CY (2012) Processing and characterization of calcined kaolin cement powder. Constr Build Mater 30:794–80210.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.079 ↗
32. Heah CY, Kamarudin H, Mustafa Al Bakri AM, Bnhussain M, Luqman M, Khairul Nizar I, Ruzaidi CM, Liew YM (2012) Study on solids-to-liquid and alkaline activator ratios on kaolin-based geopolymers. Constr Build Mater 35:912–92210.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.102 ↗
33. Guo XL, Shi HS, Dick WA (2010) Compressive strength and microstructural characteristics of class C fly ash geopolymer. Cem Concr Comp 32:142–14710.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.11.003 ↗
34. Hou Y, Wan D, Zhou W, Lu H, Wang L (2009) Effect of activator and curing mode on fly ash-based geopolymers. J Wuhan Univ Technol 24:711–71510.1007/s11595-009-5711-3 ↗
35. Hardjito D, Wallah SE, Sumajouw DMJ, Rangan BV (2004) On the development of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. ACI Mater J 101:467–472
36. Khale D, Chaudhary R (2007) Mechanism of geopolymerization and factors influencing its development: a review. J Mater Sci 42:729–746. doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-0401-410.1007/s10853-006-0401-4 ↗
37. Panagiotopoulou C, Kontori E, Perraki T, Kakali G (2007) Dissolution of aluminosilicate minerals and by-products in alkaline media. J Mater Sci 42:2967–2973. doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-0531-810.1007/s10853-006-0531-8 ↗
38. Anseau MR, Leung JP, Sahai N, Swaddle TW (2005) Interactions of silicate ions with zinc(II) and aluminium(III) in alkali aqueous solution. Inorg Chem 44:8023–803210.1021/ic050594c ↗
39. North MR, Swaddle TW (2000) Kinetics of silicate exchange in alakaline aluminosilicate solutions. Inorg Chem 39:2661–266510.1021/ic0000707 ↗
40. Weng L, Sagoe-Crentsil K, Brown T (2002) Speciation and hydrolysis kinetics of aluminates in inorganic polymer systems. In: Geopolymer 2002 International Conference, Melbourne, Australia
41. De Silva P, Sagoe-Crenstil K (2008) The effect of Al2O3 and SiO2 on setting and hardening of Na2O–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O geopolymer systems. J Aust Ceram Soc 44:39–46
42. Hu MY, Zhu XM, Long FM (2009) Alkali-activated fly ash-based geopolymers with zeolite or bentonite as additives. Cem Concr Comp 31:762–76810.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.07.006 ↗
43. Lee WKW, Van Deventer JSJ (2003) Use of infrared spectroscopy to study geopolymerization of heterogeneous amorphous aluminosilicates. Langmuir 19:8726–873410.1021/la026127e ↗
44. Allahverdi A, Khani EN (2009) Construction wastes as raw materials for geopolymer binders. Int J Civil Eng 7(3):154–160
45. Buchwald A, Hilbig H, Kaps CH (2007) Alkali-activated metakaolin-slag blends: performance and structure in dependence of their composition. J Mater Sci 42:3024–3032. doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-0525-610.1007/s10853-006-0525-6 ↗
46. Trezza MA (2007) Hydration study of ordinary portland cement in the presence of zinc ions. Mater Res 10:331–33410.1590/S1516-14392007000400002 ↗
47. Treadwell DR, Dabbs DM, Aksay IA (1996) Mullite (3Al2O3–2SiO2) synthesis with aluminosiloxanes. Chem Mater 8:2056–206010.1021/cm960110y ↗
48. Sakulich AR (2009) Characterization of Environmentally-Friendly Alkali Activated Slag Cements and Ancient Building Materials. PhD Thesis, Drexel University
49. Kouamo Tchakoute H, Elimbi A, Mbey JA, Ngally Sabouang CJ, Njopwouo D (2012) The effect of adding alumina-oxide to metakaolin and volcanic ash on geopolymer products: a comparative study. Constr Build Mater 35:960–96910.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.023 ↗
50. Phair JW, Van Deventer JSJ (2002) Effect of the silicate activator pH on the microstructural characteristics of waste-based geopolymers. Int J Miner Process 66(1–4):121–14310.1016/S0301-7516(02)00013-3 ↗
51. Fernandez-Jimenez A, Palomo A (2005) Composition and microstructure of alkali activated fly ash binder: effect of the activator. Cem Concr Res 35:1984–199010.1016/j.cemconres.2005.03.003 ↗