Oxidation of ZrB2 and its composites: a review
Source abstract
Abstract
The oxidation behavior and oxidation mechanisms of monolithic ZrB2 and particulate-ZrB2 matrix composites were reviewed. Dispersion of SiC particles into ZrB2 was found to be an effective way to prevent extensive oxidation. However, the formation of a SiC-depleted layer can become a critical problem because it can lead to spallation and delamination of the protective surface layer. The addition of ZrC in conjunction with rapid heating to temperatures higher than 2000 °C effectively reduced the porosity of the SiC-depleted layer. The formation of a dense surface layer was attributed to large volumetric expansion during the conversion from ZrC to ZrO2. The effect of the ZrC addition depended on the temperature, heating rate, and composition. This review showed that material design for specific applications is required for high-temperature applications to maximize the oxidation resistance of ZSZ composites.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced ceramic materials synthesis · MXene and MAX Phase Materials · Advanced materials and composites
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Fahrenholtz WG, Hilmas GE, Chamberlain AL, Zimmermann JW (2004) Processing and characterization of ZrB2-based ultra-high temperature monolithic and fibrous monolithic ceramics. J Mater Sci 39:5951–5957. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSC.0000041691.41116.bf10.1023/B:JMSC.0000041691.41116.bf ↗
2. Fahrenholtz WG, Hilmas GE (2017) Ultra-high temperature ceramics: materials for extreme environments. Scripta Mater 129:94–9910.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.10.018 ↗
3. Neuman EW, Hilmas GE, Fahrenholtz WG (2016) Processing, microstructure, and mechanical properties of large-grained zirconium diboride ceramics. Mater Sci Eng, A 670:196–20410.1016/j.msea.2016.06.017 ↗
4. Neuman EW, Hilmas GE, Fahrenholtz WG (2015) Mechanical behavior of zirconium diboride–silicon carbide–boron carbide ceramics up to 2200 °C. J Eur Ceram Soc 35:463–47610.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.09.021 ↗
5. Neuman EW, Hilmas GE, Fahrenholtz WG (2013) Mechanical behavior of zirconium diboride–silicon carbide ceramics at elevated temperature in air. J Eur Ceram Soc 33:2889–289910.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.05.003 ↗
6. Neuman EW, Hilmas GE, Fahrenholtz WG (2012) Strength of zirconium diboride to 2300 °C. J Am Ceram Soc 96:47–5010.1111/jace.12114 ↗
7. Watts J, Hilmas G, Fahrenholtz WG (2011) Mechanical characterization of ZrB2–SiC composites with varying SiC particle sizes. J Am Ceram Soc 94:4410–441810.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04885.x ↗
8. Watts J, Hilmas G, Fahrenholtz WG et al (2011) Measurement of thermal residual stresses in ZrB2–SiC composites. J Eur Ceram Soc 31:1811–182010.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.03.024 ↗
9. Zhang SC, Hilmas GE, Fahrenholtz WG (2011) Mechanical properties of sintered ZrB2–SiC ceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 31:893–90110.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.11.013 ↗
10. Zhang SC, Hilmas GE, Fahrenholtz WG (2008) Improved oxidation resistance of zirconium diboride by tungsten carbide additions. J Am Ceram Soc 91:3530–353510.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02713.x ↗
11. Zhang SC, Hilmas GE, Fahrenholtz WG (2007) Pressureless sintering of ZrB2–SiC ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 91:26–3210.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.02006.x ↗
12. Zhu S, Fahrenholtz WG, Hilmas GE, Zhang SC (2007) Pressureless sintering of zirconium diboride using boron carbide and carbon additions. J Am Ceram Soc 90:3660–366310.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01936.x ↗
13. Rezaie A, Fahrenholtz WG, Hilmas GE (2007) Effect of hot pressing time and temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZrB2–SiC. J Mater Sci 42:2735–2744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-1274-210.1007/s10853-006-1274-2 ↗
14. Fahrenholtz WG (2007) Thermodynamic analysis of ZrB2–SiC oxidation: formation of a SiC-depleted region. J Am Ceram Soc 90:143–14810.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01329.x ↗
15. Rezaie A, Fahrenholtz WG, Hilmas GE (2007) Evolution of structure during the oxidation of zirconium diboride–silicon carbide in air up to 1500 °C. J Eur Ceram Soc 27:2495–250110.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.10.012 ↗
16. Rezaie A, Fahrenholtz WG, Hilmas GE (2006) Oxidation of zirconium diboride–silicon carbide at 1500 °C at a low partial pressure of oxygen. J Am Ceram Soc 89:3240–324510.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01229.x ↗
17. Chamberlain AL, Fahrenholtz WG, Hilmas GE, Ellerby DT (2004) High-strength zirconium diboride-based ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 87:1170–117210.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01170.x ↗
18. Zhang G-J, Ni D-W, Zou J et al (2017) Inherent anisotropy in transition metal diborides and microstructure/property tailoring in ultra-high temperature ceramics—A review. J Eur Ceram Soc 38:371–38910.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.09.012 ↗
19. Tallon C, Chavara D, Gillen A et al (2013) Colloidal processing of zirconium diboride ultra-high temperature ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 96:2374–238110.1111/jace.12383 ↗
20. Bird MW, Aune RP, Thomas AF et al (2012) Temperature-dependent mechanical and long crack behavior of zirconium diboride–silicon carbide composite. J Eur Ceram Soc 32:3453–346210.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2012.03.029 ↗
21. Guo S, Nishimura T, Kagawa Y (2011) Preparation of zirconium diboride ceramics by reactive spark plasma sintering of zirconium hydride-boron powders. Scripta Mater 65:1018–102110.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.09.007 ↗
22. Yang F, Zhang X, Han J, Du S (2008) Processing and mechanical properties of short carbon fibers toughened zirconium diboride-based ceramics. Mater Des 29:1817–182010.1016/j.matdes.2008.03.011 ↗
23. Ghosh D, Subhash G, Radhakrishnan R, Sudarshan TS (2008) Scratch-induced microplasticity and microcracking in zirconium diboride–silicon carbide composite. Acta Mater 56:3011–302210.1016/j.actamat.2008.02.038 ↗
24. Fahrenholtz WG, Hilmas GE, Talmy IG, Zaykoski JA (2007) Refractory Diborides of Zirconium and Hafnium. J Am Ceram Soc 90:1347–136410.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01583.x ↗
25. Guo S-Q (2009) Densification of ZrB2-based composites and their mechanical and physical properties: a review. J Eur Ceram Soc 29:995–101110.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.11.008 ↗
26. Tian W-B, Kan Y-M, Zhang G-J, Wang P-L (2008) Effect of carbon nanotubes on the properties of ZrB2–SiC ceramics. Mater Sci Eng, A 487:568–57310.1016/j.msea.2007.11.027 ↗
27. Sim G-D, Choi YS, Lee D et al (2016) High tensile strength of sputter-deposited ZrB2 ceramic thin films measured up to 1016K. Acta Mater 113:32–4010.1016/j.actamat.2016.04.047 ↗
28. Zhu S, Fahrenholtz WG, Hilmas GE (2007) Influence of silicon carbide particle size on the microstructure and mechanical properties of zirconium diboride–silicon carbide ceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 27:2077–208310.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.07.003 ↗
29. Monteverde F (2005) The thermal stability in air of hot-pressed diboride matrix composites for uses at ultra-high temperatures. Corros Sci 47:2020–203310.1016/j.corsci.2004.09.019 ↗
30. Monteverde F, Guicciardi S, Bellosi A (2003) Advances in microstructure and mechanical properties of zirconium diboride based ceramics. Mater Sci Eng, A 346:310–31910.1016/S0921-5093(02)00520-8 ↗
31. Lönnberg B (1988) Thermal expansion studies on the group IV–VII transition metal diborides. J Less Common Met 141:145–15610.1016/0022-5088(88)90219-6 ↗
32. Nakamura M, Shigematsu I, Kanayama K, Hirai Y (1991) Surface damage in ZrB2-based composite ceramics induced by electro-discharge machining. J Mater Sci 26:6078–6082. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01113887.pdf10.1007/BF01113887.pdf ↗
33. Norasetthekul S, Eubank PT, Bradley WL et al (1999) Use of zirconium diboride-copper as an electrode in plasma applications. J Mater Sci 34:1261–1270. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:100452952716210.1023/A:1004529527162 ↗
34. Cardarelli F (2000) Materials handbook. Springer, U. K., pp 342–36410.1007/978-1-4471-3648-4 ↗
35. Norton JT, Blumenthal H, Sindeband SJ (1949) Properties of chromium boride and sintered chromium boride. JOM 1:749–75110.1007/BF03398932 ↗
36. Samsonov GV (1956) The heat formation of borides of some transition metals (in Russian). Zhur Fiz Khim 30
37. Samsonov GV, Vinitskii IM (1976) Tyгoплaвкиe coeдинeния : cпpaвoчник (Translation in Japanese) Japan-Soviet news agency, Japan
38. Kuriakose AK, Margrave JL (1964) The oxidation kinetics of zirconium diboride and zirconium carbide at high temperatures. J Electrochem Soc 111:82710.1149/1.2426263 ↗
39. Kuzenkova MA, Kislyi PS (1965) The oxidation resistance of alloys of zirconium boride with molybdenum disilicide. Sov Powder Metall Met Ceram 4:841–84410.1007/BF00773910 ↗
40. Gorbunov AE (1966) Carbothermic method of preparation of chromium, molybdenum, and zirconium borides. Sov Powder Metall Met Ceram 5:885–88810.1007/BF00775500 ↗
41. Mattuck JBB (1966) High-Temperature Oxidation III. Zirconium and Hafnium Diborides. J Electrochem Soc 113:908–91410.1149/1.2424154 ↗
42. Mattuck JBB (1967) High-temperature oxidation IV. Zirconium and hafnium carbides. J Electrochem Soc 114:1030–103310.1149/1.2424178 ↗
43. Irving RJ, Worsley IG (1968) The oxidation of titanium diboride and zirconium diboride at high temperatures. J Less Common Met 16:103–11210.1016/0022-5088(68)90067-2 ↗
44. Gropyanov VM, Bel’tyukova LM (1968) Sintering and recrystallization of ZrC-ZrB2 compacts. Sov Powder Metall Met Ceram 7:527–53310.1007/BF00774699 ↗
45. Kalish D, Clougherty EV, Kreder K (1969) Strength, fracture mode, and thermal stress resistance of HfB2 and ZrB2. J Am Ceram Soc 52:30–3610.1111/j.1151-2916.1969.tb12655.x ↗
46. Kaufman L (1970) Boride composites - A new generation of nose cap and leading edge materials for reusable lifting reentry systems. Adv Space Transp Meet10.2514/6.1970-278 ↗
47. Medvedeva OA (1971) Technical alloys of the system ZrB2–ZrN. Sov Powder Metall Met Ceram 10:27–2910.1007/BF00798042 ↗
48. Tripp WC, Graham HC (1971) Thermogravi metric Study of the Oxidation of ZrB2 in the Temperature Range of 800° to 1500 °C. J Electrochem Soc 118:119510.1149/1.2408279 ↗
49. Lavrenko VA, Yagupolskaya LN, Kuznetsova LI et al (1974) The oxidation of ZrB2, TaB2, NbB2, and W2B5 in atomic oxygen and by anodic polarization. Oxid Met 8:131–13710.1007/BF00612169 ↗
50. Hinze JW (1975) The High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of a HfB2-20 v/o SiC Composite. J Electrochem Soc 122:124910.1149/1.2134436 ↗
51. Voitovich BF, Pugach EA (1975) High-temperature oxidation of borides of the group IV metals. Sov Powder Metall Met Ceram 14:231–23510.1007/BF00801730 ↗
52. Otani S, Ishizawa Y (1996) Preparation of ZrB2 single crystals by the floating zone method. J Cryst Growth 165:319–32210.1016/0022-0248(96)00190-X ↗
53. Monteverde F, Savino R (2007) Stability of ultra-high-temperature ZrB2–SiC ceramics under simulated atmospheric re-entry conditions. J Eur Ceram Soc 27:4797–480510.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.02.201 ↗
54. Zimmermann JW, Hilmas GE, Fahrenholtz WG et al (2007) Fabrication and properties of reactively hot pressed ZrB2–SiC ceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 27:2729–273610.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.11.074 ↗
55. Tu R, Hirayama H, Goto T (2008) Preparation of ZrB2–SiC composites by arc melting and their properties. J Ceram Soc Japan 116:431–43510.2109/jcersj2.116.431 ↗
56. Guo S-Q, Nishimura T, Mizuguchi T, Kagawa Y (2008) Mechanical properties of hot-pressed ZrB2–MoSi2–SiC composites. J Eur Ceram Soc 28:1891–189810.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.01.003 ↗
57. Guo S-Q, Kagawa Y, Nishimura T et al (2008) Mechanical and physical behavior of spark plasma sintered ZrC–ZrB2–SiC composites. J Eur Ceram Soc 28:1279–128510.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.08.009 ↗
58. Licheri R, Orrù R, Musa C, Cao G (2008) Combination of SHS and SPS Techniques for fabrication of fully dense ZrB2–ZrC–SiC composites. Mater Lett 62:432–43510.1016/j.matlet.2007.05.066 ↗
59. Guo S-Q, Kagawa Y, Nishimura T, Tanaka H (2008) Pressureless sintering and physical properties of ZrB2-based composites with ZrSi2 additive. Scripta Mater 58:579–58210.1016/j.scriptamat.2007.11.019 ↗
60. Yang F, Zhang X, Han J, Du S (2008) Mechanical properties of short carbon fiber reinforced ZrB2–SiC ceramic matrix composites. Mater Lett 62:2925–292710.1016/j.matlet.2008.01.076 ↗
61. Guo S-Q, Yang J-M, Tanaka H, Kagawa Y (2008) Effect of thermal exposure on strength of ZrB2-based composites with nano-sized SiC particles. Compos Sci Technol 68:3033–304010.1016/j.compscitech.2008.06.021 ↗
62. Guo S-Q, Kagawa Y, Nishimura T (2009) Mechanical behavior of two-step hot-pressed ZrB2-based composites with ZrSi2. J Eur Ceram Soc 29:787–79410.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.06.037 ↗
63. Meng S, Chen H, Hu J, Wang Z (2011) Radiative properties characterization of ZrB2–SiC-based ultrahigh temperature ceramic at high temperature. Mater Des 32:377–38110.1016/j.matdes.2010.06.007 ↗
64. Meng S, Qi F, Chen H et al (2011) The repeated thermal shock behaviors of a ZrB2–SiC composite heated by electric resistance method. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 29:44–4810.1016/j.ijrmhm.2010.06.012 ↗
65. Talmy IG, Zaykoski JA, Opeka MM, Smith AH (2011) Properties of ceramics in the system ZrB2–Ta5Si3. J Mater Res 21:2593–259910.1557/jmr.2006.0321 ↗
66. Natividad SL, Marotto VR, Walker LS et al (2011) Tape casting thin, continuous, homogenous, and flexible tapes of ZrB2. J Am Ceram Soc 94:2749–275310.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04690.x ↗
67. Silvestroni L, Sciti D (2011) Oxidation of ZrB2 ceramics containing sic as particles, whiskers, or short fibers. J Am Ceram Soc 94:2796–279910.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04726.x ↗
68. Akin I, Goller G (2012) Mechanical and oxidation behavior of spark plasma sintered ZrB2–ZrC–SiC composites. J Ceram Soc Japan 120:143–14910.2109/jcersj2.120.143 ↗
69. Jayaseelan DD, Zapata-Solvas E, Brown P, Lee WE (2012) In situ formation of oxidation resistant refractory coatings on SiC-Reinforced ZrB2 ultra high temperature ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 95:1247–125410.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.05032.x ↗
70. Gupta N, Mukhopadhyay A, Pavani K, Basu B (2012) Spark plasma sintering of novel ZrB2–SiC–TiSi2 composites with better mechanical properties. Mater Sci Eng, A 534:111–11810.1016/j.msea.2011.11.048 ↗
71. Hu P, Gui K, Yang Y et al (2013) Effect of SiC Content on the Ablation and Oxidation Behavior of ZrB2-based ultra high temperature ceramic composites. Mater 6:1730–174410.3390/ma6051730 ↗
72. Guo S (2014) Densification, microstructure, elastic and mechanical properties of reactive hot-pressed ZrB2–ZrC–Zr cermets. J Eur Ceram Soc 34:621–63210.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.09.002 ↗
73. Asl MS, Kakroudi MG (2014) Fractographical assessment of densification mechanisms in hot pressed ZrB2–SiC composites. Ceram Intl 40:15273–1528110.1016/j.ceramint.2014.07.023 ↗
74. Gonzalez-Julian J, Cedillos-Barraza O, Döring S et al (2014) Enhanced oxidation resistance of ZrB2/SiC composite through in situ reaction of gadolinium oxide in patterned surface cavities. J Eur Ceram Soc 34:4157–416610.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.07.015 ↗
75. Asl MS, Kakroudi MG, Noori S (2015) Hardness and toughness of hot pressed ZrB2–SiC composites consolidated under relatively low pressure. J Alloys Compd 619:481–48710.1016/j.jallcom.2014.09.006 ↗
76. Asl MS, Nayebi B, Ahmadi Z et al (2015) Fractographical characterization of hot pressed and pressureless sintered SiAlON-doped ZrB2–SiC composites. Mater Charact 102:137–14510.1016/j.matchar.2015.03.002 ↗
77. Vafa NP, Asl MS, Zamharir MJ, Kakroudi MG (2015) Reactive hot pressing of ZrB2-based composites with changes in ZrO2/SiC ratio and sintering conditions. Part I_ Densification behavior. Ceram Intl 41:8388–839610.1016/j.ceramint.2015.03.033 ↗
78. Zamharir MJ, Asl MS, Kakroudi MG et al (2015) Significance of hot pressing parameters and reinforcement size on sinterability and mechanical properties of ZrB2–25vol% SiC UHTCs. Ceram Intl 41:9628–963610.1016/j.ceramint.2015.04.027 ↗
79. Rodríguez-Sánchez J, Sánchez-González E, Guiberteau F, Ortiz AL (2015) Contact-mechanical properties at intermediate temperatures of ZrB2 ultra-high-temperature ceramics pressureless sintered with Mo, Ta, or Zr disilicides. J Eur Ceram Soc 35:3179–318510.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2015.04.023 ↗
80. Li Y, Li Q, Wang Z, Lv L (2016) Oxidation behavior of laminated ZrB2–SiC composites and monolithic ZrB2–SiC composites. Ceram Intl 42:2063–206910.1016/j.ceramint.2015.09.079 ↗
81. Chamberlain AL, Fahrenholtz WG, Hilmas GE (2009) Reactive hot pressing of zirconium diboride. J Eur Ceram Soc 29:3401–340810.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2009.07.006 ↗
82. Wang H, Wang C-A, Yao X, Fang D (2007) Processing and mechanical properties of zirconium diboride-based ceramics prepared by spark plasma sintering. J Am Ceram Soc 90:1992–199710.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01665.x ↗
83. Monteverde F, Scatteia L (2007) Resistance to thermal shock and to oxidation of metal diborides SiC ceramics for aerospace application. J Am Ceram Soc 90:1130–113810.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01589.x ↗
84. Opeka MM, Talmy IG, Zaykoski JA (2004) Oxidation-based materials selection for 2000 °C hypersonic aerosurfaces: theoretical considerations and historical experience. J Mater Sci 39:5887–5904. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSC.0000041686.21788.7710.1023/B:JMSC.0000041686.21788.77 ↗
85. Voitovich RF, Pugach EA, Men’shikova LA (1967) High-temperature oxidation of zirconium diboride. Powder Metall Met Ceram 6:462–46510.1007/BF00780133 ↗
86. Fahrenholtz WG (2005) The ZrB2 volatility diagram. J Am Ceram Soc 88:3509–351210.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00599.x ↗
87. Parthasarathy TA, Rapp RA, Opeka M, Kerans RJ (2007) A model for the oxidation of ZrB2, HfB2 and TiB2. Acta Mater 55:5999–601010.1016/j.actamat.2007.07.027 ↗
88. Grigoriev ON, Galanov BA, Lavrenko VA et al (2010) Oxidation of ZrB2–SiC–ZrSi2 ceramics in oxygen. J Eur Ceram Soc 30:2397–240510.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.03.016 ↗
89. Silvestroni L, Meriggi G, Sciti D (2014) Oxidation behavior of ZrB2 composites doped with various transition metal silicides. Corros Sci 83:281–29110.1016/j.corsci.2014.02.026 ↗
90. Sha JJ, Li J, Wang SH et al (2015) Toughening effect of short carbon fibers in the ZrB2–ZrSi2 ceramic composites. Mater Des 75:160–16510.1016/j.matdes.2015.03.006 ↗
91. Monteverde F, Bellosi A (2005) Development and characterization of metal-diboride-based composites toughened with ultra-fine SiC particulates. Solid State Sci 7:622–63010.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2005.02.007 ↗
92. Monteverde F (2005) Beneficial effects of an ultra-fine α-SiC incorporation on the sinterability and mechanical properties of ZrB2. Appl Phys A 82:329–33710.1007/s00339-005-3327-9 ↗
93. Mikkelsen JC Jr (1984) Self-diffusivity of network oxygen in vitreous SiO2. Appl Phys Lett 45:1187–118910.1063/1.95086 ↗
94. Williams PA, Sakidja R, Perepezko JH, Ritt P (2012) Oxidation of ZrB2–SiC ultra-high temperature composites over a wide range of SiC content. J Eur Ceram Soc 32:3875–388310.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2012.05.021 ↗
95. Han W-B, Hu P, Zhang X-H et al (2008) High-temperature oxidation at 1900 °C of ZrB2–xSiC ultrahigh-temperature ceramic composites. J Am Ceram Soc 91:3328–333410.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02660.x ↗
96. Inoue R, Arai Y, Kubota Y (2017) Oxidation behaviors of ZrB2–SiC binary composites above 2000 °C. Ceram Intl 43:8081–808810.1016/j.ceramint.2017.03.129 ↗
97. Han J, Hu P, Zhang X et al (2008) Oxidation-resistant ZrB2–SiC composites at 2200 °C. Compos Sci Technol 68:799–80610.1016/j.compscitech.2007.08.017 ↗
98. Lavrenko VA, Panasyuk AD, Protsenko TG et al (1982) High-temperature reactions of materials of the ZrB2–ZrSi2 system with oxygen. Sov Powder Metall Met Ceram 21:471–47310.1007/BF00801757 ↗
99. Sciti D, Brach M, Bellosi A (2011) Oxidation behavior of a pressureless sintered ZrB2–MoSi2 ceramic composite. J Mater Res 20:922–93010.1557/JMR.2005.0111 ↗
100. Opila E, Levine S, Lorincz J (2004) Oxidation of ZrB2- and HfB2-based ultra-high temperature ceramics: effect of Ta additions. J Mater Sci 39:5969–5977. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSC.0000041693.32531.d110.1023/B:JMSC.0000041693.32531.d1 ↗