Effect of graphite structures on the productivity and quality of few-layer graphene in liquid-phase exfoliation
Source abstract
Abstract
Liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) is a promising technique for commercializing graphene production because of its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. However, the low yield of graphene in laboratory-scale production, less than 10 g/h, necessitates modifications to the process for it to be feasible for commercial applications. Natural graphite has various size distribution, crystallite sizes, and interlayer space, making the choice of initial graphite very important. Five types of natural graphite with different structures were prepared for the experiment. The structural parameters of graphite such as crystallite size and d-spacing were precisely determined based on a standard procedure of X-ray diffraction measurements for carbon materials. The effects of graphite flake size and crystallite size on the productivity and quality of few-layer graphene (FLG) were investigated. The results showed that small graphite was easier to fragment and exfoliate. FLG productivity improvement up to 1500% was attained when graphite with smaller flakes was used instead of graphite with large flakes. The crystallite size of graphite was manipulated by plenary ball milling, and the effect of crystallite on FLG productivity in LPE process was also discussed.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Graphene research and applications · Fiber-reinforced polymer composites · Ion-surface interactions and analysis
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (27)
Show source-provided references
1. Kelly AG, Hallam T, Backes C, Harvey A, Coleman JN et al (2017) All-printed thin-film transistors from networks of liquid-exfoliated nanosheets. Science 356:69–7310.1126/science.aal4062 ↗
2. Bonaccorso F, Colombo L, Yu G, Stoller M, Tozzini V et al (2015) Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems for energy conversion and storage. Science 347(6217):124650110.1126/science.1246501 ↗
3. Boland CS, Khan U, Ryan G, Barwich S, Charifou R et al (2016) Sensitive electromechanical sensors using viscoelastic graphene-polymer nanocomposites. Science 354:1257–126010.1126/science.aag2879 ↗
4. Liu Z, Parvez K, Li R, Dong R, Feng X et al (2015) Transparent conductive electrodes from graphene/PEDOT:PSS hybrid inks for ultrathin organic photodetectors. Adv Mater 27:66–675
5. Young RJ, Kinloch IA, Gong L, Novoselov KS (2012) The mechanics of graphene nanocomposites: a review. Compos Sci Technol 72:1459–147610.1016/j.compscitech.2012.05.005 ↗
6. Stankovich S, Dikin DA, Piner RS, Kohlhaas KA, Kleinhammes A et al (2007) Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. Carbon 45:1558–156510.1016/j.carbon.2007.02.034 ↗
7. Parvez K, Wu ZS, Li R, Liu X, Graf R et al (2014) Exfoliation of graphite into graphene in aqueous solutions of inorganic salts. J Am Chem Soc 136:6083–609110.1021/ja5017156 ↗
8. Pénicaud A, Drummond C (2013) Deconstructing graphite: graphenide solutions. Acc Chem Res 46:129–13710.1021/ar300141s ↗
9. Hernandez Y, Nicolosi V, Lotya M, Blighe FM, Sun Z, De S et al (2008) High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite. Nat Nanotechnol 3:563–56810.1038/nnano.2008.215 ↗
10. Halim U, Zheng CR, Chen Y, Lin Z, Jiang S et al (2013) A rational design of cosolvent exfoliation of layered materials by directly probing liquid–solid interaction. Nat Commun 4:221310.1038/ncomms3213 ↗
11. Shen J, He Y, Wu J, Gao C, Keyshar K et al (2015) Liquid phase exfoliation of two-dimensional materials by directly probing and matching surface tension components. Nano Lett 15:5449–545410.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01842 ↗
12. Shen J, Wu J, Wang M, Dong P, Xu J et al (2016) Surface tension components based selection of cosolvent for efficient liquid phase exfoliation of 2D materials. Small 12:2741–274910.1002/smll.201503834 ↗
13. Arao Y, Mori F, Kubouchi M (2017) Efficient solvent systems for improving production of few-layer graphene in liquid phase exfoliation. Carbon 118:18–2410.1016/j.carbon.2017.03.002 ↗
14. Paton KR, Varrla E, Backes C, Smith RJ, Khan U, O’Neill A et al (2014) Scalable production of large quantities of defect-free few-layer graphene by shear exfoliation in liquids. Nat Mater 13:624–63010.1038/nmat3944 ↗
15. Arao Y, Mizuno Y, Araki K, Kubouchi M (2016) Mass production of high-aspect-ratio few-layer graphene by high-speed laminar flow. Carbon 102:330–33810.1016/j.carbon.2016.02.046 ↗
16. Karagiannidis PG, Hodge SA, Lombardi L, Tomarchio F, Decorde N et al (2017) Microfluidization of graphite and formulation of graphene-based conductive inks. ACS Nano 11:2742–275510.1021/acsnano.6b07735 ↗
17. Iwashita N, Park CR, Fujimoto H, Shiraishi M, Inagaki M (2004) Specification for a standard procedure of X-ray diffraction measurements on carbon materials. Carbon 42:701–71410.1016/j.carbon.2004.02.008 ↗
18. Aso H, Matsuoka K, Sharma A, Tomita A (2004) Structural analysis of PVC PFA carbons prepared at 500–1000°C based on elemental composition, XRD, and HRTEM. Carbon 42:2963–297310.1016/j.carbon.2004.07.009 ↗
19. Podila R, Anand B, Spear JT, Puneet P, Philip R et al (2012) Effects of disorder on the optical properties of CVD grown polycrystalline graphene. Nanoscale 4:1770–177510.1039/c2nr11206j ↗
20. Yu Q, Jauregui LA, Wu W, Colby R, Tian J et al (2011) Control and characterization of individual grains and grain boundaries in graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. Nat Mater 10:443–44910.1038/nmat3010 ↗
21. Bandenhorst H (2014) Microstructure of natural graphite flakes revealed by oxidation: limitations of XRD and Raman techniques for crystallinity estimates. Carbon 66:674–69010.1016/j.carbon.2013.09.065 ↗
22. Dimiev AM, Tour JM (2014) Mechanism of graphene oxide formation. ACS Nano 8:3060–306810.1021/nn500606a ↗
23. Bacon GE (1951) The interlayer spacing of graphite. Acta Cryst 4:558–56110.1107/S0365110X51001781 ↗
24. Feng H, Cheng R, Zhao X, Duan X, Li J (2013) A low-temperature method to produce highly reduced graphene oxide. Nat Commun 4:1539. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms255510.1038/ncomms2555 ↗
25. Khan U, O’Neill A, Lotya M, De S, Coleman JN (2010) High-concentration solvent exfoliation of graphene. Small 6:864–87110.1002/smll.200902066 ↗
26. Khan U, O’Neill A, Porwal H, May P, Nawaz K, Coleman JN (2012) Size selection of dispersed, exfoliated graphene flakes by controlled centrifugation. Carbon 50:470–47510.1016/j.carbon.2011.09.001 ↗
27. Bonaccorso F, Bartolotta A, Coleman JN, Backes C (2016) 2D-crystal-based functional inks. Adv Mater 28:6136–616610.1002/adma.201506410 ↗