journal article·2022-04

Polymer nanocomposites based on graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs): a review on thermal-electrical conductivity, mechanical and barrier properties

Kadir Bilisik, Mahmuda Akter

Journal of Materials Science· Volume 57· Issue 15
Publisher page

Abstract

In this paper, graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs)-based polymer nanocomposites were reviewed. This review mainly discusses various synthesis techniques for making graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) including dispersion of GNPs in polymers, functionalization and producing GNPs polymer nanocomposites. In addition, their critical morphology and rheological, mechanical, electrical, and thermal conductivity as well as gas barrier properties were explained. It was found that when GNPs were properly incorporated into the polymer matrix, they can enhance the properties of the host polymer at extreme conditions. Moreover, surface modification of GNPs by covalent and non-covalent functionalization has been explored as a new platform for realizing structure–property interactions of polymer nanocomposites. Proposed predictive modeling and analysis methods on the mechanical, electrical, and thermal conductivities and gas barrier properties of GNPs/polymer nanocomposites were also disclosed considering, in particular, GNPs geometry and orientation in polymers. It was concluded that GNPs added to thermoset and thermoplastic polymer nanocomposites exhibit conceivable developments in advanced engineering uses, including electronics, ultra-sensitive sensors, membranes, energy storage, wearable technology, aerospace and biomedical.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Polymer Nanocomposite Synthesis and Irradiation · Polymer Nanocomposites and Properties · Graphene research and applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Paszkiewicz S, Szymczyk A (2019) Graphene-based nanomaterials and their polymer nanocomposites. In: Karak N (ed) Nanomaterials and polymer nanocomposites. Elsevier, New York, pp 177–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814615-6.00006-010.1016/b978-0-12-814615-6.00006-0 ↗
2. Kausar A, Rafique I, Muhammad B (2017) Aerospace application of polymer nanocomposite with carbon nanotube, graphite, graphene oxide, and nanoclay. Polym-Plast Technol Eng 56(13):1438–1456. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2016.127659410.1080/03602559.2016.1276594 ↗
3. Afroj S, Tan S, Abdelkader AM, Novoselov KS, Karim N (2020) Highly conductive, scalable, and machine washable graphene-based E-textiles for multifunctional wearable electronic applications. Adv Funct Mater 30(23):2000293. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20200029310.1002/adfm.202000293 ↗
4. Kim H, Macosko CW (2009) Processing-property relationships of polycarbonate/graphene composites. Polymer 50(15):3797–3809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2009.05.03810.1016/j.polymer.2009.05.038 ↗
5. Xiang D, Wang L, Tang Y, Harkin-Jones E, Zhao C, Wang P, Li Y (2018) Damage self-sensing behavior of carbon nanofiller reinforced polymer composites with different conductive network structures. Polymer 158:308–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.11.00710.1016/j.polymer.2018.11.007 ↗
6. Muller K, Bugnicourt E, Latorre M, Jorda M, Echegoyen Sanz Y, Lagaron JM, Miesbauer O, Bianchin A, Hankin S, Bolz U, Perez G, Jesdinszki M, Lindner M, Scheuerer Z, Castello S, Schmid M (2017) Review on the processing and properties of polymer nanocomposites and nanocoatings and their applications in the packaging. Automot Solar Energy Fields Nanomater (Basel) 7(4):74. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano704007410.3390/nano7040074 ↗
7. Abdullah SI, Ansari MNM (2019) Mechanical properties of graphene oxide (GO)/epoxy composites. HBRC J 11(2):151–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2014.06.00110.1016/j.hbrcj.2014.06.001 ↗
8. Bilisik K, Akter M (2021) Graphene nanoplatelets/epoxy nanocomposites: a review on functionalization, characterization techniques, properties, and applications. J Reinf Plast Compos. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684421104927710.1177/07316844211049277 ↗
9. Bonaccorso F, Sun Z, Hasan T, Ferrari AC (2010) Graphene photonics and optoelectronics. Nat Photonics 4(9):611–622. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2010.18610.1038/nphoton.2010.186 ↗
10. Bilisik K, Akter M (2021) Graphene nanocomposites: a review on processes, properties, and applications. J Ind Text. https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083721102425210.1177/15280837211024252 ↗
11. Smith AT, LaChance AM, Zeng S, Liu B, Sun L (2019) Synthesis, properties, and applications of graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide and their nanocomposites. Nano Mater Sci 1(1):31–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoms.2019.02.00410.1016/j.nanoms.2019.02.004 ↗
12. Stankovich S, Dikin DA, Dommett GH, Kohlhaas KM, Zimney EJ, Stach EA, Piner RD, Nguyen ST, Ruoff RS (2006) Graphene-based composite materials. Nature 442(7100):282–286. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature0496910.1038/nature04969 ↗
13. Ganguli S, Roy AK, Anderson DP (2008) Improved thermal conductivity for chemically functionalized exfoliated graphite/epoxy composites. Carbon 46(5):806–817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2008.02.00810.1016/j.carbon.2008.02.008 ↗
14. Kim H, Thomas Hahn H, Viculis LM, Gilje S, Kaner RB (2007) Electrical conductivity of graphite/polystyrene composites made from potassium intercalated graphite. Carbon 45(7):1578–1582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.02.03510.1016/j.carbon.2007.02.035 ↗
15. Wu Z-S, Ren W, Gao L, Liu B, Jiang C, Cheng H-M (2009) Synthesis of high-quality graphene with a pre-determined number of layers. Carbon 47(2):493–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2008.10.03110.1016/j.carbon.2008.10.031 ↗
16. Kalaitzidou K, Fukushima H, Drzal LT (2007) Multifunctional polypropylene composites produced by incorporation of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets. Carbon 45(7):1446–1452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.03.02910.1016/j.carbon.2007.03.029 ↗
17. Cheng C, Li S, Thomas A, Kotov NA, Haag R (2017) Functional graphene nanomaterials based architectures: biointeractions, fabrications, and emerging biological applications. Chem Rev 117:1826. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b0052010.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00520 ↗
18. Cui Y, Kundalwal SI, Kumar S (2016) Gas barrier performance of graphene/polymer nanocomposites. Carbon 98:313–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.11.01810.1016/j.carbon.2015.11.018 ↗
19. Tan B, Thomas NL (2016) A review of the water barrier properties of polymer/clay and polymer/graphene nanocomposites. J Membr Sci 514:595–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.05.02610.1016/j.memsci.2016.05.026 ↗
20. Qi X, Pu KY, Li H, Zhou X, Wu S, Fan QL, Liu B, Boey F, Huang W, Zhang H (2010) Amphiphilic graphene composites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 49(49):9426–9429. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.20100449710.1002/anie.201004497 ↗
21. Geim AK, Novoslove KS (2007) The rise of graphene. Nat Mater 6:183–191. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat184910.1038/nmat1849 ↗
22. Novoselov KS, Fal’ko VI, Colombo L, Gellert PR, Schwab MG, Kim K (2012) A roadmap for graphene. Nature 490(7419):192–200. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature1145810.1038/nature11458 ↗
23. Balandin AA, Ghosh S, Bao W, Calizo I, Teweldebrhan D, Miao F, Lau CN (2008) Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett 8(3):902–907. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl073187210.1021/nl0731872 ↗
24. Ma Y, Zhi L (2019) Graphene-based transparent conductive films: material systems. Prep Appl Small Methods 3(1):1800199. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.20180019910.1002/smtd.201800199 ↗
25. Wang T-Y, Tseng P-Y, Tsai J-L (2018) Characterization of Young’s modulus and thermal conductivity of graphene/epoxy nanocomposites. J Compos Mater 53(6):835–847. https://doi.org/10.1177/002199831879168110.1177/0021998318791681 ↗
26. Cataldi P, Athanassiou A, Bayer I (2018) Graphene nanoplatelets-based advanced materials and recent progress in sustainable applications. Appl Sci 8(9):1438. https://doi.org/10.3390/app809143810.3390/app8091438 ↗
27. Jang BZ, Zhamu A (2008) Processing of nanographene platelets (NGPs) and NGP nanocomposites: a review. J Mater Sci 43(15):5092–5101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-2755-210.1007/s10853-008-2755-2 ↗
28. Li B, Zhong W-H (2011) Review on polymer/graphite nanoplatelet nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 46(17):5595–5614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5572-y10.1007/s10853-011-5572-y ↗
29. Debelak B, Lafdi K (2007) Use of exfoliated graphite filler to enhance polymer physical properties. Carbon 45(9):1727–1734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.05.01010.1016/j.carbon.2007.05.010 ↗
30. Wu H, Drzal LT (2012) Graphene nanoplatelet paper as a light-weight composite with excellent electrical and thermal conductivity and good gas barrier properties. Carbon 50(3):1135–1145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.10.02610.1016/j.carbon.2011.10.026 ↗
31. Chiou Y-C, Chou H-Y, Shen M-Y (2019) Effects of adding graphene nanoplatelets and nanocarbon aerogels to epoxy resins and their carbon fiber composites. Mater Des. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.10786910.1016/j.matdes.2019.107869 ↗
32. Jarosinski L, Rybak A, Gaska K, Kmita G, Porebska R, Kapusta C (2017) Enhanced thermal conductivity of graphene nanoplatelets epoxy composites. Mater Sci-Pol 35(2):382–389. https://doi.org/10.1515/msp-2017-002810.1515/msp-2017-0028 ↗
33. Falkovsky LA (2008) Optical properties of graphene. J Phys Conf Ser 129:012004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/129/1/01200410.1088/1742-6596/129/1/012004 ↗
34. Raza MA, Westwood A, Brown A, Hondow N, Stirling C (2011) Characterisation of graphite nanoplatelets and the physical properties of graphite nanoplatelet/silicone composites for thermal interface applications. Carbon 49(13):4269–4279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.06.00210.1016/j.carbon.2011.06.002 ↗
35. Albetran HM (2021) Investigation of the morphological, structural, and vibrational behaviour of graphite nanoplatelets. J Nanomater 2021:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/554650910.1155/2021/5546509 ↗
36. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV, Firsov AA (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306(5696):666–669. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.110289610.1126/science.1102896 ↗
37. Yamanaka S, Nishino T, Fujimoto T, Kuga Y (2012) Production of thin graphite sheets for a high electrical conductivity film by the mechanical delamination of ternary graphite intercalation compounds. Carbon 50(14):5027–5033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.06.03210.1016/j.carbon.2012.06.032 ↗
38. Narayan R, Kim SO (2015) Surfactant mediated liquid phase exfoliation of graphene. Nano Converg 2(1):20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40580-015-0050-x10.1186/s40580-015-0050-x ↗
39. Shen J, Wu J, Wang M, Dong P, Xu J, Li X, Zhang X, Yuan J, Wang X, Ye M, Vajtai R, Lou J, Ajayan PM (2016) Surface tension components based selection of cosolvents for efficient liquid phase exfoliation of 2D materials. Small 12(20):2741–2749. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.20150383410.1002/smll.201503834 ↗
40. Hernandez Y, Lotya M, Rickard D, Bergin SD, Coleman JN (2010) Measurement of multicomponent solubility parameters for graphene facilitates solvent discovery. Langmuir 26(5):3208–3213. https://doi.org/10.1021/la903188a10.1021/la903188a ↗
41. Notley SM (2012) Highly concentrated aqueous suspensions of graphene through ultrasonic exfoliation with continuous surfactant addition. Langmuir 28(40):14110–14113. https://doi.org/10.1021/la302750e10.1021/la302750e ↗
42. Ravula S, Baker SN, Kamath G, Baker GA (2015) Ionic liquid-assisted exfoliation and dispersion: stripping graphene and its two-dimensional layered inorganic counterparts of their inhibitions. Nanoscale 7(10):4338–4353. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4nr01524j10.1039/c4nr01524j ↗
43. Wan L, Wang B, Wang S, Wang X, Guo Z, Xiong H, Dong B, Zhao L, Lu H, Xu Z, Zhang X, Li T, Zhou W (2014) Water-soluble polyaniline/graphene prepared by in situ polymerization in graphene dispersions and use as counter-electrode materials for dye-sensitized solar cells. React Funct Polym 79:47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2014.03.01210.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2014.03.012 ↗
44. Akca S, Foroughi A, Frochtzwajg D, Postma HW (2011) Competing interactions in DNA assembly on graphene. PLoS ONE 6(4):e18442. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.001844210.1371/journal.pone.0018442 ↗
45. Hernandez Y, Nicolosi V, Lotya M, Blighe FM, Sun Z, De S, McGovern IT, Holland B, Byrne M, Gun’Ko YK, Boland JJ, Niraj P, Duesberg G, Krishnamurthy S, Goodhue R, Hutchison J, Scardaci V, Ferrari AC, Coleman JN (2008) High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite. Nat Nanotechnol 3(9):563–568. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2008.21510.1038/nnano.2008.215 ↗
46. Cai X, Jiang Z, Zhang X (2018) Effects of tip sonication parameters on liquid phase exfoliation of graphite into graphene nanoplatelets. Nanoscale Res Lett 13(1):241. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-018-2648-510.1186/s11671-018-2648-5 ↗
47. Ghanem AF, Abdel Rehim MH (2018) Assisted tip sonication approach for graphene synthesis in aqueous dispersion. Biomedicines 6(2):63. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines602006310.3390/biomedicines6020063 ↗
48. Abbandanak SNH, Aghamohammadi H, Akbarzadeh E, Shabani N, Eslami-Farsani R, Kangooie M, Siadati MH (2019) Morphological/SAXS/WAXS studies on the electrochemical synthesis of graphene nanoplatelets. Ceram Int 45(16):20882–20890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.07.07710.1016/j.ceramint.2019.07.077 ↗
49. Tian S, He P, Chen L, Wang H, Ding G, Xie X (2017) Electrochemical fabrication of high quality graphene in mixed electrolyte for ultrafast electrothermal heater. Chem Mater 29(15):6214–6219. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b0056710.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00567 ↗
50. Yu P, Lowe SE, Simon GP, Zhong YL (2015) Electrochemical exfoliation of graphite and production of functional graphene. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 20(5–6):329–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2015.10.00710.1016/j.cocis.2015.10.007 ↗
51. Gee C-M, Tseng C-C, Wu F-Y, Chang H-P, Li L-J, Hsieh Y-P, Lin C-T, Chen J-C (2013) Flexible transparent electrodes made of electrochemically exfoliated graphene sheets from low-cost graphite pieces. Displays 34(4):315–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.displa.2012.11.00210.1016/j.displa.2012.11.002 ↗
52. Shi G, Araby S, Gibson CT, Meng Q, Zhu S, Ma J (2018) Graphene platelets and their polymer composites: fabrication, structure, properties, and applications. Adv Funct Mater 28(19):1706705. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20170670510.1002/adfm.201706705 ↗
53. Parvez K, Wu ZS, Li R, Liu X, Graf R, Feng X, Mullen K (2014) Exfoliation of graphite into graphene in aqueous solutions of inorganic salts. J Am Chem Soc 136(16):6083–6091. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja501715610.1021/ja5017156 ↗
54. Mao M, Wang M, Hu J, Lei G, Chen S, Liu H (2013) Simultaneous electrochemical synthesis of few-layer graphene flakes on both electrodes in protic ionic liquids. Chem Commun (Camb) 49(46):5301–5303. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cc41909f10.1039/c3cc41909f ↗
55. Chen K, Xue D (2014) Preparation of colloidal graphene in quantity by electrochemical exfoliation. J Colloid Interface Sci 436:41–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.08.05710.1016/j.jcis.2014.08.057 ↗
56. Su C-Y, Lu A-Y, Xu Y, Chen F-R, Khlobystov AN, Li L-J (2011) High-quality thin graphene films from fast electrochemical exfoliation. ACS Nano 5(3):2332–2339. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn200025p10.1021/nn200025p ↗
57. Xiang HF, Shi JY, Feng XY, Ge XW, Wang HH, Chen CH (2011) Graphitic platelets prepared by electrochemical exfoliation of graphite and their application for Li energy storage. Electrochim Acta 56(15):5322–5327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.04.00110.1016/j.electacta.2011.04.001 ↗
58. Cooper AJ, Wilson NR, Kinloch IA, Dryfe RAW (2014) Single stage electrochemical exfoliation method for the production of few-layer graphene via intercalation of tetraalkylammonium cations. Carbon 66:340–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.09.00910.1016/j.carbon.2013.09.009 ↗
59. Li D, Muller MB, Gilje S, Kaner RB, Wallace GG (2008) Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. Nat Nanotechnol 3(2):101–105. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2007.45110.1038/nnano.2007.451 ↗
60. Chen H, Müller MB, Gilmore KJ, Wallace GG, Li D (2008) Mechanically strong, electrically conductive, and biocompatible graphene paper. Adv Mater 20(18):3557–3561. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20080075710.1002/adma.200800757 ↗
61. Stoller MD, Park S, Zhu Y, An J, Ruoff RS (2008) Graphene-based ultracapacitors. Nano Lett 8(10):3498–3502. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl802558y10.1021/nl802558y ↗
62. Wang X, Zhi L, Müllen K (2008) Transparent, conductive graphene electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Lett 8(1):323–327. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl072838r10.1021/nl072838r ↗
63. Wu YH, Yu T, Shen ZX (2010) Two-dimensional carbon nanostructures: fundamental properties, synthesis, characterization, and potential applications. J Appl Phys 108(7):071301. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.346080910.1063/1.3460809 ↗
64. Dimiev AM, Ceriotti G, Behabtu N, Zakhidov D, Pasquali M, Saito R, Tour JM (2013) Direct real-time monitoring of stage transitions in graphite intercalation compounds. ACS Nano 7(3):2773–2780. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn400207e10.1021/nn400207e ↗
65. Schafhaeutl C (1840) Ueber die Verbindungen des Kohlenstoffes mit Silicium, Eisen und anderen Metallen, welche die verschiedenen Gallungen von Roheisen, Stahl und Schmiedeeisen bilden. J Prakt Chem 21(1):129–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/prac.1840021011710.1002/prac.18400210117 ↗
66. Lin S, Dong L, Zhang J, Lu H (2016) Room-temperature intercalation and ∼1000-fold chemical expansion for scalable preparation of high-quality graphene. Chem Mater 28(7):2138–2146. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b0504310.1021/acs.chemmater.5b05043 ↗
67. Dimiev AM, Ceriotti G, Metzger A, Kim ND, Tour JM (2016) Chemical mass production of graphene nanoplatelets in approximately 100% yield. ACS Nano 10(1):274–279. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b0684010.1021/acsnano.5b06840 ↗
68. DeSimone JM (2002) Practical approaches to green solvents. Science 297(5582):799–803. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.106962210.1126/science.1069622 ↗
69. Pu N-W, Wang C-A, Sung Y, Liu Y-M, Ger M-D (2009) Production of few-layer graphene by supercritical CO2 exfoliation of graphite. Mater Lett 63(23):1987–1989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.06.03110.1016/j.matlet.2009.06.031 ↗
70. Wu B, Yang X (2011) A molecular simulation of interactions between graphene nanosheets and supercritical CO2. J Colloid Interface Sci 361(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.05.02110.1016/j.jcis.2011.05.021 ↗
71. Sim HS, Kim TA, Lee KH, Park M (2012) Preparation of graphene nanosheets through repeated supercritical carbon dioxide process. Mater Lett 89:343–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2012.08.10410.1016/j.matlet.2012.08.104 ↗
72. Li L, Xu J, Li G, Jia X, Li Y, Yang F, Zhang L, Xu C, Gao J, Liu Y, Fang Z (2016) Preparation of graphene nanosheets by shear-assisted supercritical CO2 exfoliation. Chem Eng J 284:78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.08.07710.1016/j.cej.2015.08.077 ↗
73. Rane AV, Kanny K, Abitha VK, Thomas S (2018) Methods for synthesis of nanoparticles and fabrication of nanocomposites. In: Bhagyaraj SM, Oluwafemi OS, Kalarikkal N, Thomas S (eds) Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials. Elsevier, New York, pp 121–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-101975-7.00005-110.1016/b978-0-08-101975-7.00005-1 ↗
74. Ahmadi-Moghadam B, Sharafimasooleh M, Shadlou S, Taheri F (2015) Effect of functionalization of graphene nanoplatelets on the mechanical response of graphene/epoxy composites. Mater Des 1980–2015(66):142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.10.04710.1016/j.matdes.2014.10.047 ↗
75. You X, Feng Q, Yang J, Huang K, Hu J, Dong S (2019) Preparation of high concentration graphene dispersion with low boiling point solvents. J Nanopart Res 21(19):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-019-4459-810.1007/s11051-019-4459-8 ↗
76. Hashim UR, Jumahat A (2018) Improved tensile and fracture toughness properties of graphene nanoplatelets filled epoxy polymer via solvent compounding shear milling method. Mater Res Express 6(2):025303. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aaeaf010.1088/2053-1591/aaeaf0 ↗
77. Chen W, Weimin H, Li D, Chen S, Dai Z (2018) A critical review on the development and performance of polymer/graphene nanocomposites. Sci Eng Compos Mater 25(6):1059–1073. https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2017-019910.1515/secm-2017-0199 ↗
78. Long-Cheng T, Zhao L, Guan L-Z (2017) Graphene/polymer composite materials: processing, properties and applications. Advanced composite materials: properties and applications. De Gruyter Open, Poland, pp 349–419. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110574432-00710.1515/9783110574432-007 ↗
79. Phiri J, Gane P, Maloney TC (2017) General overview of graphene: Production, properties and application in polymer composites. Mater Sci Eng: B 215:9–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2016.10.00410.1016/j.mseb.2016.10.004 ↗
80. Das AK, Maiti S, Khatua BB (2015) High performance electrode material prepared through in-situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of zinc acetate and graphene nanoplatelets for supercapacitor application. J Electroanal Chem 739:10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.12.01810.1016/j.jelechem.2014.12.018 ↗
81. Tu C, Nagata K, Yan S (2016) Influence of melt-mixing processing sequence on electrical conductivity of polyethylene/polypropylene blends filled with graphene. Polym Bull 74(4):1237–1252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-016-1774-410.1007/s00289-016-1774-4 ↗
82. Chee WK, Lim HN, Huang NM, Harrison I (2015) Nanocomposites of graphene/polymers: a review. RSC Adv 5(83):68014–68051. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra07989f10.1039/c5ra07989f ↗
83. Li F, Long L, Weng Y (2020) A review on the contemporary development of composite materials comprising graphene/graphene derivatives. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2020:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/791564110.1155/2020/7915641 ↗
84. Kim H, Macosko CW (2008) Morphology and properties of polyester/exfoliated graphite nanocomposites. Macromolecules 41(9):3317–3327. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma702385h10.1021/ma702385h ↗
85. Kalaitzidou K, Fukushima H, Drzal LT (2007) A new compounding method for exfoliated graphite–polypropylene nanocomposites with enhanced flexural properties and lower percolation threshold. Compos Sci Technol 67(10):2045–2051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.11.01410.1016/j.compscitech.2006.11.014 ↗
86. Wang B, Peng D, Lv R, Na B, Liu H, Yu Z (2019) Generic melt compounding strategy using reactive graphene towards high performance polyethylene/graphene nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 177:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.04.01310.1016/j.compscitech.2019.04.013 ↗
87. Wang X, Xing W, Zhang P, Song L, Yang H, Hu Y (2012) Covalent functionalization of graphene with organosilane and its use as a reinforcement in epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol 72(6):737–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.01.02710.1016/j.compscitech.2012.01.027 ↗
88. Shivakumar H, Renukappa NM, Shivakumar KN, Suresha B (2020) The reinforcing effect of graphene on the mechanical properties of carbon-epoxy composites. Open J Compos Mater 10(02):27–44. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojcm.2020.10200310.4236/ojcm.2020.102003 ↗
89. Wang F, Drzal LT (2018) Development of stiff, tough and conductive composites by the addition of graphene nanoplatelets to polyethersulfone/epoxy composites. Materials (Basel) 11(11):2137. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1111213710.3390/ma11112137 ↗
90. Verdejo R, Bernal MM, Romasanta LJ, Lopez-Manchado MA (2011) Graphene filled polymer nanocomposites. J Mater Chem 21(10):3301–3310. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0jm02708a10.1039/c0jm02708a ↗
91. Mehdi Karevan RVP, Bhuiyan MdA, Kalaitzidou K (2010) Effect of interphase modulus and nanofiller agglomeration on the tensile modulus of graphite nanoplatelets and carbon nanotube reinforced polypropylene nanocomposites. Carbon Lett 11:325–331. https://doi.org/10.5714/CL.2010.11.4.32510.5714/CL.2010.11.4.325 ↗
92. Cunha E, Ren H, Lin F, Kinloch IA, Sun Q, Fan Z, Young RJ (2018) The chemical functionalization of graphene nanoplatelets through solvent-free reaction. RSC Adv 8(58):33564–33573. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra04817g10.1039/c8ra04817g ↗
93. Kuila T, Bose S, Mishra AK, Khanra P, Kim NH, Lee JH (2012) Chemical functionalization of graphene and its applications. Prog Mater Sci 57(7):1061–1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2012.03.00210.1016/j.pmatsci.2012.03.002 ↗
94. Riley KE, Pitoňák M, Jurečka P, Hobza P (2010) Stabilization and structure calculations for noncovalent interactions in extended molecular systems based on wave function and density functional theories. Chem Rev 110(9):5023–5063. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr100017310.1021/cr1000173 ↗
95. Hussein OA, Habib K, Saidur R, Muhsan AS, Shahabuddin S, Alawi OA (2019) The influence of covalent and non-covalent functionalization of GNP based nanofluids on its thermophysical, rheological and suspension stability properties. RSC Adv 9(66):38576–38589. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra07811h10.1039/c9ra07811h ↗
96. Georgakilas V (2014) Functionalization of graphene. Wiley, Germany10.1002/9783527672790 ↗
97. Zaman I, Kuan H-C, Meng Q, Michelmore A, Kawashima N, Pitt T, Zhang L, Gouda S, Luong L, Ma J (2012) A facile approach to chemically modified graphene and its polymer nanocomposites. Adv Funct Mater 22(13):2735–2743. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20110304110.1002/adfm.201103041 ↗
98. Naebe M, Wang J, Amini A, Khayyam H, Hameed N, Li LH, Chen Y, Fox B (2014) Mechanical property and structure of covalent functionalised graphene/epoxy nanocomposites. Sci Rep 4(1):4375. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep0437510.1038/srep04375 ↗
99. Meng Q, Jin J, Wang R, Kuan H-C, Ma J, Kawashima N, Michelmore A, Zhu S, Wang CH (2014) Processable 3-nm thick graphene platelets of high electrical conductivity and their epoxy composites. Nanotechnology 25(12):125707. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/25/12/12570710.1088/0957-4484/25/12/125707 ↗
100. Tang G, Jiang Z-G, Li X, Zhang H-B, Hong S, Yu Z-Z (2014) Electrically conductive rubbery epoxy/diamine-functionalized graphene nanocomposites with improved mechanical properties. Compos B Eng 67:564–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.08.01310.1016/j.compositesb.2014.08.013 ↗