DataVXJournal of Materials SciencePaper
journal article·2021-08

Strategies for enhancing the room-temperature stretch formability of magnesium alloy sheets: a review

Qinghang Wang, Bin Jiang, Daolun Chen, Zhaoyang Jin, Lingyu Zhao, Qingshan Yang, Guangsheng Huang, Fusheng Pan

Journal of Materials Science· Volume 56· Issue 23
Publisher page
Source abstract

Abstract

Magnesium (Mg) alloys, as one of the lightest structural metallic materials, have attracted considerable attention in the automotive, aerospace, and microelectronic industries. However, wrought Mg alloys are easy to form a strong basal texture with the basal planes of hexagonal close-packed unit cells being parallel to the processing direction during hot processing. This extremely deteriorates the stretch formability of Mg alloy sheets at room temperature (RT) and limits their widespread industrial applications. To overcome this drawback, many studies have been devoted to controlling microstructures including grain sizes, texture characteristics and precipitates to achieve high-performance Mg alloy sheets via alloying and new processing techniques. In this review, we briefly summarize recent advances in enhancing the stretch formability of Mg alloy sheets at RT from two major aspects: (1) by the design of new alloy systems and (2) by the exploitation of advanced processing techniques. Both strategies hold great promise for developing high-performance and low-cost Mg alloy sheets with a superior combination of strength, ductility and stretch formability. Additionally, future research directions for the development of such high-performance Mg alloy sheets are suggested. We hope that this review can provide some insightful information for researchers who are committed to fabricating high-performance Mg alloys for lightweight structural applications in the transportation industry, so as to improve fuel efficiency and reduce climate-changing and health-compromising emissions.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

Metals & alloys

OpenAlex topics: Magnesium Alloys: Properties and Applications · Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties · Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Zhang J, Liu S, Wu R, Hou L, Zhang M (2018) Recent developments in high-strength Mg-RE-based alloys: focusing on Mg–Gd and Mg–Y systems. J Magnes Alloy 6:277–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2018.08.00110.1016/j.jma.2018.08.001 ↗
2. You S, Huang Y, Kainer KU, Hort N (2017) Recent research and developments on wrought magnesium alloys. J Magnes Alloy 5:239–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2017.09.00110.1016/j.jma.2017.09.001 ↗
3. Meng SJ, Yu H, Fan SD, Li QZ, Park SH, Suh JS, Kim YM, Nan XL, Bian MZ, Yin FX (2019) Recent progress and development in extrusion of rare earth free Mg alloys: a review. Acta Metall Sin-EngL 32:145–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-018-00871-210.1007/s40195-018-00871-2 ↗
4. Dai S, Wang F, Wang Z, Liu Z, Mao PL (2020) Microstructure, mechanical properties, and texture evolution of Mg–Zn–Y–Zr alloy fabricated by hot extrusion–shearing process. J Mater Sci 55:375–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03946-210.1007/s10853-019-03946-2 ↗
5. Kang XK, Nie KB, Deng KK, Guo YC (2019) Effect of extrusion parameters on microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of Mg-1.38Zn-0.17Y-0.12Ca (at. %) alloy. Mater Charact 151:137–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.03.00410.1016/j.matchar.2019.03.004 ↗
6. Liu HN, Li YJ, Zhang K, Li XG, Ma ML, Shi GL, Yuan JW, Wang KK (2020) Microstructure, hot deformation behavior, and textural evolution of Mg-3 wt%Zn-1 wt%Ca-0.5 wt%Sr Alloy. J Mater Sci 55:12434–12447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04817-x10.1007/s10853-020-04817-x ↗
7. Wu J, Chen JH, Yan HG, Xia WJ, Su B, Yu L, Liu GS, Song M (2017) Enhancing the mechanical properties of high strain rate rolled Mg-6Zn-1Mn alloy by pre-rolling. J Mater Sci 52:10557–10566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1214-310.1007/s10853-017-1214-3 ↗
8. Chino Y, Mabuchi M (2009) Enhanced stretch formability of Mg-Al-Zn alloy sheets rolled at high temperature (723 K). Scr Mater 60:447–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.11.02910.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.11.029 ↗
9. Chino Y, Sassa K, Mabuchi M (2009) Enhanced stretch formability of Mn-free AZ31 Mg alloy rolled by cross-roll rolling. J Mater Sci 44:1821–1827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3248-710.1007/s10853-009-3248-7 ↗
10. Huang XS, Suzuki K, Chino Y, Mabuchi M (2015) Influence of aluminum content on the texture and sheet formability of AM series magnesium alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 633:144–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.03.01810.1016/j.msea.2015.03.018 ↗
11. Bhattacharjee T, Suh B-C, Sasaki TT, Ohkubo T, Kim NJ, Hono K (2014) High strength and formable Mg–6.2Zn–0.5Zr–0.2Ca alloy sheet processed by twin roll casting. Mater Sci Eng A 609:154–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.04.05810.1016/j.msea.2014.04.058 ↗
12. Suh B-C, Shim M-S, Shin KS, Kim NJ (2014) Current issues in magnesium sheet alloys: where do we go from here? Scr Mater 84–85:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2014.04.01710.1016/j.scriptamat.2014.04.017 ↗
13. Liu H, Zhao G, Liu CM, Zuo L (2007) Effects of different tempers on precipitation hardening of 6000 series aluminum alloys. T Nonferr Metal Soc 17:122–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(07)60059-410.1016/S1003-6326(07)60059-4 ↗
14. Huang WS, Chen JH, Yan HG, Xia WJ, Su B, Yin H, Yan XX (2020) Microstructure, texture modification and mechanical anisotropy of high strain rate rolled Mg-Ga alloy sheets. J Mater Sci 55:10242–10257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04717-010.1007/s10853-020-04717-0 ↗
15. Nie KB, Zhu ZH, Munroe P, Deng KK, Han JG (2020) The effect of Zn/Ca ratio on the microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of dilute Mg–Zn–Ca–Mn alloys that exhibit superior strength. J Mater Sci 55:3588–3604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04174-410.1007/s10853-019-04174-4 ↗
16. Langelier B, Nasiri AM, Lee SY, Gharghouri MA, Esmaeili S (2015) Improving microstructure and ductility in the Mg–Zn alloy system by combinational Ce–Ca microalloying. Mater Sci Eng A 620:76–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.09.11610.1016/j.msea.2014.09.116 ↗
17. Sanjari M, Farzadfar A, Kabir ASH, Utsunomiya H, Jung I-H, Petrov R, Kestens L, Yue S (2014) Promotion of texture weakening in magnesium by alloying and thermomechanical processing: (I) alloying. J Mater Sci 49:1408–1425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7826-310.1007/s10853-013-7826-3 ↗
18. Chaudry UM, Kim YS, Hamad K (2019) Effect of Ca addition on the room-temperature formability of AZ31 magnesium alloy. Mater Lett 238:305–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.12.01310.1016/j.matlet.2018.12.013 ↗
19. He YB, Pan QL, Qin YJ, Liu XY, Li WB (2010) Microstructure and mechanical properties of ultrafine grain ZK60 alloy processed by equal channel angular pressing. J Mater Sci 45:1655–1662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-4143-y10.1007/s10853-009-4143-y ↗
20. Krajňák T, Minárik P, Stráská J, Gubicza J, Máthis K, Janeček M (2019) Influence of the initial state on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AX41 alloy processed by ECAP. J Mater Sci 54:3469–3484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-3033-610.1007/s10853-018-3033-6 ↗
21. Dai S, Wang F, Wang Z, Liu Z, Mao PL (2020) Microstructure, mechanical properties, and texture evolution of Mg–Zn–Y–Zr alloy fabricated by hot extrusion-shearing process. J Mater Sci 55:375–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03946-210.1007/s10853-019-03946-2 ↗
22. Li F, Zeng X, Bian N (2014) Microstructure of AZ31 magnesium alloy produced by continuous variable cross-section direct extrusion (CVCDE). Mater Lett 135:79–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.07.11610.1016/j.matlet.2014.07.116 ↗
23. Li F, Jiang HW, Liu Y (2017) Microstructure and texture evolution during the alternate extrusion of an AZ31 magnesium alloy. JOM 69:93–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-016-2146-010.1007/s11837-016-2146-0 ↗
24. Xu C, Nakata T, Fan GH, Li XW, Tang GZ, Geng L, Kamado S (2019) Microstructure and mechanical properties of extruded Mg–Gd–Y–Zn alloy with Mn or Zr addition. J Mater Sci 54:10473–10488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03607-410.1007/s10853-019-03607-4 ↗
25. Lapovok R, Zolotoyabko E, Berner A, Skripnyuk V, Lakin E, Larianovsky N, Xu CJ, Rabkin E (2018) Hydrogenation effect on microstructure and mechanical properties of MgGd–Y–Zn–Zr alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 719:171–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.02.01610.1016/j.msea.2018.02.016 ↗
26. Deng M, Höche D, Lamaka SV, Snihirova D, Zheludkevich ML (2020) Mg-Ca binary alloys as anodes for primary Mg-air batteries. J Power Sources 396:109–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.05.09010.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.05.090 ↗
27. Krajňák T, Minárik P, Stráská J, Gubicza J, Dluhoš L, Máthis K, Janeček M (2020) Influence of temperature of ECAP processing on the microstructure and microhardness of as-cast AX41 alloy. J Mater Sci 55:3118–3129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04171-710.1007/s10853-019-04171-7 ↗
28. Roostaei AA, Zarei-Hanzaki A, Parsa MH, Fatemi-Varzaneh SM (2010) An analysis to plastic deformation behavior of AZ31 alloys during accumulative roll bonding process. J Mater Sci 45:4494–4500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-4540-210.1007/s10853-010-4540-2 ↗
29. Lee SW, Kim S-H, Park SH (2020) Microstructural characteristics of AZ31 alloys rolled at room and cryogenic temperatures and their variation during annealing. J Magnes Alloy 8:537–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2020.03.00310.1016/j.jma.2020.03.003 ↗
30. Imandoust A, Barrett CD, Al-Samman T, Inal KA, Kadiri HE (2017) A review on the effect of rare-earth elements on texture evolution during processing of magnesium alloys. J Mater Sci 52:1–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0371-010.1007/s10853-016-0371-0 ↗
31. Peng L, Jiang H, Cai Z, Qiang K, Yun Z (2016) The effect of Y, Ce and Gd on texture, recrystallization and mechanical property of Mg–Zn alloys. J Magnes Alloy 4:188–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2016.07.00110.1016/j.jma.2016.07.001 ↗
32. Cai ZX, Jiang HT, Tang D, Ma Z, Kang Q (2013) Texture and stretch formability of rolled Mg-Zn-RE (Y, Ce, and Gd) alloys at room temperature. Rare Met 32:441–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-013-0139-510.1007/s12598-013-0139-5 ↗
33. Zeng X, Minárik P, Dobroň P, Letzig D, Kainer KU, Yi SB (2019) Role of deformation mechanisms and grain growth in microstructure evolution during recrystallization of Mg-Nd based alloys. Scr Mater 166:53–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.02.04510.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.02.045 ↗
34. Huang XS, Suzuki K, Chino Y (2017) Static recrystallization behavior of hot-rolled Mg-Zn-Ce magnesium alloy sheet. J Alloy Compd 724:981–990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.07.09310.1016/j.jallcom.2017.07.093 ↗
35. Basu I, Al-Samman T (2014) Triggering rare earth texture modification in magnesium alloys by addition of zinc and zirconium. Scr Mater 67:116–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.12.01510.1016/j.actamat.2013.12.015 ↗
36. Zhao LY, Yan H, Chen RS, Han E-H (2020) Orientations of nuclei during static recrystallization in a cold-rolled Mg–Zn–Gd alloy. J Mater Sci Technol 60:162–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.05.02710.1016/j.jmst.2020.05.027 ↗
37. Zhao LY, Yan H, Chen RS, Han E-H (2021) Quasi-in-situ observations of low-angle grain boundaries, twins and texture evolution during continuous annealing in a cold-rolled Mg–Zn–Gd alloy. Mater Charact 170:110697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.11069710.1016/j.matchar.2020.110697 ↗
38. Chino Y, Huang X, Suzuki K, Sassa K, Mabuchi M (2010) Influence of Zn concentration on stretch formability at room temperature of Mg–Zn–Ce alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 528:566–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.09.08110.1016/j.msea.2010.09.081 ↗
39. Chino Y, Sassa K, Mabuchi M (2009) Texture and stretch formability of a rolled Mg–Zn alloy containing dilute content of Y. Mater Sci Eng A 513–514:394–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.01.07410.1016/j.msea.2009.01.074 ↗
40. Bian M, Huang X, Mabuchi M, Chino Y (2020) Compositional optimization of Mg–Zn–Sc sheet alloys for enhanced room temperature stretch formability. J Alloy Compd 818:152891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.15289110.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152891 ↗
41. Sandlöbes S, Zaefferer S, Schestakow I, Yi S, Gonzalez-Martinez R (2011) On the role of non-basal deformation mechanisms for the ductility of Mg and Mg–Y alloys. Acta Mater 59:429–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.08.03110.1016/j.actamat.2010.08.031 ↗
42. Wu ZX, Ahmad R, Yin BL, Sandlöbes S, Curtin WA (2018) Mechanistic origin and prediction of enhanced ductility in magnesium alloys. Science 359:447–452. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap871610.1126/science.aap8716 ↗
43. Nakata T, Xu C, Uehara Y, Sasaki TT, Kamado S (2019) Origin of texture weakening in a rolled ZEX4101 alloy sheet and its effect on room temperature formability and tensile property. J Alloy Compd 782:304–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.19410.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.194 ↗
44. Park SJ, Jung HC, Shin KS (2017) Deformation behaviors of twin roll cast Mg-Zn-X-Ca alloys for enhanced room-temperature formability. Mater Sci Eng A 679:329–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.10.04610.1016/j.msea.2016.10.046 ↗
45. Wang XG, Deng KK, Liu T, Nie KB, Shi QX, Li WL, Cui K (2020) Excellent ductility and stretch formability of Mg-2Zn-1Mn-0.5Ca-0.1Gd sheet at room temperature. Mater Lett 276:128239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.12823910.1016/j.matlet.2020.128239 ↗
46. Sasaki TT, Yamamoto K, Honma T, Kamado S, Hono K (2008) A high-strength Mg–Sn–Zn–Al alloy extruded at low temperature. Scr Mater 59:1111–1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.07.04210.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.07.042 ↗
47. Pan H, Qin G, Huang Y, Ren Y, Sha X, Han X, Liu Z-Q, Li C, Wu X, Chen H, He C, Chai L, Wang Y, Nie J-F (2018) Development of low-alloyed and rare-earth-free magnesium alloys having ultra-high strength. Acta Mater 149:350–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.03.00210.1016/j.actamat.2018.03.002 ↗
48. Wang Q, Shen Y, Jiang B, Tang A, Song J, Jiang Z, Yang T, Huang G, Pan F (2018) A micro-alloyed Mg–Sn–Y alloy with high ductility at room temperature. Mater Sci Eng A 735:131–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.08.03510.1016/j.msea.2018.08.035 ↗
49. Wang Q, Shen Y, Jiang B, Tang A, Chai Y, Song J, Yang T, Huang G, Pan F (2018) A good balance between ductility and stretch formability of dilute Mg–Sn–Y sheet at room temperature. Mater Sci Eng A 736:404–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.09.01110.1016/j.msea.2018.09.011 ↗
50. Qian XY, Zeng Y, Jiang B, Yang QR, Wan YJ, Quan GF, Pan FS (2020) Grain refinement mechanism and improved mechanical properties in Mg–Sn alloy with trace Y addition. J Alloy Compd 820:153122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.15312210.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153122 ↗
51. Wang Q, Jiang B, Tang A, He C, Zhang D, Song J, Yang T, Huang G, Pan F (2019) Formation of the elliptical texture and its effect on the mechanical properties and stretch formability of dilute Mg–Sn–Y sheet by Zn addition. Mater Sci Eng A 746:259–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.01.04010.1016/j.msea.2019.01.040 ↗
52. Zhang BP, Wang Y, Geng L, Lu CX (2012) Effects of calcium on texture and mechanical properties of hot-extruded Mg–Zn–Ca alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 539:56–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.01.03010.1016/j.msea.2012.01.030 ↗
53. Chino Y, Ueda T, Otomatsu Y, Sassa K, Huang XS, Suzuki K, Mabuchi M (2011) Effects of Ca on tensile properties and stretch formability at room temperature in Mg-Zn and Mg–Al alloys. Mater Trans 52:1477–1482. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.M201104810.2320/matertrans.M2011048 ↗
54. Yasi JA Jr, Hector LG, Trinkle DR (2012) Prediction of thermal cross-slip stress in magnesium alloys from a geometric interaction model. Acta Mater 60:2350–2358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.01.00410.1016/j.actamat.2012.01.004 ↗
55. Zhu GM, Wang LY, Zhou H, Wang JH, Shen Y, Tu P, Zhu H, Liu W, Jin PP, Zeng XQ (2019) Improving ductility of a Mg alloy via non-basal slip induced by Ca addition. Int J Plasticity 120:164–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2019.04.02010.1016/j.ijplas.2019.04.020 ↗
56. Zeng ZR, Bian MZ, Xu SW, Davies CHJ, Birbilis N, Nie JF (2016) Effects of dilute additions of Zn and Ca on ductility of magnesium alloy sheet. Mater Sci Eng A 674:459–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.07.04910.1016/j.msea.2016.07.049 ↗
57. Bian MZ, Zeng ZR, Xu SW, Zhu SM, Zhu YM, Davies CHJ, Birbilis N, Nie JF (2016) Improving formability of Mg–Ca–Zr sheet alloy by microalloying of Zn. Adv Eng Mater 18:1763–1769. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20160029310.1002/adem.201600293 ↗
58. Mendis CL, Bae JH, Kim NJ, Hono K (2011) Microstructures and tensile properties of a twin roll cast and heat-treated Mg-2.4Zn-0.1Ag-0.1Ca-0.1Zr alloy. Scr Mater 64:335–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.10.03110.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.10.031 ↗
59. Nakata T, Mezaki T, Ajima R, Xu C, Oh-Ishi K, Shimizu K, Hanaki S, Sasaki TT, Hono K, Kamado S (2015) High-speed extrusion of heat-treatable Mg-Al-Ca-Mn dilute alloy. Scr Mater 101:28–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.01.01010.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.01.010 ↗
60. Nakata T, Mezaki T, Xu C, Oh-Ishi K, Shimizu K, Hanaki S, Kamado S (2015) Improving tensile properties of dilute Mg-0.27Al-0.13Ca-0.21Mn (at.%) alloy by low temperature high speed extrusion. J Alloy Compd 648:428–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.07.05110.1016/j.jallcom.2015.07.051 ↗
61. Nakata T, Xu C, Matsumoto Y, Shimizu K, Sasaki TT, Hono K, Kamado S (2016) Optimization of Mn content for high strengths in high-speed extruded Mg-0.3Al-0.3Ca (wt%) dilute alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 673:443–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.07.09810.1016/j.msea.2016.07.098 ↗
62. Cihova M, Schäublin R, Hauser LB, Gerstl SSA, Simson C, Uggowitzer PJ, Löffler JF (2018) Rational design of a lean magnesium-based alloy with high age-hardening response. Acta Mater 158:214–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.07.05410.1016/j.actamat.2018.07.054 ↗
63. Wu SZ, Nakata T, Tang GZ, Xu C, Wang XJ, Li XW, Qiao XG, Zheng MY, Geng L, Kamado S, Fan GH (2021) Effect of forced-air cooling on the microstructure and age-hardening response of extruded Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Zr alloy full with LPSO lamella. J Mater Sci Technol 73:66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.09.02010.1016/j.jmst.2020.09.020 ↗
64. Bian MZ, Sasaki TT, Suh BC, Nakata T, Kamado S, Hono K (2017) A heat-treatable Mg–Al–Ca–Mn–Zn sheet alloy with good room temperature formability. Scr Mater 138:151–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.05.03410.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.05.034 ↗
65. Trang TTT, Zhang JH, Kim JH, Zargaran A, Hwang JH, Suh BC, Kim NJ (2018) Designing a magnesium alloy with high strength and high formability. Nat Commun 9:2522. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04981-410.1038/s41467-018-04981-4 ↗
66. Bian MZ, Sasaki TT, Nakata T, Yoshida Y, Kawabe N, Kamado S, Hono K (2018) Bake-hardenable Mg–Al–Zn–Mn-Ca sheet alloy processed by twin-roll casting. Acta Mater 158:278–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.07.05710.1016/j.actamat.2018.07.057 ↗
67. Bian MZ, Sasaki TT, Nakata T, Kamado S, Hono K (2018) Effects of rolling conditions on the microstructure and mechanical properties in a Mg–Al–Ca–Mn–Zn alloy sheet. Mater Sci Eng A 730:147–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.05.06510.1016/j.msea.2018.05.065 ↗
68. Alihosseini H, Asle Zaeem M, Dehghani K, Faraji G (2015) Producing high strength aluminum alloy by combination of equal channel angular pressing and bake hardening. Mater Lett 140:196–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.10.16310.1016/j.matlet.2014.10.163 ↗
69. Wang H, Shi W, He YL, Liu PP, Li L (2011) Variation of solute distributions during deformation and bake hardening process and their effect on bake hardening phenomenon in ultra-low carbon bake hardening steels. J Mater Sci 46:5916–5924. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5545-110.1007/s10853-011-5545-1 ↗
70. Muzyk M, Pakiela Z, Kurzydlowski KJ (2012) Generalized stacking fault energy in magnesium alloys: density functional theory calculations. Scr Mater 66:219–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.10.03810.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.10.038 ↗
71. Zeng Y, Shi OL, Jiang B, Quan GF, Pan FS (2018) Improved formability with theoretical critical shear strength transforming in Mg alloys with Sn addition. J Alloy Compd 764:555–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.06.05510.1016/j.jallcom.2018.06.055 ↗
72. Suh B-C, Kim JH, Bae JH, Hwang JH, Shim M-S, Kim NJ (2017) Effect of Sn addition on the microstructure and deformation behavior of Mg–3Al alloy. Acta Mater 124:268–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.11.02010.1016/j.actamat.2016.11.020 ↗
73. Bian M, Huang X, Chino Y (2020) A combined experimental and numerical study on room temperature formable magnesium–silver–calcium alloys. J Alloy Compd 834:155017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.15501710.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155017 ↗
74. Bian M, Huang X, Chino Y (2020) A room temperature formable magnesium–silver–calcium sheet alloy with high ductility. Mater Sci Eng A 774:138923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.13892310.1016/j.msea.2020.138923 ↗
75. Somekawa H, Mukai T (2015) Hall-Petch breakdown in fine-grained pure magnesium at low strain rates. Metall Mater Trans A 46:894–902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-014-2641-210.1007/s11661-014-2641-2 ↗
76. Zeng Z, Nie JF, Xu SW, Davies CHJ, Birbilis N (2017) Super-formable pure magnesium at room temperature. Nat Commun 8:972. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01330-910.1038/s41467-017-01330-9 ↗
77. Somekawa H, Kinoshita A, Washio K, Kato A (2016) Enhancement of room temperature stretch formability via grain boundary sliding in magnesium alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 676:427–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.09.01410.1016/j.msea.2016.09.014 ↗
78. Somekawa H, Singh A, Mukai T, Inoue T (2016) Effect of alloying elements on room temperature tensile ductility in magnesium alloys. Philoso Mag 96:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2016.121217410.1080/14786435.2016.1212174 ↗
79. Somekawa H, Watanabe H, Mukai T (2014) Effect of solute atoms on grain boundary sliding in magnesium alloys. Philoso Mag 94:1345–1360. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2014.88602110.1080/14786435.2014.886021 ↗
80. Somekawa H, Kinoshita A, Kato A (2017) Great room temperature stretch formability of fine-grained Mg–Mn alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 697:217–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.05.01210.1016/j.msea.2017.05.012 ↗
81. Somekawa H, Basha DA, Singh A (2019) Change in dominant deformation mechanism of Mg alloy via grain boundary control. Mater Sci Eng A 746:162–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.01.01810.1016/j.msea.2019.01.018 ↗
82. Minárik P, Zimina M, Čížek J, Stráska J, Krajňák T, Cieslar M, Vlasák T, Bohlen J, Kurz G, Letzig D (2019) Increased structural stability in twin-roll cast AZ31 magnesium alloy processed by equal channel angular pressing. Mater Charact 153:199–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.05.00610.1016/j.matchar.2019.05.006 ↗
83. Tang LL, Zhao YH, Islamgaliev RK, Tsao Chi YA, Valiev RZ, Lavernia EJ, Zhu YT (2016) Enhanced strength and ductility of AZ80 Mg alloys by spray forming and ECAP. Mater Sci Eng A 670:280–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.06.03110.1016/j.msea.2016.06.031 ↗
84. Xu BQ, Sun JP, Yang ZQ, Xiao LR, Zhou H, Han J, Liu H, Wu YN, Yuan YC, Zhuo XR, Song D, Jiang JH, Ma AB (2020) Microstructure and anisotropic mechanical behavior of the high-strength and ductility AZ91 Mg alloy processed by hot extrusion and multi-pass RD-ECAP. 780:139191. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139191.10.1016/j.msea.2020.139191 ↗
85. Lu FM, Ma AB, Jiang JH, Yang DH, Yuan YC, Zhang LY (2014) Formation of profuse long period stacking ordered microcells in Mg-Gd-Zn-Zr alloy during multipass ECAP process. J Alloy Compd 601:140–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.02.17510.1016/j.jallcom.2014.02.175 ↗
86. Li B, Teng B, Chen G (2019) Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Zr alloy during equal channel angular pressing. Mater Sci Eng A 744:396–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.12.02410.1016/j.msea.2018.12.024 ↗
87. Suh J, Victoria-Hernandez J, Letzig D, Golle R, Yi S, Bohlen J, Volk W (2015) Improvement in cold formability of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets processed by equal channel angular pressing. J Mater Process Technol 217:286–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.11.02910.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.11.029 ↗
88. Suh J, Victoria-Hernández J, Letzig D, Golle R, Volk W (2016) Effect of processing route on texture and cold formability of AZ31 Mg alloy sheets processed by ECAP. Mater Sci Eng A 669:159–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.05.02710.1016/j.msea.2016.05.027 ↗
89. Chen SF, Song HW, Zhang SH, Cheng M, Lee MG (2019) Equal channel angular bending as a new severe plastic deformation process: Application to thin Mg–3Al–1Zn sheet. Mater Lett 255:126514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.12651410.1016/j.matlet.2019.126514 ↗
90. Kim WJ, Lee JB, Kim WY, Jeong HT, Jeong HG (2007) Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–Al–Zn alloy sheets severely deformed by asymmetrical rolling. Scr Mater 56:309–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.09.03410.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.09.034 ↗
91. Yang QS, Jiang B, Yuan T, Liu WJ, Pan FS (2013) A tilted weak texture processed by an asymmetric extrusion for magnesium alloy sheets. Mater Lett 100:29–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.02.11810.1016/j.matlet.2013.02.118 ↗
92. Yang QS, Jiang B, Zhou GY, Dai JH, Pan FS (2014) Influence of an asymmetric shear deformation on microstructure evolution and mechanical behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet. Mater Sci Eng A 590:440–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.10.04510.1016/j.msea.2013.10.045 ↗
93. Yang QS, Jiang B, He JJ, Song B, Liu WJ, Dong HW, Pan FS (2014) Tailoring texture and refining grain of magnesium alloy by differential speed extrusion process. Mater Sci Eng A 612:187–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.06.04510.1016/j.msea.2014.06.045 ↗
94. Yang QS, Jiang B, Zhou GY, He JJ, Pan FS (2014) Enhancing strength and ductility of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets by the trapezoid extrusion. Mater Sci Tech 30:227–230. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284713Y.000000034410.1179/1743284713Y.0000000344 ↗
95. Xu J, Jiang B, Song JF, He JJ, Gao P, Liu WJ, Yang TH, Huang GS, Pan FS (2018) Unusual texture formation in Mg–3Al–1Zn alloy sheets processed by slope extrusion. Mater Sci Eng A 732:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.06.10010.1016/j.msea.2018.06.100 ↗
96. Wang QH, Song JF, Jiang B, Tang AT, Chai YF, Yang TH, Huang GS, Pan FS (2018) An investigation on microstructure, texture and formability of AZ31 sheet processed by asymmetric porthole die extrusion. Mater Sci Eng A 720:85–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.02.05510.1016/j.msea.2018.02.055 ↗
97. Chen L, Zhang JX, Tang JW, Chen GJ, Zhao GQ, Zhang CS (2018) Microstructure and texture evolution during porthole die extrusion of Mg–Al–Zn alloy. J Mater Proc Technol 259:346–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.05.00310.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.05.003 ↗
98. Wang QH, Jiang B, Liu LT, Yang QS, Xia DB, Zhang DF, Huang GS, Pan FS (2020) Reduction per pass effect on texture traits and mechanical anisotropy of Mg–Al–Zn–Mn–Ca alloy subjected to unidirectional and cross rolling. J Mater Res Technol 9:9607–9619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.06.09310.1016/j.jmrt.2020.06.093 ↗
99. Wang H-Y, Feng T-T, Zhang L, Liu C-G, Pan Y, Zha M, Nan X-L, Wang C, Jiang Q-C (2015) Achieving a weak basal texture in a Mg–6Al–3Sn alloy by wave-shaped die rolling. Mater Des 88:157–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.08.15410.1016/j.matdes.2015.08.154 ↗
100. Sun Z, Wu Y, Xin YC, Peng YS, Feng B, Liu Q (2018) Varying the strong basal texture in a Mg–3Al–1Zn plate by a new wave-shaped interface rolling. Mater Lett 213:151–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.11.03210.1016/j.matlet.2017.11.032 ↗