Advances in polyaniline-based nanocomposites
Source abstract
Abstract
In this review article, synthesis, properties and applications of polyaniline-based nanocomposites (PANI-NCs) have been described. Different methods (viz chemical, electrochemical, photochemical and mechano-chemical) and size confinement tools used for preparation of PANI-NC are described with their advantageous and disadvantageous features. On the basis of synergized electrical, magnetic, optical, mechanical and thermoelectric properties, PANI-NCs are used in development of sensors, support catalysts, water purifications, energy and biomedicals. Further, applications of PANI-NC are elaborated with suitable examples centring on the role of nano-confinements and chemical modification along with existing challenges for commercial uses.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Conducting polymers and applications · Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials · Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Shirakawa H, Louis EJ, MacDiarmid AG, Chiang CK, Heeger AJ (1977) Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers: halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH)x. J Chem Soc, Chem Commun 16:578–58010.1039/c39770000578 ↗
2. Jia X, Ge Y, Shao L, Wang C, Wallace GG (2019) Tunable conducting polymers: toward sustainable and versatile batteries. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 717:14321–1434010.1021/acssuschemeng.9b02315 ↗
3. Nezakati T, Seifalian A, Tan A, Seifalian AM (2018) Conductive polymers: opportunities and challenges in biomedical applications. Chem Rev 118(14):6766–684310.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00275 ↗
4. Long YZ, Li MM, Gu C, Wan M, Duvail JL, Liu Z, Fan Z (2011) Recent advances in synthesis, physical properties and applications of conducting polymer nanotubes and nano fibers. Prog Polym Sci 36(10):1415–144210.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.04.001 ↗
5. Ghosh SO, Inganäs O (1999) Conducting polymer hydrogels as 3D electrodes: applications for supercapacitors. Adv Mater 11(14):1214–121810.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199910)11:14<1214::AID-ADMA1214>3.0.CO;2-3 ↗
6. Ahuja T, Kumar D (2009) Recent progress in the development of nano-structured conducting polymers/nanocomposites for sensor applications. Sens Actuators B Chem 136(1):275–28610.1016/j.snb.2008.09.014 ↗
7. Yin Z, Zheng Q (2012) Controlled synthesis and energy applications of one-dimensional conducting polymer nanostructures: an overview. Adv Energy Mater 2(2):179–21810.1002/aenm.201100560 ↗
8. Prajapati PK, Reddy NN, Nimiwal R, Singh PS, Adimurthy S, Nagarale RK (2020) Polyaniline@ porous polypropylene for efficient separation of acid by diffusion dialysis. Sep Purif Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.11598910.1016/j.seppur.2019.115989 ↗
9. Xiao T, Zhao J, Wang X, Li Z, Song M, Li H, Wang X (2020) Preparation and performance of PANI-TiO2 nanotube arrays composite electrode by in situ microcavity polymerization. Mater Chem Phys. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.12217910.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122179 ↗
10. Aleshin AN (2006) Polymer nano fibers and nanotubes: charge transport and device applications. Adv Mater 18(1):17–2710.1002/adma.200500928 ↗
11. Cheng M, Meng YN, Wei ZX (2018) Conducting polymer nanostructures and their derivatives for flexible supercapacitors. Isr J Chem 58(12):1299–131410.1002/ijch.201800077 ↗
12. Gurunathan K, Murugan AV, Marimuthu R, Mulik UP, Amalnerkar DP (1999) Electrochemically synthesised conducting polymeric materials for applications towards technology in electronics, optoelectronics and energy storage devices. Mater Chem Phys 61(3):173–19110.1016/S0254-0584(99)00081-4 ↗
13. Shi Y, Peng L, Yu G (2015) Nanostructured conducting polymer hydrogels for energy storage applications. Nanoscale 7(30):12796–1280610.1039/C5NR03403E ↗
14. Wiersma AE, Vd Steeg LM, Jongeling TJ (1995) Waterborne core–shell dispersions based on intrinsically conducting polymers for coating applications. Synth Met 71(1–3):2269–227010.1016/0379-6779(94)03254-4 ↗
15. Bhadra S, Khastgir D, Singha NK, Lee JH (2009) Progress in preparation, processing and applications of polyaniline. Prog Polym Sci 34(8):783–81010.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.04.003 ↗
16. Li D, Huang J, Kaner RB (2008) Polyaniline nanofibers: a unique polymer nanostructure for versatile applications. Acc Chem Res 42(1):135–14510.1021/ar800080n ↗
17. Ćirić-Marjanović G (2013) Recent advances in polyaniline research: polymerization mechanisms, structural aspects, properties and applications. Synth Met 177:1–4710.1016/j.synthmet.2013.06.004 ↗
18. Singh P, Kushwaha CS, Shukla SK, Dubey GC (2019) Synthesis and humidity sensing properties of NiO intercalated polyaniline nanocomposite. Polym Plast Technol 58(2):139–147
19. Stafström S, Bredas JL, Epstein AJ, Woo HS, Tanner DB, Huang WS, MacDiarmid AG (1987) Polaron lattice in highly conducting polyaniline: theoretical and optical studies. Phys Rev Lett 59(13):1464–146710.1103/PhysRevLett.59.1464 ↗
20. Kwon O, McKee ML (2000) Calculations of band gaps in polyaniline from theoretical studies of oligomers. J Phys Chem B 104(8):1686–169410.1021/jp9910946 ↗
21. Chance RR, Boudreaux DS, Wolf JF, Shacklette LW, Silbey R, Themans B, Andre JM, Bredas JL (1986) Polyaniline: a theoretical study. Synth Met 15(2–3):105–11410.1016/0379-6779(86)90014-7 ↗
22. Lee CY, Song HG, Jang KS, Oh EJ, Epstein AJ, Joo NJ (1999) Electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency of polyaniline mixtures and multilayer films. Synth Met 102(1–3):1346–134910.1016/S0379-6779(98)00234-3 ↗
23. Molapo KM, Ndangili PM, Ajayi RF et al (2012) Electronics of conjugated polymers (I): polyaniline. Int J Electrochem Sci 7(12):11859–1187510.1016/S1452-3981(23)16509-6 ↗
24. Huang WS, MacDiarmid AG (1993) Optical properties of polyaniline. Polym J 34(9):1833–184510.1016/0032-3861(93)90424-9 ↗
25. Ray A, Asturias GE, Kershner DL, Richter AF, MacDiarmid AG, Epstein AJ (1989) Polyaniline: doping, structure and derivatives. Synth Met 29(1):141–15010.1016/0379-6779(89)90289-0 ↗
26. Krukiewicz K, Katunin A (2016) The effect of reaction medium on the conductivity and morphology of polyaniline doped with camphor sulfonic acid. Synth Met 214:45–4910.1016/j.synthmet.2016.01.017 ↗
27. Miao F, Shao C, Li X, Wang K, Liu Y (2016) Flexible solid-state supercapacitors based on freestanding nitrogen-doped porous carbon nano fibers derived from electro spun poly acrylonitrile@ polyaniline nano fibers. J Mater Chem A. 4(11):4180–418710.1039/C6TA00015K ↗
28. Zhou DD, Cui XT, Hines A, Greenberg RJ (2009) Conducting polymers in neural stimulation applications. In: Zhou DD, Greenbaum E (eds) Implantable neural prostheses 2. Biological and medical physics, biomedical engineering. Springer, New York, pp 217–252
29. Bhadra S, Kim NH, Rhee KY, Lee JH (2009) Preparation of nanosize polyaniline by solid-state polymerization and determination of crystal structure. Polym Int 58(10):1173–118010.1002/pi.2646 ↗
30. Geniès EM, Boyle A, Lapkowski M, Tsintavis C (1990) Polyaniline: a historical survey. Synth Met 36(2):139–18210.1016/0379-6779(90)90050-U ↗
31. Gospodinova N, Skorokhoda T, Lobaz V (2018) Remarkable ability to modulate light transmittance and block heat in the bleached state combined in one electrochromic material: highly crystalline polyaniline. Macromolecules 51(6):2227–223110.1021/acs.macromol.7b02543 ↗
32. Wang Q, Wang J, Wang H, Zhan J, Zhu Y, Zhang Q, Shen Q, Yang H (2019) TiO2–C nanowire arrays@ polyaniline core–shell nanostructures on carbon cloth for high performance supercapacitors. Appl Surf Sci 493:1125–113310.1016/j.apsusc.2019.07.102 ↗
33. Almasi MJ, Sheikholeslami TF, Naghdi MR (2016) Band gap study of polyaniline and polyaniline/MWNT nano-composites with in situ polymerization method. Compos Part B Eng 96:63–6810.1016/j.compositesb.2016.04.032 ↗
34. Khairy M, Gouda ME (2015) Electrical and optical properties of nickel ferrite/polyaniline nanocomposite. J Adv Res 6(4):555–56210.1016/j.jare.2014.01.009 ↗
35. Sharma G, Naushad M, Kumar A, Devi S, Khan MR (2015) Lanthanum/cadmium/polyaniline bimetallic nanocomposite for the photo degradation of organic pollutant. Iran Polym J 24(12):1003–101310.1007/s13726-015-0388-2 ↗
36. Li X, Wang D, Cheng G, Luo Q, An J, Wang Y (2008) Preparation of polyaniline-modified TiO2 nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activity under visible light illumination. Appl Catal B 81(3–4):267–27310.1016/j.apcatb.2007.12.022 ↗
37. Sharma G, Naushad M, Kumar A, Devi S, Khan MR (2015) Lanthanum/cadmium/polyaniline bimetallic nanocomposite for the photodegradation of organic pollutant. Iran Polym J 24(12):1003–101310.1007/s13726-015-0388-2 ↗
38. Athawale AA, Bhagwat SV, Katre PP (2006) Nanocomposite of Pd–polyaniline as a selective methanol sensor. Sens Actuators B Chem 114(1):263–26710.1016/j.snb.2005.05.009 ↗
39. Chang CH, Huang TC, Peng CW, Yeh TC, Lu HI, Hung WI, Weng CJ, Yang TI, Yeh JM (2012) Novel anticorrosion coatings prepared from polyaniline/graphene composites. Carbon 50(14):5044–505110.1016/j.carbon.2012.06.043 ↗
40. Kausar A (2019) High-performance competence of polyaniline-based nanomaterials. Mater Res Innov 28:1–10
41. Tian Z, Yu H, Wang L, Saleem M, Ren F, Ren P, Chen Y, Sun R, Sun Y, Huang L (2014) Recent progress in the preparation of polyaniline nanostructures and their applications in anticorrosive coatings. RSC Adv 4(54):28195–2820810.1039/c4ra03146f ↗
42. Choi IY, Lee J, Ahn H, Lee J, Choi HC, Park MJ (2015) High-conductivity two-dimensional polyaniline nano sheets developed on ice surfaces. Angew Chem 54(36):10497–1050110.1002/anie.201503332 ↗
43. Baker CO, Huang X, Nelson W, Kaner RB (2017) Polyaniline nano fibers: broadening applications for conducting polymers. Chem Soc Rev 46(5):1510–152510.1039/C6CS00555A ↗
44. Liu X, Zhao X, Yu YY, Wang YZ, Shi YT, Cheng QW, Fang Z, Yong YC (2017) Facile fabrication of conductive polyaniline nano flower modified electrode and its application for microbial energy harvesting. Electrochim Acta 255:41–4710.1016/j.electacta.2017.09.153 ↗
45. Santos JP, Arjmand M, Melo GH, Chizari K, Bretas RE, Sundara Raj U (2018) Electrical conductivity of electrospun nanofiber mats of polyamide 6/polyaniline coated with nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes. Mater Des 141:333–34110.1016/j.matdes.2017.12.052 ↗
46. Deng J, Wang X, Guo J, Liu P (2014) Effect of the oxidant/monomer ratio and the washing post- treatment on electrochemical properties of conductive polymers. Ind Eng Chem Res 53:13680–1368910.1021/ie501366x ↗
47. Tantawy HR, Weakley AT, Aston DE (2013) Chemical effects of a solvent-limited approach to HCl-doped polyaniline nano powder synthesis. J Phys Chem C 118:1294–130510.1021/jp410119n ↗
48. Delvaux M, Duchet J, Stavaux PY, Legras R, Demoustier-Champagne S (2000) Chemical and electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline micro-and nano-tubules. Synth Met 113(3):275–28010.1016/S0379-6779(00)00226-5 ↗
49. Prakash R (2002) Electrochemistry of polyaniline: study of the pH effect and electrochromism. J Appl Polym Sci 83(2):378–38510.1002/app.10025 ↗
50. Barros RA, AzevedoWM Aguiar FM (2003) Photo-induced polymerization of polyaniline. Mater Charact 50:131–13410.1016/S1044-5803(03)00080-9 ↗
51. Khanna PK, Singh N, Charan S, Viswanath AK (2005) Synthesis of Ag/polyaniline nanocomposite via an in situ photo-redox mechanism. Mater Chem Phys 92:214–21910.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.01.011 ↗
52. Leyva ME, Barra GM, Gorelova MM, Soares BG, Sens M (2001) Conducting SBS block copolymer–polyaniline blends prepared by mechanical mixing. J Appl Polym Sci 80(4):626–63310.1002/1097-4628(20010425)80:4<626::AID-APP1138>3.0.CO;2-7 ↗
53. Rao PS, Subrahmanya S, Sathyanarayana DN (2004) Polyaniline–polycarbonate blends synthesized by two emulsion pathways. Synth Met 143(3):323–33010.1016/j.synthmet.2003.12.015 ↗
54. Cao Y, Andreatta A, Heeger AJ, Smith P (1989) Influence of chemical polymerization conditions on the properties of polyaniline. Polymer 30(12):2305–231110.1016/0032-3861(89)90266-8 ↗
55. Asturias GE, Jang GW, Macdiarmid AG, Doblhofer K, Zhong C (1991) Membrane-properties of polymer films: the acid-doping reaction of polyaniline. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 95(11):1381–138410.1002/bbpc.19910951112 ↗
56. Massoumi B, Mohammadi R (2013) Synthesis of nanostructured polyaniline via chemical oxidative polymerization: investigation of morphology and conductivity of the prepared polymers. Polym Sci Ser B 55:593–60010.1134/S1560090413130046 ↗
57. Gizdavic-Nikolaidis MR, Stanisavljev DR, Easteal AJ, Zujovic ZD (2010) A rapid and facile synthesis of nanofibrillar polyaniline using microwave radiation. Macromol Rapid Commun 31(7):657–66110.1002/marc.200900800 ↗
58. Gizdavic-Nikolaidis MR, Jevremovic M, Stanisavljev DR, Zujovic ZD (2012) Enhanced microwave synthesis: fine-tuning of polyaniline polymerization. J Phys Chem C 5:3235–324110.1021/jp2086939 ↗
59. Mérian T, Redon N, Zujovic Z, Stanisavljev D, Wojkiewicz JL, Gizdavic-Nikolaidis M (2014) Ultrasensitive ammonia sensors based on microwave synthesized nanofibrillar polyanilines. Sens Actuators B Chem 203:626–63410.1016/j.snb.2014.07.004 ↗
60. Shukla SK, Shukla SK, Govender PP, Agorku ES (2016) A resistive type humidity sensor based on crystalline tin oxide nanoparticles encapsulated in polyaniline matrix. Microchim Acta 183(2):573–58010.1007/s00604-015-1678-2 ↗
61. Martin CR, Liang W, Menon V, Parthasarathy R, Parthasarathy A (1993) Electronically conductive polymers as chemically-selective layers for membrane-based separations. Synth Met 57(1):3766–377310.1016/0379-6779(93)90511-T ↗
62. Amer WA, Omran MM, Rehab AF, Ayad MM (2018) Acid green crystal-based in situ synthesis of polyaniline hollow nanotubes for the adsorption of anionic and cationic dyes. RSC Adv 8(40):22536–2254510.1039/C8RA02236D ↗
63. Jackowska K, Bieguński AT, Tagowska M (2008) Hard template synthesis of conducting polymers: a route to achieve nanostructures. J Solid State Electrochem 12(4):437–44310.1007/s10008-007-0453-7 ↗
64. Wu CG, Bein T (1994) Conducting polyaniline filaments in a mesoporous channel host. Science 264(5166):1757–175910.1126/science.264.5166.1757 ↗
65. Kuila BK, Stamm M (2010) Fabrication of oriented polyaniline nanostructures using block copolymer nanotemplates and their optical, electrochemical and electric properties. J Mater Chem 20(29):6086–609410.1039/c0jm00352b ↗
66. She MS, Ho RM (2012) Formation of conductive polyaniline nanoarrays from block copolymer template via electroplating. Polym J 53(13):2628–263210.1016/j.polymer.2012.04.031 ↗
67. de Abreu Rosa AC, Correa CM, Faez R, Bizeto MA, da Silva Martins T, Camilo FF (2018) Direct synthesis of SILVER nanoparticles and polyaniline into the MESOPORES of SBA-15. J Polym Res 25(8):182–19110.1007/s10965-018-1557-8 ↗
68. Talwar V, Singh O, Singh RC (2014) ZnO assisted polyaniline nanofibers and its application as ammonia gas sensor. Sens Actuators B Chem 191:276–28210.1016/j.snb.2013.09.106 ↗
69. Cao HQ, Xu Z, Sang H, Sheng D, Tie CY (2001) Template synthesis and magnetic behavior of an array of cobalt nanowires encapsulated in polyaniline nanotubules. Adv Mater 13(2):121–12310.1002/1521-4095(200101)13:2<121::AID-ADMA121>3.0.CO;2-L ↗
70. Zhong W, Deng J, Yang Y, Yang W (2005) Synthesis of large-area three-dimensional polyaniline nanowire networks using a “soft template”. Macromol Rapid Commun 26(5):395–40010.1002/marc.200400463 ↗
71. Zhang D, Wang Y (2006) Synthesis and applications of one-dimensional nano-structured polyaniline: an overview. Mater Sci Eng B 134(1):9–1910.1016/j.mseb.2006.07.037 ↗
72. Ćirić-Marjanović G (2013) Recent advances in polyaniline research: polymerization mechanisms, structural aspects, properties and applications. Synth Met 177:1–4710.1016/j.synthmet.2013.06.004 ↗
73. Zhang L, Ma H, Cao F, Gong J, Su Z (2012) Nonaqueous synthesis of uniform polyaniline nano spheres via cellulose acetate template. J Polym Sci A 50(5):912–91710.1002/pola.25843 ↗
74. Wu H, Wang Q, Fei GT, Xu SH, Guo X, De Zhang L (2018) Preparation of hollow polyaniline micro/nanospheres and their removal capacity of Cr(VI) from wastewater. Nanoscale Res Lett 13(1):401–41010.1186/s11671-018-2815-8 ↗
75. Domingues SH, Salvatierra RV, Oliveira MM, Zarbin AJ (2011) Transparent and conductive thin films of graphene/polyaniline nanocomposites prepared through interfacial polymerization. Chem Commun 47(9):2592–259410.1039/C0CC04304D ↗
76. Abdolahi A, Hamzah E, Ibrahim Z, Hashim S (2012) Synthesis of uniform polyaniline nanofibers through interfacial polymerization. Materials 5(8):1487–149410.3390/ma5081487 ↗
77. Zhang D, Wang Y (2006) Synthesis and applications of one-dimensional nano-structured polyaniline: an overview. Mater Sci Eng B 134(1):9–1910.1016/j.mseb.2006.07.037 ↗
78. Zhang X, Chan-Yu-King R, Jose A, Manohar SK (2004) Nano fibers of polyaniline synthesized by interfacial polymerization. Synth Met 145(1):23–2910.1016/j.synthmet.2004.03.012 ↗
79. Bhadra S, Singha NK, Khastgir D (2007) Electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline and its comparison with chemically synthesized polyaniline. J Appl Polym Sci 104(3):1900–190410.1002/app.25867 ↗
80. Feng XM, Li RM, Ma YW, Chen RF, Shi NE, Fan QL, Huang W (2011) One-step electrochemical synthesis of graphene/polyaniline composite film and its applications. Adv Funct Mater 21(15):2989–299610.1002/adfm.201100038 ↗
81. Drury A, Chaure S, Kröll M, Nicolosi V, Chaure N, Blau WJ (2007) Fabrication and characterization of silver/polyaniline composite nanowires in porous anodic alumina. Chem Mater 19(17):4252–425810.1021/cm071102s ↗
82. Tang Z, Liu S, Wang Z, Dong S, Wang E (2000) Electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline nanoparticles. Electrochem Commun 2(1):32–3510.1016/S1388-2481(99)00133-2 ↗
83. da Silva CT, Kupfer VL, da Silva GR, Pereira M, Rinaldi AW (2016) One-step electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline/metallic oxide nanoparticle (γ-Fe2O3) thin film. Int J Electrochem Sci 11:5380–539410.20964/2016.07.39 ↗
84. Petrovski A, Paunović P, Grozdanov A, Dimitrov AT, Gentile G, Avella M (2018) Electrochemical synthesis of PANI/graphene nanocomposites aimed for sensors. In: Petkov P, Tsiulyanu D, Popov C, Kulisch W (eds) Advanced nanotechnologies for detection and defence against CBRN agents. NATO science for peace and security series B: physics and biophysics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1298-7_2110.1007/978-94-024-1298-7_21 ↗
85. Feng XM, Li RM, Ma YW, Chen RF, Shi NE, Fan QL, Huang W (2011) One-step electrochemical synthesis of graphene/polyaniline composite film and its applications. Adv Funct Mater 21(15):2989–299610.1002/adfm.201100038 ↗
86. Li GR, Feng ZP, Zhong JH, Wang ZL, Tong YX (2010) Electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline nanobelts with predominant electrochemical performances. Macromolecules 43(5):2178–218310.1021/ma902317k ↗
87. Kumar AM, Gasem ZM (2015) In situ electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline/f-MWCNT nanocomposite coatings on mild steel for corrosion protection in 3.5% NaCl solution. Prog Org Coat 78:387–39410.1016/j.porgcoat.2014.07.009 ↗
88. Petrovski A, Paunović P, Grozdanov A, Dimitrov AT, Gentile G, Avella M (2018) Electrochemical synthesis of PANI/graphene nanocomposites aimed for sensors. In: Petkov P, Tsiulyanu D, Popov C, Kulisch W (eds) Advanced nanotechnologies for detection and defence against CBRN agents. NATO science for peace and security series B: physics and biophysics. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 221–22710.1007/978-94-024-1298-7_21 ↗
89. Navale YH, Navale ST, Dhole IA, Stadler FJ, Patil VB (2018) Specific capacitance, energy and power density coherence in electrochemically synthesized polyaniline-nickel oxide hybrid electrode. Org Electron 57:110–11710.1016/j.orgel.2018.02.037 ↗
90. Kumar R, Singh S, Yadav BC (2015) Conducting polymers: synthesis, properties and applications. Int Adv Res J Sci Eng Technol 2(11):110–124
91. Panwar V, Jain SL (2019) Ternary hybrid TiO2-PANI-AuNPs for photocatalytic A3-coupling of aldehydes, amines and alkynes: first photochemical synthesis of propargyl amines. Mater Sci Eng C 99:191–20110.1016/j.msec.2019.01.085 ↗
92. De Barros RA, De Azevedo WM, De Aguiar FM (2003) Photo-induced polymerization of polyaniline. Mater Charact 50(2–3):131–13410.1016/S1044-5803(03)00080-9 ↗
93. Chowdhury D, Paul A, Chattopadhyay A (2002) Lithography by simultaneous chemical and photochemical polymerization of aniline at the air–water interface. J Phys Chem B 106(17):4343–434710.1021/jp015547u ↗
94. Alyan A, Abdel-Samad S, Massoud A, Waly SA (2019) Characterization and thermal conductivity investigation of copper-polyaniline nano composite synthesized by gamma radiolysis method. Heat Mass Transf 55:2409–241710.1007/s00231-019-02588-z ↗
95. Ganachari SV, Mogre P, Tapaskar RP, Yaradoddi JS, Banapurmath NR (2018) Polyaniline synthesis and its wide-range sensor and electronic applications. In: Martínez L, Kharissova O, Kharisov B (eds) Handbook of ecomaterials. Springer, Cham, pp 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48281-1_186-110.1007/978-3-319-48281-1_186-1 ↗
96. Du XS, Zhou CF, Mai YW (2008) Facile synthesis of hierarchical polyaniline nanostructures with dendritic nanofibers as scaffolds. J Phys Chem C 112(50):19836–1984010.1021/jp8069404 ↗
97. Yoshimoto S, Ohashi F, Kameyama T (2005) Characterization and thermal degradation studies on polyaniline-intercalated montmorillonite nanocomposites prepared by a solvent-free mechanochemical route. J Polym Sci B 43(19):2705–271410.1002/polb.20561 ↗
98. Huang J, Moore JA, Acquaye JH, Kaner RB (2005) Mechanochemical route to the conducting polymer polyaniline. Macromolecules 38(2):317–32110.1021/ma049711y ↗
99. Yoshimoto S, Ohashi F, Ohnishi Y, Nonami T (2004) Synthesis of polyaniline–montmorillonite nanocomposites by the mechanochemical intercalation method. Synth Met 145(2–3):265–27010.1016/j.synthmet.2004.05.011 ↗
100. Van Hoang H, Holze R (2006) Electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline/montmorillonite nanocomposites and their characterization. Chem Mater 18(7):1976–198010.1021/cm052707w ↗