The role of structure on the thermal properties of graphitic foams
Source abstract
Abstract
A high conductivity graphite foam developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) owes its unique thermal properties to the highly aligned graphitic structure along the cell walls. The material exhibits a peak in thermal conductivity at temperatures similar to that of highly ordered natural graphite, indicating the foam has an extremely graphitic nature. This paper explores the graphitic structure of the foam and attempts to correlate the morphology of the ligaments with the bulk thermal properties, up to 182 W/m·K. First, the manufacturing process of the foam and the resulting material properties are reported. Then, several models for representing the bulk materials properties are reviewed. Examination by optical image analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine the structure of the graphite foam. In addition, crystallographic structure determined by X-ray diffraction is reported. A simple two parameter model of the morphology was developed and then used to predict the overall thermal properties of the foam based on the assumed highly ordered ligament structure. This new model correlated (within 5%) thermal conductivity to density of several foams, provided the average ligament conductivity could be accurately represented. From the new model and the material characterization data, it was determined that the average ligament thermal conductivity of the foam is >1650 W/m·K at room temperature, and increases to more than 2300 W/m·K at liquid nitrogen temperatures.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Media · Thermal properties of materials · Phase Change Materials Research
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (85)
Show source-provided references
1. W. Ford, Method of Making Cellular Refractory Thermal Insulating Material, US Patent 3,121,050, 1964.
2. J. Googin, J. Napier and M. Scrivner, Method for Manufacturing Foam Carbon Products, US Patent 3,345,440, 1967.
3. F. C. Cowlard and J. C. Lewis, J. Mater. Sci. 2 (1967) 507.10.1007/BF00752216 ↗
4. W. F. Knippenberg and B. Lersmacher, Phillips Techn. Rev. 36 (1976) 93.
5. T. Noda, M. Inagaki and S. Yamada, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1 (1969) 285.10.1016/0022-3093(69)90026-X ↗
6. R. D. Klett, High Temperature Insulating Carbonaceous Material, US Patent 3,914,392, 1975.
7. A. Bonzom, A. P. Crepaux and A.-M. E. J. Montard, Process for Preparing Pitch Foams and Products so Produced, US Patent 4,276,246, 1981.
8. B. Ettinger and S. Wolosin, Refractory Porous Bodies, US Patent 3,666,526, 1972.
9. H. Luhleich et al., Method of Making Carbonaceous Bodies, US Patent 3,927,187, 1975.
10. R. Marek and W. Udichak, Foam Carbonization and Resulting Structure, US Patent 3,922,334, 1975.
11. H.-G. Franck et al., Process for Making a Foam from a Composition Comprising Bituminous Masses, a Novolac, and Hexamethylenetetramine, US Patent 3,784,487, 1974.
12. C. Vinton and C. Franklin, Method for the Preparation of Carbon Structures, US Patent 3,927,186, 1975.
13. J. W. Hager, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 270 (1992) 41.10.1557/PROC-270-41 ↗
14. J. W. Hager and D. P. Anderson, 21st Biennial Conference on Carbon Extended Abstracts, 1993, p. 102.
15. Idem., 40th International Sampe Symposium, Anaheim, California, May 8–11, 1995.
16. J. W. Hager and M. L. Lake, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 270 (1992) 29.10.1557/PROC-270-29 ↗
17. J. W. Hager, J. W. Newman, N. Johannes and F. H. Turrill, Carbon Artifacts and Compositions and Processes for Their Manufacture, US Patent 6,013,371, 2000.
18. S. S. Sandhu and J. W. Hager, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 270 (1992) 35.10.1557/PROC-270-35 ↗
19. K. Kearns, 21st Annual Conference on Composites, Materials, and Structures, Cocoa Beach, Florida, January 26–31, 1997, p. 835.
20. K. M. Kearns, Process for Preparing Pitch Foams, US Patent 5,868,974, 1999.
21. A. H. Stiller, P. G. Stansberry and J. W. Zondlo, Method of Making a Carbon Foam Material and Resultant Product, US Patent 5,888,469, 1999.
22. A. H. Stiller, A. Yocum and J. Plucinski, Method of Making a Reinfoced Carbon Foam Material and Related Product, US Patent 6,183,854, 1999.
23. A. H. Stiller, P. Stansbery and J. Zondlo, Method of Making a Carbon Foam Material and Resultant Product, US Patent 6,346,226, 2001.
24. Idem., Method of Making a Carbon Foam Material and Resultant Product, US Patent 6,241,957, 1999.
25. J. Klett, in Proceedings of the 1998 43rd International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition, Part 1 (of 2), Anaheim, California, U.S.A., May 31–June 4, 1998, p. 745.
26. Idem., J. Comp. Manufact. 15 (1999) 1.
27. Idem., Process for Making Carbon Foam, US Patent 6,033,506, 2000.
28. Idem., Pitch-Based Carbon Foam and Composites, US Patent 6,261,485, 2001.
29. Idem., Pitch Based Foam with Particulate, US Patent 6,287,375, 2001.
30. Idem., Method for Extruding Pitch Based Foam, US Patent 6,344,159, 2002.
31. Idem., Pitch Based Carbon Foam and Composites, US Patent 6,387,343, 2002.
32. Idem., Method of Casting Pitch Based Foam, US Patent 6,398,994, 2002.
33. J. Klett and T. Burchell, Pitch Based Carbon Foam Heat Sink with Phase Change Material, US Patent 6,399,149, 2002.
34. J. Klett and T. D. Burchell, Science and Technology of Carbon, Strasbourg, France, July 8–9, 1998.
35. J. Klett, C. Walls and T. D. Burchell, Carbon '99, Charleston, SC, July 11–16, 1999.
36. J. W. Klett, A. McMillan and N. Gallego, “Carbon Foam for Electronics Cooling” (National Laboratory Fuel Cell Annual Report, FY, 2002).
37. D. D. Edie and M. G. Dunham, Carbon 27 (1989) 647.10.1016/0008-6223(89)90198-X ↗
38. J. L. White and P. M. Sheaffer, ibid. 27 (1989) 697.10.1016/0008-6223(89)90203-0 ↗
39. J. Klett, R. Hardy, E. Romine, C. Walls and T. Burchell, ibid. 38 (2000) 953.10.1016/S0008-6223(99)00190-6 ↗
40. R. D. Cowan, J. Appl. Phys. 34 (1962) 926.10.1063/1.1729564 ↗
41. ASTM, “Annual Book of ASTM Standards” (1999) Vol. C714.
42. ASTM, ibid. (1999) Vol. C781.
43. T. M. Besmann, B. W. Sheldon, R. A. Lowden and D. P. Stinton, Science 253 (1991) 1104.10.1126/science.253.5024.1104 ↗
44. K. L. More, D. W. Coffey, B. A. Pint, K. S. Trent and P. F. Tortorelli, in Proceedings of Microscopy & Microanalysis, 2000, p. 540.10.1017/S1431927600035194 ↗
45. H. Klug and Lealexander, in “X-Ray Diffraction Procedures for Polycrystalline and Amorphous Materials” 2nd ed. (J. Wiley, New York, USA, 1974).
46. B. T. Kelly, “Physics of Graphite” (Applied Science Publishers, London, 1981).
47. Idem., Carbon 6 (1968) 485.10.1016/0008-6223(68)90088-2 ↗
48. Idem., ibid. 6 (1968) 71.
49. Idem., ibid. 5 (1967) 247.
50. Idem., in “Chemistry and Physics of Carbon,” edited by P. L. Walker Jr. and P. A. Thrower (Marcell Dekker, Incorporated, New York) Vol. 10, p. 1.
51. Idem., in “Chemistry and Physics of Carbon,” edited by P. L. Walker Jr. and P. A. Thrower (Marcell Dekker, Incorporated, New York, 1968) Vol. 10, p. 1.
52. Idem., Phys. Chem. Carbon 5 (1969) 119.
53. P. G. Klemens, Aust. J. Appl. Phys. 6 (1953) 405.10.1071/PH530405 ↗
54. Idem., in “Solid State Physics,” edited by F. Seitz and D. Turnbull (Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1958) p. 1.
55. P. M. Adams, H. A. Katzman, G. S. Rellick and G. W. Stupian, Carbon 36 (1998) 233.10.1016/S0008-6223(97)00189-9 ↗
56. R. C. Lincoln and R. C. Heckman, High Temperatures—High Pressures 7 (1975) 71.
57. C. N. Hooker, A. R. Ubbelohde, F. R. S. Young and D. A. Young, Proc. Royal Soc. A 276 (1963) 83.
58. C. P. Jamieson and S. Mrozowski, The Conference on Carbon, 1956, p. 155.
59. C. A. Klein and M. P. Lepie, Solid State Electr. 7 (1964) 241.10.1016/0038-1101(64)90021-8 ↗
60. A. R. Ubbelohde and F. R. S., J. Orr, Nature 179 (1957) 193.10.1038/179193a0 ↗
61. J. G. Hust, “A Fine-Grained, Isotropic Graphite for Use as NBS Thermophysical Property RM's from 5 to 2500K” Tech. Report No. 260-89 (National Bureau of Standards, 1984).
62. A. W. Smith and N. S. Rasor, Phys. Rev. B 104 (1956) 885.10.1103/PhysRev.104.885 ↗
63. P. Debye, Annalen der Physik 39 (1912).
64. “ERG Product Literature” (2000).
65. “Porvair Product Literature” (2000).
66. J. E. Zimmer and J. L. White, “Advances in Liquid Crystals” (Academic Press, Inc., 1982) Vol. 5.
67. W. Ruland, Acta Cryst. 18 (1965) 992.10.1107/S0365110X65002414 ↗
68. Idem., in “Chemistry and Physics of Carbon,” edited by P. L. Walker Jr. (Marcel Dekker, INC., New York, 1968) Vol. 4, p. 1.
69. W. Ruland and H. Tompa, Acta Cryst. A 24 (1968) 93.10.1107/S0567739468000112 ↗
70. B. Nysten, J.-P. Issi, R. Barton Jr., D. R. Boyington and J. G. Lavin, Phys. Rev. B 44 (1991) 2142.10.1103/PhysRevB.44.2142 ↗
71. J. Heremans, R. I. and M. S. Dresselhaus, ibid. 32 (1985) 6742.10.1103/PhysRevB.32.6742 ↗
72. K. Boomsma and D. Poulikakos, J. Heat Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 827.10.1016/S0017-9310(00)00123-X ↗
73. V. V. Calmidi and R. L. Mahajan, ASME J. Heat Transfer 121 (1999) 466.10.1115/1.2826001 ↗
74. Idem., ibid. 122 (2000) 557.10.1115/1.1287793 ↗
75. M. L. Hunt and C. L. Tien, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 31 (1988) 301.10.1016/0017-9310(88)90013-0 ↗
76. S. B. Sathe, B. G. Sammakia, A. C. Wong and H. V. Mahaney, National Heat Transfer Conference, 1995, p. 43.
77. D. Angriasa and G. P. Peterson, J. Electr. Pack. 121 (1999) 1.10.1115/1.2792656 ↗
78. D. Angriasa, Intern. J. Heat Mass Transfer 45 (2001) 919.10.1016/S0017-9310(01)00196-X ↗
79. B. V. Antohe, J. L. Lage, D. C. Price and R. M. Weber, Trans. ASME 119 (1997) 404.
80. Idem., Intern. J. Heat Fluid Flow 17 (1996) 594.10.1016/S0142-727X(96)00085-9 ↗
81. A. Bhattacharya, V. V. Calmidi and R. L. Mahajan, Intern. J. Heat Mass Transfer 45 (2002) 1017.10.1016/S0017-9310(01)00220-4 ↗
82. A. Bhattacharya and R. Mahajan, 34th National Heat Transfer Conference, Pittsburg, PA, 2000.
83. M. North, DARPA Workshop on Porous Metals, Crystal City, VA, 1997.
84. D. Haack, D. Butcher, T. Kim and T. J. Lu, “Novel Lightweight Metal Foam Heat Exchangers” (Porvair Fuel Cells, 2001).10.1115/IMECE2001/PID-25616 ↗
85. C. C. Tee, J. W. Klett, D. P. Stinton and N. Yu, in Proceedings of the 24th Bienial Conference on Carbon, Charleston, SC, USA, 1999, p. 130.