Fabrication of screen-printed electrodes: opportunities and challenges
Source abstract
Abstract
In recent times, wearable electronics, real-time sensing devices and point-of-care device applications have seen a surge in demand. This demand inherently calls for a more economic and reliable method of mass production. One such robust technique is screen printing that offers advantages in terms of being versatile, economical and easy to use. This technique has been proclaimed to be the best amongst the other additive manufacturing techniques by many research groups. This can be solely attributed to its simple equipment design, requiring a paste for printing purpose, a meshwork for housing the design and a squeegee to carry out printing through an up-and-down motion. This subsequently calls for optimising the parameters such as ink rheology, pore size of the mesh, proper choice of mesh design and motion of the squeeze in order to fabricate electrodes for desired purpose. Due to this technique’s immense potential to open up broad inroads in the domain of flexible electronics, whose concept has radically redefined the perception towards the field of electronics, a review article encompassing an elaborate description on the science and other quintessential parameters involved in this mass printing technique would prove to be extremely useful. In this purview, the review article is compartmentalised into sections encompassing discussion on the manufacturing of different kinds of inks for screen printing applications, substrates used, electrode design and pre-treatment procedures.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials · Conducting polymers and applications · Nanomaterials and Printing Technologies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Sheng A (1999) Review: why ancient silk is still gold: issues in Chinese textile history. pp 147–168
2. Taleat Z, Khoshroo A (2014) Screen-printed electrodes for biosensing: a review (2008–2013). Microchim Acta. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-014-1181-110.1007/s00604-014-1181-1 ↗
3. Fletcher S (2016) Screen-printed carbon electrodes. Adv Electrochem Sci Eng 16:425–443. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527697489.ch1210.1002/9783527697489.ch12 ↗
4. Chang J, Ge T, Sanchez-Sinencio E (2012) Challenges of printed electronics on flexible substrates. Midwest Symp Circuits Syst. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWSCAS.2012.629208710.1109/MWSCAS.2012.6292087 ↗
5. Lee T, Hur S, Kim J, Choi H (2009) EL device pad-printed on a curved surface. J Micromech Microeng. https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/20/1/01501610.1088/0960-1317/20/1/015016 ↗
6. Park J-Y, Park J-S (2013) The present status and future aspects of the market for printed electronics. J Korean Inst Inf Commun Eng 17:263–272. https://doi.org/10.6109/jkiice.2013.17.2.26310.6109/jkiice.2013.17.2.263 ↗
7. Priyadarshi A, Haur LJ, Murray P et al (2016) Environmental science. energy. Environ Sci 9:3687–3692. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EE02693A10.1039/C6EE02693A ↗
8. Shin S, Kumar R, Roh JW et al (2017) High-performance screen-printed thermoelectric films on fabrics. Sci Rep 7:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07654-210.1038/s41598-017-07654-2 ↗
9. Bandodkar AJ, Nuñez-flores R, Jia W, Wang J (2015) All-printed stretchable electrochemical devices. Adv Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20150076810.1002/adma.201500768 ↗
10. Tan MJ, Owh C, Chee PL et al (2016) Biodegradable electronics: Cornerstone for sustainable electronics and transient applications. J Mater Chem C 4:5531–5558. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6tc00678g10.1039/c6tc00678g ↗
11. da Silva P, Neves MM, González-García MB, Hernández-Santos D, Fanjul-Bolado P (2018) Future trends in the market for electrochemical biosensing. Curr Opin Electrochem 10:107–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2018.05.00210.1016/j.coelec.2018.05.002 ↗
12. Gumpu MB, Veerapandian M, Krishnan UM, Rayappan JBB (2018) Electrochemical sensing platform for the determination of arsenite and arsenate using electroactive nanocomposite electrode. Chem Eng J 351:319–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.06.09710.1016/j.cej.2018.06.097 ↗
13. Gumpu MB, Krishnan UM, Rayappan JBB (2017) Design and development of amperometric biosensor for the detection of lead and mercury ions in water matrix—a permeability approach. Anal Bioanal Chem 409:4257–4266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-017-0376-910.1007/s00216-017-0376-9 ↗
14. Gumpu MB, Nesakumar N, Nagarajan S et al (2017) Design and Development of acetylthiocholine electrochemical biosensor based on zinc oxide—cerium oxide nanohybrid modified platinum electrode. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-017-2045-210.1007/s00128-017-2045-2 ↗
15. Wang J, Musameh M (2004) Carbon nanotube screen-printed electrochemical sensors. Analyst 129:1–2. https://doi.org/10.1039/b313431h10.1039/b313431h ↗
16. Patris S, De PP, Vandeput M et al (2014) Talanta Nanoimmunoassay onto a screen printed electrode for HER2 breast cancer biomarker determination. Talanta 130:164–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.06910.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.069 ↗
17. Madhurantakam S, Babu KJ, Bosco J, Rayappan B (2018) Biosensors and Bioelectronics Nanotechnology-based electrochemical detection strategies for hypertension markers. Biosens Bioelectron 116:67–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.03410.1016/j.bios.2018.05.034 ↗
18. Wang J, Rivas G, Ozsoz M, et al (1997) Microfabricated electrochemical sensor for the detection of radiation-induced DNA damage. 69:1457–146010.1021/ac961000d ↗
19. Carrara S, Shumyantseva VV, Archakov AI, Samor B (2008) Biosensors and Bioelectronics Screen-printed electrodes based on carbon nanotubes and cytochrome P450scc for highly sensitive cholesterol biosensors. Biosens Bioelectr 24:148–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.03.00810.1016/j.bios.2008.03.008 ↗
20. Avramescu A, Noguer T, Magearu V, Marty J (2001) Chronoamperometric determination of d -lactate using screen-printed enzyme electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 433:81–8810.1016/S0003-2670(00)01386-6 ↗
21. Figueredo F, Jesús González-Pabón M, Cortón E (2018) Low cost layer by layer construction of CNT/Chitosan flexible paper-based electrodes: a versatile electrochemical platform for point of care and point of need testing. Electroanalysis 30:497–508. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.20170078210.1002/elan.201700782 ↗
22. Shih Y, Zen J, Yang H (2002) Determination of codeine in urine and drug formulations using a clay-modified screen-printed carbon electrode. J Pharm Biomed Anal 29:827–83310.1016/S0731-7085(02)00179-6 ↗
23. Honeychurch KC, Crew A, Northall H et al (2013) Talanta The redox behaviour of diazepam ( Valium s ) using a disposable screen-printed sensor and its determination in drinks using a novel adsorptive stripping voltammetric assay Cl. Talanta 116:300–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.05.01710.1016/j.talanta.2013.05.017 ↗
24. Gonzalez-Macia L, Morrin A, Smyth MR, Killard AJ (2010) Advanced printing and deposition methodologies for the fabrication of biosensors and biodevices. Analyst 135:845–867. https://doi.org/10.1039/b916888e10.1039/b916888e ↗
25. Khaled E, Hassan HNA, Girgis A, Metelka R (2008) Construction of novel simple phosphate screen-printed and carbon paste ion-selective electrodes. Talanta 77:737–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.07.01810.1016/j.talanta.2008.07.018 ↗
26. Phillips CO, Beynon DG, Hamblyn SM et al (2014) Its Effect on Performance with Application in Printed Electronics. Coatings. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings402035610.3390/coatings4020356 ↗
27. Lin H, Chang C, Hwu W, Ger M (2007) The rheological behaviors of screen-printing pastes. J Mater Process Technol 7:284–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.06.06710.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.06.067 ↗
28. Metters JP, Kadara RO, Banks CE (2011) MINIREVIEW New directions in screen printed electroanalytical sensors: an overview of recent developments. Analyst. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0an00894j10.1039/c0an00894j ↗
29. Rao CNR, Müller A, Cheetham AK (2004) Nanomaterials – an introduction. In: The chemistry of nanomaterials. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp 1–1110.1002/352760247X.ch1 ↗
30. Majid A, Bibi M (2017) Cadmium-based nanomaterials. In: Cadmium based II-VI semiconducting nanomaterials. Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68753-7_210.1007/978-3-319-68753-7_2 ↗
31. Bernal JD, Mason J (1960) Packing of spheres: co-ordination of randomly packed spheres. Nature 188:910–911. https://doi.org/10.1038/188910a010.1039/c0an00894j ↗
32. Scott GD, Kilgour DM (1969) The density of random close packing of spheres. J Phys D Appl Phys 2:863–866. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/2/6/31110.1088/0022-3727/2/6/311 ↗
33. Mamunya YP, Valeriy D, Lebedev E (1995) Percolation conductivity of polymer composites filled with dispersed conductive filler. Polym Compos 16:319–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.75016040910.1002/pc.750160409 ↗
34. Bhore SS (2013) Formulation and evaluation of resistive Inks for applications in printed electronics. Master’s Thesis. pp 1–94
35. Chen X, Wu X, Shao S et al (2017) Hybrid printing metal-mesh transparent conductive films with lower energy photonically sintered Copper / tin Ink. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13617-410.1038/s41598-017-13617-4 ↗
36. Hong H, Hu J, Yan X (2019) UV Curable Conductive Ink for the Fabrication of Textile-Based Conductive Circuits and Wearable UHF RFID Tags. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11:27318–27326. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b0643210.1021/acsami.9b06432 ↗
37. Yue C, Haiping W, Allec SI, Wong BM, Wang D-SN, Nguyen C (2018) Highly stretchy, transparent elastomer with the capability to automatically self-heal underwater
38. Potisek SL, Davis DA, Sottos NR et al (2007) Mechanophore-linked addition polymers. J Am Chem Soc 129:13808–13809. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja076189x10.1021/ja076189x ↗
39. Cao Y, Morrissey TG, Acome E et al (2017) A Transparent, self-healing, highly stretchable ionic conductor. Adv Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20160509910.1002/adma.201605099 ↗
40. Wang K, Lou Z, Wang L et al (2019) bioinspired interlocked structure-induced high deformability for two-dimensional titanium carbide (MXene)/natural microcapsule-based flexible pressure sensors. ACS Nano. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b0345410.1021/acsnano.9b03454 ↗
41. Philip B, Jewell E, Worsley D (2016) The impact of solvent characteristics on performance and process stability of printed carbon resistive materials. J Coatings Technol Res 13:911–920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-016-9802-810.1007/s11998-016-9802-8 ↗
42. Liu QM, Yasunami T, Kuruda K, Okido M (2012) Preparation of Cu nanoparticles with ascorbic acid by aqueous solution reduction method. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 22:2198–2203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(11)61449-010.1016/S1003-6326(11)61449-0 ↗
43. Joyce M, Pal L, Hicks R et al (2018) Custom tailoring of conductive ink / substrate properties for increased thin film deposition of poly (dimethylsiloxane) films. J Mater Sci Mater Electron. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-9108-y10.1007/s10854-018-9108-y ↗
44. Wansbrough H, Taylor D, Yuen D (2008) Printing ink technology and manufacture. New Zeal Inst Chem. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cc17696c10.1039/c2cc17696c ↗
45. Hu G, Kang J, Ng LWT et al (2018) Functional inks and printing of two-dimensional materials. Chem Soc Rev 47:3265–3300. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00084k10.1039/c8cs00084k ↗
46. Deng D, Jin Y, Cheng Y et al (2013) Copper nanoparticles: aqueous phase synthesis and conductive films fabrication at low sintering temperature. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. https://doi.org/10.1021/am400480k10.1021/am400480k ↗
47. Eun K, Chon M, Yoo T et al (2015) Microelectronics Reliability Electromechanical properties of printed copper ink film using a white flash light annealing process for flexible electronics. Microelectron Reliab. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2014.12.01510.1016/j.microrel.2014.12.015 ↗
48. Kee S, Ka T, Ng M (2015) High-concentration copper nanoparticles synthesis process for screen-printing conductive paste on flexible substrate. J Nanoparticle Res 17:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-015-3277-x10.1007/s11051-015-3277-x ↗
49. Joo M, Lee B, Jeong S, Lee M (2012) Comparative studies on thermal and laser sintering for highly conductive Cu fi lms printable on plastic substrate. Thin Solid Films 520:2878–2883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2011.11.07810.1016/j.tsf.2011.11.078 ↗
50. Perelaer BJ, De Gans B, Schubert US (2006) Ink-jet Printing and Microwave Sintering of Conductive Silver Tracks. Adv Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20050242210.1002/adma.200502422 ↗
51. Manuscript A (2016). Mater Chem C. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TC00628K10.1039/C6TC00628K ↗
52. Kim Y, Lee B, Yang S et al (2012) Use of copper ink for fabricating conductive electrodes and RFID antenna tags by screen printing. Curr Appl Phys 12:473–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2011.08.00310.1016/j.cap.2011.08.003 ↗
53. Shin D, Woo S, Yem H, et al (2014) A self-reducible and alcohol-soluble copper-based metal—organic decomposition ink for printed electronics10.1021/am4036306 ↗
54. Yabuki A, Arrif N, Yanase M (2011) Low-temperature synthesis of copper conductive fi lm by thermal decomposition of copper—amine complexes. Thin Solid Films 519:6530–6533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2011.04.11210.1016/j.tsf.2011.04.112 ↗
55. Online VA, Korada A, Ps K, Singh SP (2015). RSC Adv. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA12013F10.1039/C5RA12013F ↗
56. Schuppert AK inkjet fabrication of copper patterns for flexible electronics: using paper with active precoatings. pp 1–35
57. Liu Y, Zhang W, Yu H et al (2018) A concise and antioxidative method to prepare copper conductive inks in a two-phase water/xylene system for printed electronics. Chem Phys Lett 708:28–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2018.07.05710.1016/j.cplett.2018.07.057 ↗
58. Goulet PJG, Lennox RB (2010) New insights into Brust-Schiffrin metal nanoparticle synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 132:9582–9584. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja104011b10.1021/ja104011b ↗
59. Abhinav KV, Rao RVK, Karthik PS, Singh SP (2015) Copper conductive inks: Synthesis and utilization in flexible electronics. RSC Adv 5:63985–64030. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra08205f10.1039/c5ra08205f ↗
60. Shen W, Zhang X, Huang Q et al (2014) Preparation of solid silver nanoparticles for inkjet printed flexible electronics with high conductivity. Nanoscale 6:1622–1628. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr05479a10.1039/c3nr05479a ↗
61. Yang W, Wang C (2016) Graphene and the related conductive inks for flexible electronics. J Mater Chem C 4:7193–7207. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TC01625A10.1039/C6TC01625A ↗
62. Chou N, Kim Y, Kim S (2016) A method to pattern silver nanowires directly on wafer-scale PDMS substrate and its applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:6269–6276. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b1130710.1021/acsami.5b11307 ↗
63. Hemmati S, Barkey DP, Gupta N, Banfield R (2015) Synthesis and characterization of silver nanowire suspensions for printable conductive media. ECS J Solid State Sci Technol 4:P3075–P3079. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0121504jss10.1149/2.0121504jss ↗
64. Thouti E, Chander N, Dutta V, Komarala VK (2013) Optical properties of Ag nanoparticle layers deposited on silicon substrates. J Opt (United Kingdom). https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/15/3/03500510.1088/2040-8978/15/3/035005 ↗
65. Christy AJ, Umadevi M (2012) Synthesis and characterization of monodispersed silver nanoparticles. Adv Nat Sci Nanosci Nanotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6262/3/3/03501310.1088/2043-6262/3/3/035013 ↗
66. Ding J, Liu J, Tian Q et al (2016) Preparing of highly conductive patterns on flexible substrates by screen printing of silver nanoparticles with different size distribution. Nanoscale Res Lett 11:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1640-110.1186/s11671-016-1640-1 ↗
67. Yu D-G (2007) Formation of colloidal silver nanoparticles stabilized by Na+–poly(γ-glutamic acid)–silver nitrate complex via chemical reduction process. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 59:171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COLSURFB.2007.05.00710.1016/J.COLSURFB.2007.05.007 ↗
68. Harpeness R, Gedanken A (2004) Microwave synthesis of core - shell gold / palladium bimetallic nanoparticles. pp 3431–343410.1021/la035978z ↗
69. Dar L (2000) Silver Nanoparticles by PAMAM-Assisted photochemical reduction of Ag+. J Colloid Interface Sci 553:550–553. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2000.701110.1006/jcis.2000.7011 ↗
70. Park BK, Jeong S, Kim D et al (2007) Synthesis and size control of monodisperse copper nanoparticles by polyol method. J Colloid Interface Sci 311:417–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2007.03.03910.1016/j.jcis.2007.03.039 ↗
71. Sun J, Jing Y, Jia Y et al (2005) Mechanism of preparing ultrafine copper powder by polyol process. Mater Lett 59:3933–3936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.07.03610.1016/j.matlet.2005.07.036 ↗
72. Wang Z, Liang X, Zhao T et al (2017) Facile synthesis of monodisperse silver nanoparticles for screen printing conductive inks. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 28:16939–16947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-7614-y10.1007/s10854-017-7614-y ↗
73. Hyun WJ, Lim S, Ahn BY et al (2015) Screen Printing of Highly Loaded Silver Inks on Plastic Substrates Using Silicon Stencils. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:12619–12624. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b0248710.1021/acsami.5b02487 ↗
74. Al-Hardan N, Abdullah MJ, Abdul Aziz A, Ahmad H (2010) Low operating temperature of oxygen gas sensor based on undoped and Cr-doped ZnO films. Appl Surf Sci 256:3468–3471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.12.05510.1016/j.apsusc.2009.12.055 ↗
75. Tiburcio-Silver A, Sánchez-Juárez A (2004) SnO2: Ga thin films as oxygen gas sensor. Mater Sci Eng B Solid-State Mater Adv Technol 110:268–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2004.02.01310.1016/j.mseb.2004.02.013 ↗
76. Diéguez A, Romano-Rodríguez A, Morante JR et al (1996) Morphological analysis of nanocrystalline SnO2 for gas sensor applications. Sens Actuators B Chem 31:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(96)80007-410.1016/0925-4005(96)80007-4 ↗
77. Zheng L, Xu M, Xu T (2000) TiO2-x thin films as oxygen sensor. Sens Actuators B Chem 66:28–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(99)00447-510.1016/S0925-4005(99)00447-5 ↗
78. Lu CY, Chang SP, Chang SJ (2008) ZnO nanowire-based oxygen gas sensor. 2008 IEEE Int Conf Electron Devices Solid-State Circuits. EDSSC 9:485–489. https://doi.org/10.1109/EDSSC.2008.476069810.1109/EDSSC.2008.4760698 ↗
79. Ganbavle VV, Inamdar SI, Agawane GL et al (2016) Synthesis of fast response, highly sensitive and selective Ni:ZNO based NO2 sensor. Chem Eng J 286:36–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.10.05210.1016/j.cej.2015.10.052 ↗
80. Tan CH, Tan ST, Lee HB et al (2017) Automated room temperature optical absorbance CO sensor based on In-doped ZnO nanorod. Sens Actuators B Chem 248:140–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.02.16110.1016/j.snb.2017.02.161 ↗
81. Kim SP, Choi HC (2015) Reusable hydrazine amperometric sensor based on Nafion®-coated TiO2-carbon nanotube modified electrode. Sens Actuators B Chem 207:424–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.10.02910.1016/j.snb.2014.10.029 ↗
82. Ismail AA, Harraz FA, Faisal M et al (2016) A sensitive and selective amperometric hydrazine sensor based on mesoporous Au/ZnO nanocomposites. Mater Des 109:530–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.07.10710.1016/j.matdes.2016.07.107 ↗
83. Miao YE, He S, Zhong Y et al (2013) A novel hydrogen peroxide sensor based on Ag/SnO2 composite nanotubes by electrospinning. Electrochim Acta 99:117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.06310.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.063 ↗
84. Gholivand MB, Akbari A, Faizi M, Jafari F (2017) Introduction of a simple sensing device for monitoring of hydrogen peroxide based on ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles/chitosan modified gold electrode. J Electroanal Chem 796:17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.05.00410.1016/j.jelechem.2017.05.004 ↗
85. Wang F, Hu S (2009) Electrochemical sensors based on metal and semiconductor nanoparticles. Microchim Acta 165:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-009-0136-410.1007/s00604-009-0136-4 ↗
86. Pang X, Qi J, Zhang Y et al (2016) Ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical aptasensing of miR-155 using efficient and stable CH3NH3PbI3 quantum dots sensitized ZnO nanosheets as light harvester. Biosens Bioelectron 85:142–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.09910.1016/j.bios.2016.04.099 ↗
87. Picciolini S, Castagnetti N, Vanna R et al (2015) Branched gold nanoparticles on ZnO 3D architecture as biomedical SERS sensors. RSC Adv 5:93644–93651. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra13280k10.1039/c5ra13280k ↗
88. Huang Q, Li J, Wei W et al (2017) Synthesis, characterization and application of TiO2/Ag recyclable SERS substrates. RSC Adv 7:26704–26709. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra03112b10.1039/c7ra03112b ↗
89. George JM, Antony A, Mathew B (2018) Metal oxide nanoparticles in electrochemical sensing and biosensing: a review. Microchim Acta. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-018-2894-310.1007/s00604-018-2894-3 ↗
90. Khan MM, Adil SF, Al-Mayouf A (2015) Metal oxides as photocatalysts. J Saudi Chem Soc 19:462–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2015.04.00310.1016/j.jscs.2015.04.003 ↗
91. Pérez-Tomás A, Mingorance A, Tanenbaum D, Lira-Cantú M (2018) Metal Oxides in photovoltaics: all-oxide, ferroic, and perovskite solar cells. Elsevier, Amsterdam
92. Bhattacharya P, Fornari R, Kamimura H (2011) Comprehensive semiconductor science and technology. Compr Semicond Sci Technol 1–6:1–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/c2009-1-28364-x10.1016/c2009-1-28364-x ↗
93. Allaker RP (2012) Nanoparticles and the control of oral biofilms. Elsevier, Amsterdam
94. Ren G, Hu D, Cheng EWC et al (2009) Characterisation of copper oxide nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications. Int J Antimicrob Agents 33:587–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.12.00410.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.12.004 ↗
95. Zhang H, Zhu Q, Zhang Y et al (2007) One-pot synthesis and hierarchical assembly of hollow Cu2O microspheres with nanocrystals-composed porous multishell and their gas-sensing properties. Adv Funct Mater 17:2766–2771. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20060114610.1002/adfm.200601146 ↗
96. Poizot P, Laruelle S, Grugeon S et al (2000) Nano-sized transition-metal oxides as negative-electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Nature 407:496–499. https://doi.org/10.1038/3503504510.1038/35035045 ↗
97. Cho WS, Thielbeer F, Duffin R et al (2014) Surface functionalization affects the zeta potential, coronal stability and membranolytic activity of polymeric nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 8:202–211. https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2013.77346510.3109/17435390.2013.773465 ↗
98. Xiong J, Wang Y, Xue Q, Wu X (2011) Synthesis of highly stable dispersions of nanosized copper particles using l-ascorbic acid. Green Chem 13:900–904. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0gc00772b10.1039/c0gc00772b ↗
99. Heller A, Feldman B (2008) Electrochemical glucose sensors and their applications in diabetes management. Chem Rev 108:2482–2505. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr068069y10.1021/cr068069y ↗
100. Choudhry NA, Kampouris DK, Kadara RO et al (2009) Next generation screen printed electrochemical platforms: Non-enzymatic sensing of carbohydrates using copper(ii) oxide screen printed electrodes. Anal Methods 1:183–187. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9ay00095j10.1039/b9ay00095j ↗