Copper/graphene composites: a review
Source abstract
Abstract
Recent research upon the incorporation of graphene into copper matrix composites is reviewed in detail. An extensive account is given of the large number of processing methods that can be employed to prepare copper/graphene composites along with a description of the microstructures that may be produced. Processing routes that have been employed are described including powder methods, electrochemical processing, chemical vapour deposition, layer-by-layer processing, liquid metal infiltration among a number of others. The mechanical properties of the composites are described in detail along with an account of the structural factors that control mechanical behaviour. The mechanics and mechanisms of deformation are discussed, and the effect of factors such as the graphene content and the type of graphene used, along with processing conditions for the fabrication of the composites, is described. The functional properties of copper/graphene composites are also reviewed including their electrical and thermal properties, and tribological and corrosion behaviour. In each case, the effect of the graphene type and content, and processing conditions are also described. Finally, possible future applications of copper/graphene composites are discussed.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties · Advanced materials and composites · Electrodeposition and Electroless Coatings
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Tjong SC (2013) Recent progress in the development and properties of novel metal matrix nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets. Mater Sci Eng R 74:281–35010.1016/j.mser.2013.08.001 ↗
2. Bakshi SR, Lahiri D, Agarwal A (2010) Carbon nanotube reinforced metal matrix composites—a review. Int Mater Rev 55:41–6410.1179/095066009X12572530170543 ↗
3. Kotov NA (2006) Carbon sheet solutions. Nature 442:254–25510.1038/442254a ↗
4. Singh V, Joung D, Zhai L, Das S, Khondaker SI, Seal S (2011) Graphene based materials: past, present and future. Prog Mater Sci 56:1178–127110.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.03.003 ↗
5. Young RJ, Kinloch IA, Gong L, Novoselov KS (2012) The mechanics of graphene nanocomposites: a review. Compos Sci Technol 71:1459–147610.1016/j.compscitech.2012.05.005 ↗
6. Papageorgiou DG, Kinloch IA, Young RJ (2015) Graphene/elastomer nanocomposites. Carbon 95:460–48410.1016/j.carbon.2015.08.055 ↗
7. Papageorgiou DG, Kinloch IA, Young RJ (2017) Mechanical properties of graphene-based nanocomposites. Prog Mater Sci 90:75–12710.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.07.004 ↗
8. Kumar HGP, Xavior MA (2014) Graphene reinforced metal matrix composites (GRMMC): a review. Procedia Eng 97:1033–104010.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.381 ↗
9. Ovid’ko IA (2014) Metal-graphene nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical properties: a review. Rev Adv Mater Sci 38:190–200
10. Hu Z, Tong G, Lin D, Chen C, Guo H, Xu J, Zhou L (2016) Graphene-reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites—a review. Mater Sci Technol 32:930–95310.1080/02670836.2015.1104018 ↗
11. Sadowski P, Kowalczyk-Gajewska K, Stupkiewicz S (2015) Classical estimates of the effective thermoelastic properties of copper–graphene composites. Compos Part B Eng 80:278–29010.1016/j.compositesb.2015.06.007 ↗
12. Chu K, Jia C (2014) Enhanced strength in bulk graphene-copper composites. Phys Status Solidi A 211:184–19010.1002/pssa.201330051 ↗
13. Barshirvand S, Montazeri A (2016) New aspects on the mechanical reinforcement by carbon nanofillers: a molecular dynamics study. Mater Des 91:306–31310.1016/j.matdes.2015.11.111 ↗
14. Davis JR (2001) ASM specialty handbook: copper and copper alloys. ASM International, Materials Park
15. Ibrahim IA, Mohamed FA, Lavernia EJ (1991) Particulate reinforced metal matrix composites—a review. J Mater Sci 26:1137–1156. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0054444810.1007/BF00544448 ↗
16. Miracle DB (2005) Metal matrix composites-from science to technological significance. Compos Sci Technol 65:2526–254010.1016/j.compscitech.2005.05.027 ↗
17. Tjong SC (2007) Novel nanoparticle-reinforced metal matrix composites with enhanced mechanical properties. Adv Eng Mater 9:639–65210.1002/adem.200700106 ↗
18. Mortensen A, Llorca J (2010) Metal matrix composites. Annu Rev Mater Res 40:243–27010.1146/annurev-matsci-070909-104511 ↗
19. Jagannadham K (2011) Orientation dependence of thermal conductivity in copper–graphene composites. J Appl Phys 110:07490110.1063/1.3641640 ↗
20. Jagannadham K (2012) Electrical conductivity of copper–graphene composite films synthesized by electrochemical deposition with exfoliated graphene platelets. J Vac Sci Technol, B 30:03D10910.1116/1.3701701 ↗
21. Jagannadham K (2012) Thermal conductivity of copper–graphene composite films synthesized by electrochemical deposition with exfoliated graphene platelets. Metall Mater Trans B 43:316–32410.1007/s11663-011-9597-z ↗
22. Koltsova TS, Nasibulina LI, Anoshlin IV, Mishin VV, Kauppinen EI, Tolochko OV, Nasibulin AG (2012) New hybrid copper composite materials based on carbon nanostructures. J Mater Sci Eng B 2:240–246
23. Hwang J, Yoon T, Jin H, Lee J, Kim TS, Hong SH, Jeon S (2013) Enhanced mechanical properties of graphene/copper nanocomposites using a molecular-level mixing process. Adv Mater 25:6724–672910.1002/adma.201302495 ↗
24. Jagannadham K (2013) Volume fraction of graphene platelets in copper–graphene composites. Metall Mater Trans A 44:552–55910.1007/s11661-012-1387-y ↗
25. Kim Y, Lee J, Yeom MS, Shin JW, Kim H, Cui Y, Kysar JW, Hone J, Jung J, Jeon S, Han SM (2013) Strengthening effect of single-atomic-layer graphene in metal-graphene nanolayered composites. Nat Commun 4:211410.1038/ncomms3114 ↗
26. Nasibulin AG, Koltsova T, Nasibulina LI, Anoshkin IV, Semencha A, Tolochko OV, Kauppinen EI (2013) A novel approach to composite preparation by direct synthesis of carbon nanomaterial on matrix or filler particles. Acta Mater 61:1862–187110.1016/j.actamat.2012.12.007 ↗
27. Cui Y, Wang L, Li B, Cao G, Fei W (2014) Effect of ball-milling on the defeat of few-layer graphene and properties of copper matrix composites. Acta Metall Sin (Engl Lett) 27:937–94310.1007/s40195-014-0156-x ↗
28. Kim WJ, Lee TJ, Han SH (2014) Multi-layer graphene/copper composites: preparation using high-ratio differential speed rolling, microstructure and mechanical properties. Carbon 69:55–6510.1016/j.carbon.2013.11.058 ↗
29. Li M, Che H, Liu X, Liang S, Xie H (2014) Highly enhanced mechanical properties in Cu matrix composites reinforced with graphene decorated metallic nanoparticles. J Mater Sci 49:3725–3731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8082-x10.1007/s10853-014-8082-x ↗
30. Goli P, Ning H, Li X, Lu CY, Novoselov KS, Balandin AA (2014) Thermal properties of graphene–copper–graphene heterogeneous films. Nano Lett 14:1497–150310.1021/nl404719n ↗
31. Pavithra CLP, Sarada BV, Rajulapati KV, Rao TN, Sundararajan G (2014) A new electrochemical approach for the synthesis of copper–graphene nanocomposites foils with high hardness. Sci Rep 4:404910.1038/srep04049 ↗
32. Tang Y, Yang X, Wang R, Li M (2014) Enhancement of the mechanical properties of graphene-copper composites with graphene-nickel hybrids. Mater Sci Eng A 599:247–25410.1016/j.msea.2014.01.061 ↗
33. Xie G, Forslund M, Pan J (2014) Direct electrochemical synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/copper composite films and their electrical/electroactive properties. Appl Mater Interfaces 6:7444–745510.1021/am500768g ↗
34. Zhao C, Wang J (2014) Fabrication and tensile properties of graphene/copper composites prepared by electroless plating for structural applications. Phys Status Solidi A 211:2878–288510.1002/pssa.201431478 ↗
35. Li MX, Xie J, Li YD, Xu HH (2015) Reduced graphene oxide dispersed in copper matrix composites: facile preparation and enhanced mechanical properties. Phys Status Solidi A 212:2154–216110.1002/pssa.201532038 ↗
36. Dutkiewicz J, Ozga P, Mariarz W, Pstruś J, Kania B, Boborowski P, Stolarska J (2015) Microstructure and properties of bulk copper matrix composites strengthened with various kinds of graphene nanoplatelets. Mater Sci Eng A 628:124–13410.1016/j.msea.2015.01.018 ↗
37. Liu X, Wei D, Zhuang L, Cai C, Zhao Y (2015) Fabrication of high-strength graphene nanosheets/Cu composites by accumulative roll bonding. Mater Sci Eng A 642:1–610.1016/j.msea.2015.06.032 ↗
38. Varol T, Canakci A (2015) Microstructure, electrical conductivity and hardness of multilayer graphene/copper nanocomposites synthesized by flake powder metallurgy. Met Mater Int 21:704–71210.1007/s12540-015-5058-6 ↗
39. Wang L, Cui Y, Li B, Yang S, Li R, Liu Z, Vajtai R, Fei W (2015) High apparent strengthening efficiency for reduced graphene oxide in copper matrix composites produced by molecule-lever mixing and high shear mixing. RSC Adv 5:51193–5120010.1039/C5RA04782J ↗
40. Li W, Li D, Fu Q, Pan C (2015) Conductive enhancement of copper/graphene composites based on high-quality graphene. RSC Adv 5:80428–8043310.1039/C5RA15189A ↗
41. Xiong DB, Cao M, Guo Q, Tan Z, Fan G, Li Z, Zhang D (2015) Graphene-and-copper artificial nacre fabricated by a preform impregnation process: bioinspired strategy for strengthening-toughening of metal matrix composite. ACS Nano 9:6934–694310.1021/acsnano.5b01067 ↗
42. Babul T, Baranowski M, Sobczak N, Homa M, Leśniewski W (2016) Thermophysical properties of Cu-matrix composites manufactured using Cu powder coated with graphene. J Mater Eng Perform 25:3146–315110.1007/s11665-016-2174-5 ↗
43. Chen F, Ying J, Wang Y, Du S, Liu Z, Huang Q (2016) Effects of graphene content on the microstructure and properties of Cu matrix composites. Carbon 96:836–84210.1016/j.carbon.2015.10.023 ↗
44. Chen Y, Zhang X, Liu E, He C, Shi C, Li J, Nash P, Zhao N (2016) Fabrication of in situ grown graphene reinforced Cu matrix composites. Sci Rep 6:1936310.1038/srep19363 ↗
45. Xiong DB, Cao M, Guo Q, Tan Z, Fan G, Li Z, Zhang D (2016) High content reduced graphene oxide reinforced copper with a bioinspired nano-laminated structure and large recoverable deformation ability. Sci Rep 6:3380110.1038/srep33801 ↗
46. Xiao Q, Yi X, Jiang B, Qin ZH, Hu J, Jiang Y, Liu HQ, Wang B, Yi DQ (2017) In-situ synthesis of graphene on surface of copper powder by rotary CVD and its application in fabrication of reinforced Cu-matrix composites. Adv Mater Sci 2:1–610.15761/AMS.1000123 ↗
47. Gao X, Yue H, Guo E, Zhang H, Lin X, Yao L, Wang B (2016) Mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of graphene reinforced copper matrix composites. Powder Technol 301:601–60710.1016/j.powtec.2016.06.045 ↗
48. Huang G, Wang H, Wang H, Sun B, Sun S, Zhang C, Chen M, Ding G (2016) Preparation and characterization of the graphene–Cu composite film by electrodeposition process. Microelectron Eng 157:7–1210.1016/j.mee.2016.02.006 ↗
49. Jiang R, Zhou X, Fang Q, Liu Z (2016) Copper–graphene bulk composites with homogeneous graphene dispersion and enhanced mechanical properties. Mater Sci Eng A 654:124–13010.1016/j.msea.2015.12.039 ↗
50. Zhang DD, Zhan ZJ (2016) Experimental investigation of interfaces in graphene materials/copper composites from a new perspective. RSC Adv 6:52226
51. Zhang X, Wu K, He M, Ye Z, Tang S, Jiang Z (2016) Facile synthesis and characterization of reduced graphene oxide/copper composites using freeze–drying and spark plasma sintering. Mater Lett 166:67–7010.1016/j.matlet.2015.12.040 ↗
52. Wang X, Li J, Wang Y (2016) Improved high temperature strength of copper–graphene composite material. Mater Lett 181:309–31210.1016/j.matlet.2016.06.034 ↗
53. Wejrzanowski T, Grybczuk M, Chmielewski M, Pietrzak K, Kurzydlowski KJ, Strojny-Nedza A (2016) Thermal conductivity of metal-graphene composites. Mater Des 99:163–17310.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.069 ↗
54. Zhang D, Zhan Z (2016) Strengthening effect of graphene derivatives in Cu matrix composites. J Alloys Compd 654:226–23310.1016/j.jallcom.2015.09.013 ↗
55. Zhang D, Zhan Z (2016) Preparation of graphene nanoplatelets-copper composites by a modified semi-powder method and their mechanical properties. J Alloys Compd 658:663–67110.1016/j.jallcom.2015.10.252 ↗
56. Chen Y, Zhang X, Liu E, He C, Han Y, Li Q, Nash P, Zhao N (2016) Fabrication of three-dimensional graphene/Cu composites by in situ CVD and its strengthening mechanism. J Alloys Compd 688:69–7610.1016/j.jallcom.2016.07.160 ↗
57. Ayyappadas C, Muthuchamy A, Annamalai AR, Agrawal DK (2017) An investigation on the effect of sintering mode on various properties of copper–graphene metal matrix composite. Adv Powder Technol 28:1760–176810.1016/j.apt.2017.04.013 ↗
58. Cao M, Xiong DB, Tan Z, Ji G, Amin-Ahmadi B, Guo Q, Fan G, Guo C, Li Z, Zhang D (2017) Aligning graphene in bulk copper: Nacre-inspired nanolaminated architecture coupled with in situ processing for enhanced mechanical properties and high electrical conductivity. Carbon 117:65–7410.1016/j.carbon.2017.02.089 ↗
59. Hsieh CC, Liu WR (2017) Synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets/copper composite film for thermal dissipation. Carbon 118:1–710.1016/j.carbon.2017.03.025 ↗
60. Yue H, Yao L, Gao X, Zhang S, Guo E, Zhang H, Lin X, Wang B (2017) Effect of ball-milling and graphene contents on the mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms of graphene nanosheets reinforced copper matrix composites. J Alloys Compd 691:755–76210.1016/j.jallcom.2016.08.303 ↗
61. Dong L, Chen W, Zheng C, Deng N (2017) Microstructure and properties characterization of tungsten-copper composite materials doped with graphene. J Alloys Compd 695:1637–164610.1016/j.jallcom.2016.10.310 ↗
62. Dong L, Chen W, Deng N, Song J, Wang J (2017) Investigation on arc erosion behaviors and mechanisms of W70Cu30 electrical contact materials adding graphene. J Alloys Compd 696:923–93010.1016/j.jallcom.2016.12.044 ↗
63. Khobragade N, Kumar B, Bera S, Roy D (2017) Studies on graphene reinforced Cu base composites prepared by two step thermal processing method. Mater Today-Proc 4:8045–805110.1016/j.matpr.2017.07.143 ↗
64. Luo H, Sui Y, Qi J, Meng Q, Wei F, He Y (2017) Copper matrix composites enhanced by silver/reduced graphene oxide hybrids. Mater Lett 196:354–35710.1016/j.matlet.2017.03.084 ↗
65. Ponraj NV, Azhagurajan A, Vettivel SC, Shajan XS, Nabhiraj PY, Sivapragash M (2017) Graphene nanosheet as reinforcement agent in copper matrix composite by using powder metallurgy method. Surf Interfaces 6:190–19610.1016/j.surfin.2017.01.010 ↗
66. Jiang R, Zhou X, Liu Z (2017) Electroless Ni-plated graphene for tensile strength of copper. Mater Sci Eng A 679:323–32810.1016/j.msea.2016.10.029 ↗
67. Si X, Li M, Chen F, Eklund P, Xue J, Huang F, Du S, Huang Q (2017) Effect of carbide interlayers on the microstructure and properties of graphene-nanoplatelet-reinforced copper matrix composites. Mater Sci Eng A 708:311–31810.1016/j.msea.2017.10.015 ↗
68. Chu K, Wang XH, Li YB, Huang DJ, Geng ZR, Zhao XL, Liu H, Zhang H (2018) Thermal properties of graphene/metal composites with aligned graphene. Mater Des 140:85–9410.1016/j.matdes.2017.11.048 ↗
69. Chu K, Wang F, Wang XH, Huang DJ (2018) Anisotropic mechanical properties of graphene/copper composites with aligned graphene. Mater Sci Eng A 713:269–27710.1016/j.msea.2017.12.080 ↗
70. Chu K, Wang XH, Wang F, Li YB, Huang DJ, Liu H, Ma WL, Liu FX, Zhang H (2018) Largely enhanced thermal conductivity of graphene/copper composites with highly aligned graphene network. Carbon 127:102–11210.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.099 ↗
71. Yang Z, Wang L, Shi Z, Wang M, Cui Y, Wei B, Xu S, Zhu Y, Fei W (2018) Preparation mechanism of hierarchical layered structure of graphene/copper composite with ultrahigh tensile strength. Carbon 127:329–33910.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.095 ↗
72. Mai YJ, Zhou MP, Ling HJ, Chen FX, Lian WQ, Jie XH (2018) Surfactant-free electrodeposition of reduced graphene oxide/copper composite coatings with enhanced wear resistance. Appl Surf Sci 433:232–23910.1016/j.apsusc.2017.10.014 ↗
73. Saboori A, Pavese M, Badini C, Fino P (2018) A novel approach to enhance the mechanical strength and electrical and thermal conductivity of Cu–GNP nanocomposites. Metall Mater Trans A 49:333–34510.1007/s11661-017-4409-y ↗
74. Wang L, Yang Z, Cui Y, Wei B, Xu S, Sheng J, Wang M, Zhu Y, Fei W (2017) Graphene-copper composite with micro-layered grains and ultrahigh strength. Sci Rep 7:4189610.1038/srep41896 ↗
75. Wang X, Liang S, Wang B, Zou J (2011) Investigation on microstructure and properties of WCu alloy fabricated by infiltrating CuLa mater alloy into W skeleton. Adv Sci Lett 4:1012–101610.1166/asl.2011.1386 ↗
76. Chen W, Dong L, Zhang Z, Gao H (2016) Investigation and analysis of arc ablation on WCu electrical contact materials. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 27:5584–5591
77. Zhang Q, Liang S, Hou B, Zhou L (2016) The effect of submicron-sized initial tungsten powders on microstructure and properties of infiltrated W-25 wt% Cu alloys. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 59:87–9210.1016/j.ijrmhm.2016.05.014 ↗
78. Shi XL, Yang H, Shao GQ, Duan XL, Yan L, Xiong Z, Sun P (2007) Fabrication and properties of W–Cu alloy reinforced by multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Mater Sci Eng A 457:18–2310.1016/j.msea.2006.12.038 ↗
79. Novoselov NS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grogorieva IV, Firsov AA (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306:666–66910.1126/science.1102896 ↗
80. Balandin AA, Ghosh S, Bao W, Calizo I, Teweldebrhan D, Miao F, Lau CN (2008) Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett 8:902–90710.1021/nl0731872 ↗
81. Lee C, Wei XD, Kysar JW, Hone J (2008) Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321:385–38810.1126/science.1157996 ↗
82. Lewis AM, Derby B, Kinloch IA (2013) Influence of gas phase equilibria on the chemical vapor deposition of graphene. ACS Nano 7:3104–311710.1021/nn305223y ↗
83. Nicolosi V, Chhowalla M, Kanatzidis MG, Strano MS, Coleman JN (2013) Liquid exfoliation of layered materials. Science 340:1420–142910.1126/science.1226419 ↗
84. Abdelkader AM, Cooper AJ, Dryfe RAW, Kinloch IA (2015) How to get between the sheets: a review of recent works on the electrochemical exfoliation of graphene materials from bulk graphite. Nanoscale 7:6944–695610.1039/C4NR06942K ↗
85. Paton KR, Varrla E, Backes C, Smith RJ, Khan U, O’Neill A, Boland C, Lotya M, Istrate OM, King P, Higgins T, Barwich S, May P, Puczkarski P, Ahmed I, Moebius M, Pettersson H, Long E, Coelho J, O’Brien SE, McGuire EK, Sanchez BM, Duesberg GS, McEvoy N, Pennycook TJ, Downing C, Crossley A, Nicolosi V, Coleman JN (2014) Scalable production of large quantities of defect-free few-layer graphene by shear exfoliation in liquids. Nat Mater 13:624–63010.1038/nmat3944 ↗
86. Hummers WS, Offeman RE (1958) Preparation of graphitic oxide. J Am Chem Soc 80:133910.1021/ja01539a017 ↗
87. He H, Klinowski J, Forster M, Lerf A (1998) A new structural model for graphite oxide. Chem Phys Lett 287:53–5610.1016/S0009-2614(98)00144-4 ↗
88. Lerf A, He H, Forster M, Klinowski J (1998) Structure of graphite oxide revisited. J Phys Chem B 102:4477–448210.1021/jp9731821 ↗
89. Park S, Rouff RS (2009) Chemical methods for the production of graphene. Nat Nanotechnol 4:217–22410.1038/nnano.2009.58 ↗
90. Giovannetti G, Khomyakov PA, Brocks G, Karpan VM, van den Brink J, Kelly PJ (2008) Doping graphene with metal contacts. Phys Rev Lett 101:02680310.1103/PhysRevLett.101.026803 ↗
91. Khomyakov PA, Giovannetti G, Rusu PC, Brocks G, van den Brink J, Kelly PJ (2009) First-principles study of the interaction and charge transfer between graphene and metals. Phys Rev B 79:19542510.1103/PhysRevB.79.195425 ↗
92. Vanin M, Mortensen JJ, Kelkkanen AK, Garcia-Lastra JM, Thygesen KS, Jacobsen KW (2010) Graphene on metals: a van der Waals density functional study. Phys Rev B 81:08140810.1103/PhysRevB.81.081408 ↗
93. Xu Z, Buehler MJ (2010) Interface structure and mechanics between graphene and metal substrates: a first principle study. J Phys Condes Matter 22:485301 (5 pp)10.1088/0953-8984/22/48/485301 ↗
94. Adamska L, Lin Y, Ross AJ, Batzill M, Oleynik II (2012) Atomic and electronic structure of simple metal/graphene and complex metal/graphene/metal interfaces. Phys Rev B 85:19544310.1103/PhysRevB.85.195443 ↗
95. Yoon T, Shin WC, Kim TY, Mun JH, Kim TS, Cho BJ (2012) Direct measurement of adhesion energy of monolayer graphene as-grown on copper and its application to renewable transfer process. Nano Lett 12:1448–145210.1021/nl204123h ↗
96. Zhang L, Pollak E, Wang WC, Jiang P, Glans PA, Zhang Y, Cabana J, Kostecki R, Chang C, Salmeron M, Zhu J, Guo J (2012) Electronic structure study of ordering and interfacial interaction in graphene/Cu composites. Carbon 50:5316–532210.1016/j.carbon.2012.07.020 ↗
97. Das S, Lahiri D, Lee DY, Agarwal A, Choi W (2013) Measurements of the adhesion energy of graphene to metallic substrates. Carbon 59:121–12910.1016/j.carbon.2013.02.063 ↗
98. Fang B, Li J, Zhao N, Shi C, Ma L, He C (2017) Boron doping effect on the interface interaction and mechanical properties of graphene reinforced copper matrix composite. Appl Surf Sci 425:811–82210.1016/j.apsusc.2017.07.084 ↗
99. Panchakarla LS, Subrahmanyam KS, Saha SK, Govindaraj A, Krishnamurthy HR, Waghmare UV, Rao CNR (2009) Synthesis, structure, and properties of boron- and nitrogen-doped graphene. Adv Mater 21:4726–473010.1002/adma.200901285 ↗
100. Mortazavi B, Ahzi S (2012) Molecular dynamics study on the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of boron doped graphene. Solid State Commun 152:1503–150710.1016/j.ssc.2012.04.048 ↗