A review on relationships and formations of stable and metastable titanium structures
Source abstract
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mechanical properties of titanium (Ti) and Ti-based alloys depend on the type of microstructure and phases formed after processing. A nonferrous Ti metal is famous for its martensitic transformations. The latest development in research shows that other non-traditional phases such as the face centered cubic (FCC) is found after Ti processing. The hexagonal closed packed (HCP)→body centered cubic (BCC) phase transformation is a thermodynamic transition, while the HCP→FCC is stress-induced. Moreover, this phase transformation can be stabilized by interstitial elements such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N). Effect of pressure and stress on Ti also depend on the manufacturing techniques. This behaviour is also reported in Ti powder after deformations by mechanical milling (MM) and powder pressing.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Titanium Alloys Microstructure and Properties · Shape Memory Alloy Transformations · Intermetallics and Advanced Alloy Properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Effect of tempering heat treatment on the CO2 corrosion resistance of quench-hardened Cr-Mo low-alloy steels for oil and gas applications10.1016/j.corsci.2019.03.036 ↗
2. Microstructural mechanisms controlling the mechanical behaviour of ultrafine grained martensite/austenite microstructures in a metastable stainless steel10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107922 ↗
3. One-step quenching and partitioning treatment of a tailor welded blank of boron and TRIP steels for automotive applications10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107799 ↗
4. Microstructural evolution in a high-silicon medium carbon steel following quenching and isothermal holding above and below the Ms temperature10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.01.081 ↗
5. Microstructure responses and deformation mechanisms of solutionized Ti-51.5 at.%Ni alloy during reciprocating sliding10.1016/j.triboint.2019.06.009 ↗
6. Martensite stabilisation effect in Ni-rich NiTi shape memory alloy with different structure and martensitic transformations10.1016/j.sna.2020.111911 ↗
7. Icosahedral phase formation in Ag-substituted ti–zr–ni rapidly-quenched alloys10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01205-3 ↗
8. Effect of stress–induced α″ martensite on Young's modulus of β-Ti–33.6Nb–4Sn alloy10.1016/j.msea.2013.09.053 ↗
9. Theoretical investigation of β-ω phase transformation mechanism in Ti-Mo alloys10.1016/j.commatsci.2019.109277 ↗
10. ω-phase transformation and lattice modulation in biomedical β-phase ti-nb-al alloys10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.06.266 ↗
11. Oxygen effects on ω and αphase transformations in a metastable β-Ti–Nb alloy10.1016/j.actamat.2019.09.049 ↗
12. Effects of selected metallic and interstitial elements on the microstructure and mechanical properties of beta titanium alloys for orthopedic applications
13. Local atomic structure near an Nb atom in aged β-Ti alloys10.1016/j.actamat.2017.03.048 ↗
14. In situ elaboration of a binary Ti–26Nb alloy by selective laser melting of elemental titanium and niobium mixed powders10.1016/j.msec.2016.02.033 ↗
15. Synthesis and characterization of Ti–27.5Nb alloy made by CLAD(R) additive manufacturing process for biomedical applications10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.060 ↗
16. Effect of Nb content on microstructure, property and in vitro apatite-forming capability of Ti-Nb alloys fabricated via selective laser melting10.1016/j.matdes.2017.04.026 ↗
17. In-situ investigation of stress-induced martensitic transformation in Ti–Nb binary alloys with low Young's modulus10.1016/j.msea.2015.11.005 ↗
18. Thermal stability and latent heat of Nb-rich martensitic Ti–Nb alloys10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.12.108 ↗
19. A study on corrosion resistance of the Ti–10Mo experimental alloy after different processing methods10.1016/j.msec.2004.08.013 ↗
20. Electrochemical behavior of Ti–Mo alloys applied as biomaterial10.1016/j.corsci.2007.09.009 ↗
21. Structure and properties of cast binary Ti–Mo alloys10.1016/S0142-9612(99)00114-3 ↗
22. Shape memory properties of ti–nb–mo biomedical alloys10.1016/j.actamat.2010.04.013 ↗
23. First principles studies on structural, elastic and electronic properties of new ti-mo-nb-zr alloys for biomedical applications10.1016/j.matdes.2016.06.066 ↗
24. Ti–25Ta alloy with the best mechanical compatibility in Ti–Ta alloys for biomedical applications10.1016/j.msec.2008.09.012 ↗
25. Structure and nanoindentation mechanical properties of novel porous Ti-Ta material with a core-shell structure using the powder metallurgy method10.1016/j.apt.2019.02.015 ↗
26. Engineering nanostructured cell micropatterns on Ti6Al4V by selective ion beam inhibition of pitting10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108528 ↗
27. Characterization of high-energy ion implantation into Ti-6Al-4V10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.02.008 ↗
28. The corrosion behaviour of as-welded and post-weld heat-treated Ti6Al4V alloy in simulated body fluid10.1016/j.matlet.2019.07.056 ↗
29. Highly porous Ni-free Ti-based scaffolds with large recoverable strain for biomedical applications10.1016/j.intermet.2019.106657 ↗
30. Microstructure and properties of equiatomic Ti–Ni alloy fabricated by selective laser melting10.1016/j.msea.2019.138586 ↗
31. Microstructure and properties of LENS (laser engineered net shaping) manufactured Ni-Ti shape memory alloy10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.400 ↗
32. Microstructural evolution and surface strengthening of pulse-laser treated Ti/Ni multilayer thin films10.1016/j.eml.2015.08.002 ↗
33. The lattice constants of high purity alpha titanium, Roc10.1088/0370-1328/80/3/323 ↗
34. Titanium's high-temperature elastic constants through the hcp–bcc phase transformation10.1016/j.actamat.2004.01.002 ↗
35. Transitory phase transformations during {1012} twinning in titanium10.1016/j.actamat.2019.04.002 ↗
36. In situ SEM-EBSD observations of the hcp to bcc phase transformation in commercially pure titanium10.1016/j.actamat.2003.10.049 ↗
37. On the process of transition of the cubic-body-centered modification into the hexagonal-close-packed modification of zirconium10.1016/S0031-8914(34)80244-3 ↗
38. C. Mathebula, W. Matizamhuka, A. S. Bolokang, Effect of Nb content on phase transformation, microstructure of the sintered and heat-treated Ti (10–25) wt.% Nb alloys, Int J Adv Manuf Technol https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05385-9.10.1007/s00170-020-05385-9 ↗
39. The observation of the orthorhombic α'' and fcc titanium in deformed commercially pure titanium compressed at elevated temperature10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152298 ↗
40. Surface and orientation effects on stress-induced hcp-fcc phase transformation in Ti nanopillars10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.145234 ↗
41. Structural stability of β-TiO with disordered vacancies: a first-principles calculation10.1016/j.physb.2013.04.021 ↗
42. Effect of cyclic heat treatment on commercially pure titanium part fabricated by electron beam additive manufacturing10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.04.335 ↗
43. Preparation of pure αʺ-phase titanium alloys with low moduli via high pressure solution treatment10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.10.053 ↗
44. The orthorhombic α′′-phase in binary titanium-base alloys with d-metals of V–VIII groups, Mater10.1016/j.msea.2006.02.086 ↗
45. Texture evolution of orthorhombic α″ titanium alloy investigated by in situ X-ray diffraction10.1016/j.msea.2016.10.072 ↗
46. Twinning behavior of orthorhombic-α” martensite in a Ti-7.5Mo alloy10.1080/14686996.2019.1600201 ↗
47. Crystallography and asymmetry of tensile and compressive stress-induced martensitic transformation in metastable β titanium alloy Tie7Mo-3Nb-3Cr-3Al10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.151762 ↗
48. Thermal analysis on the curie temperature of nanocrystalline Ni produced by ball milling10.1016/j.apt.2010.07.005 ↗
49. Formation of titanium nitride produced from nanocrystalline titanium powder under nitrogen atmosphere10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2010.05.008 ↗
50. Nanocrystalline titanium powders by high energy attrition milling10.1016/j.powtec.2006.10.007 ↗
51. Formation of the metastable FCC phase by ball milling and annealing of titanium–stearic acid powder10.1016/j.apt.2015.01.013 ↗
52. Formation of face-centered-cubic titanium by mechanical attrition10.1063/1.1530718 ↗
53. Positron lifetime studies of the hcp to fcc transformation induced by mechanical attrition of elemental titanium10.1016/j.physleta.2004.06.029 ↗
54. Is there a hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) face-centered-cubic (fcc) allotropic transformation in mechanically milled Group IVB elements?10.1557/jmr.2009.0423 ↗
55. Solid-state transformation in nanocrystalline Ti induced by ball milling10.1016/j.matlet.2010.02.054 ↗
56. Very strong pure titanium by field assisted hot pressing of dual phase powders10.1016/j.matlet.2014.02.086 ↗
57. Mechanochemical synthesis of nano TiC powder by mechanical milling of titanium and graphite powders10.1016/j.powtec.2011.10.050 ↗
58. First-principles calculations of mechanical properties of TiC and TiN10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.06.023 ↗
59. Effect of hydrogen on diffusion bonding of commercially pure titanium and hydrogenated Ti6Al4V alloys10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.10.071 ↗
60. Effects of hydrogen on diffusion bonding of hydrogenated Ti6Al4V alloy containing 0.3 wt% hydrogen at fast heating rate10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.12.024 ↗
61. Phase transformation behavior in titanium single-crystal nanopillars under [0001] orientation tension: a molecular dynamics simulation10.1016/j.commatsci.2014.05.018 ↗
62. Stress-induced hexagonal close-packed to face-centered cubic phase transformation in commercial-purity titanium under cryogenic plane-strain compression10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.05.038 ↗
63. Rolling-induced face centered cubic titanium in hexagonal close packed titanium at room temperature
64. Proposed mechanism of HCP → FCC phase transition in titanium through first principles calculation and experiments
65. Plastic deformation-induced HCP-to-FCC phase transformation in submicron-scale pure titanium pillars10.1007/s10853-019-04043-0 ↗
66. Thickness-dependent fcc–hcp phase transformation in polycrystalline titanium thin films10.1016/j.actamat.2010.12.046 ↗
67. Phase stabilities of fcc Ti nanocrystals10.1016/j.ssc.2004.09.061 ↗
68. Microstructure and phase transformation on milled and unmilled Ti induced by water quenching10.1016/j.matlet.2014.06.063 ↗
69. Mechanism for formation of the residual stresses from quenching, modelling simul
70. Mechanical behavior and deformation mechanism of commercial pure titanium foils10.1016/j.msea.2017.09.080 ↗
71. The microstructure and formation mechanism of face-centered cubic Ti in commercial pure Ti foils during tensile deformation at room temperature10.1016/j.matchar.2017.12.031 ↗
72. In situ TEM observation of FCC Ti formation at elevated temperatures10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.06.033 ↗
73. Deformation induced FCC lamellae and their interaction in commercial pure Ti10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.11.037 ↗
74. Study of the structure of titanium thin films deposited with a vacuum arc as a function of the thickness10.1016/j.tsf.2015.09.015 ↗
75. Microstructural evolution of equal channel angular drawn purity titanium at room temperature10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152002 ↗
76. Microstructure and properties of pure titanium processed by equal-channel angular pressing at room temperature10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.05.001 ↗
77. Could face-centered cubic titanium in cold-rolled commercially-pure titanium only be a Ti-hydride?10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.11.010 ↗
78. Observations of nanoscopic, face centered cubic Ti and TiHx10.1007/s00339-008-4929-9 ↗
79. Impurity and texture driven HCP-to-FCC transformations in Ti-X thin films during in situ TEM annealing and FIB milling10.1016/j.actamat.2019.11.047 ↗
80. Surface analysis of the stress-induced, impurity driven face centered cubic titanium phase and the ranging lattice parameter sizes
81. Three dimensional crystallographic orientation relationships for hexagonal close packed structure to face centered cubic structure transformation in pure titanium10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.05.010 ↗
82. An X-ray diffraction study of nanocrystalline titanium prepared by high-energy vibrational ball milling10.1016/S0169-4332(01)00451-2 ↗
83. Fcc titanium in Ti/Ni multilayers10.1016/0167-577X(94)00272-X ↗
84. The formation of FCC of titanium-aluminium multilayers10.1016/1359-6454(95)00159-5 ↗
85. Formation of fcc titanium during heating high-energy ball milled Al–Ti powders10.1016/S0167-577X(01)00417-7 ↗
86. Structural study of novel nanocrystalline fcc ti-ta-sn alloy10.1007/s11661-019-05152-w ↗
87. An evaluation of the hexagonal close-packed to face-centered cubic phase transformation in a Ti-6Al-4V alloy during high-pressure torsion10.1016/j.msea.2017.07.099 ↗
88. Deformation induced face-centered cubic titanium and its twinning behavior in Ti–6Al–4V10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.03.018 ↗
89. Surface nanocrystallization and gradient structure developed in the bulk TC4 alloy processed by shot peening10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.05.295 ↗
90. Microstructural evolution and formation mechanism of FCC titanium during heat treatment processing10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.10.083 ↗
91. Formation and reversion of metastable fcc phase in a Ti–5Ta–2Nb explosive clad10.1016/j.matchar.2016.03.022 ↗
92. An FCC phase in a metastable β-titanium alloy10.1080/09500839.2014.903005 ↗
93. Face centered cubic substructure and improved tensile property in a novel β titanium alloy Ti–5Al–4Zr–10Mo–3Cr10.1016/j.msea.2019.138611 ↗
94. Face-centered titanium induced by ultrasonic surface rolling process in Ti-6Al-4V alloy and its tensile behaviour10.1016/j.matchar.2018.09.004 ↗
95. Precipitation and martensitic transformation of fcc-Ti in nb-ti-si based ultrahigh temperature alloys10.1016/j.intermet.2015.11.001 ↗
96. Face-centered-cubic titanium - a new crystal structure of Ti in a Ti-8Mo-6Fe alloy10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.218 ↗
97. First-principles calculation of structural energetics of Al–TM (TM = Ti, Zr, Hf) intermetallics10.1016/j.actamat.2005.03.028 ↗
98. The fcc–bcc structural transition: I. A band theoretical study for Li, K, Rb, Ca, Sr, and the transition metals Ti and V10.1088/0953-8984/8/7/006 ↗
99. Elastic stability and electronic structure of fcc Ti, Zr, and hf: a first-principles study10.1103/PhysRevB.65.092106 ↗
100. Size-and temperature-induced phase transformations of titanium nanoparticles10.1209/0295-5075/93/66002 ↗