journal article·2026-05Open access

A novel hybrid-reinforced polycarbonate filament for improving interlayer integrity and strength in fused filament fabrication

R. Endymion Grosious, Natrayan Lakshmaiya

Abstract

Increasing demand for high-performance 3D printed parts in engineering industries has given rise to demand for polycarbonate filaments with stronger and durable. This work develops reinforced polycarbonate filaments with the use of single screw extruder with five combinations. Novelty of the study is the production of multi-reinforced polycarbonate composite filaments and their structural and mechanical behaviour study in FFF based 3D printing. Objective is to find out the influence of basalt powder, graphene, carbon powder and the hybrid combination on the tensile strength, hardness, ILSS and micro structural features. XRD confirmed the successful incorporation of individual and hybrid reinforcements with the hybrid filament exhibiting the best multi-phase signatures. Progressive improvement of the mechanical performance of the material was observed, with the tensile strength reaching 110 MPa in the hybrid filament from 75 MPa in Pure PC, reflecting an improvement of 46.6 %. Hardness improved from 82 D to 91 D which was an increase of 11% and ILSS increased from 11.128 N to 24.646 N which was an increase of 121%. SEM analysis showed that the Pure PC displays more smooth morphology, and the morphology of modified filaments is more and more reinforced, and the filler dispersion in the hybrid composite is the most uniform, the voids are less formed, and the interlayer bonding is stronger. Hybrid PC + Carbon Powder + Graphene + Basalt Powder filament showed the best comprehensive performance, indicating that it has a good possibility of being used for the production of high-strength car part.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Polymer crystallization and properties · Fiber-reinforced polymer composites · Polymer Nanocomposites and Properties

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (49)

Show source-provided references
1. Effect of 3D printing orientation on the accuracy and surface roughness of polycarbonate samples10.3390/machines13010009 ↗
2. Mechanical performance of 3D-Printed biocompatible polycarbonate for biomechanical applications10.3390/polym13213669 ↗
3. The influence of selected fillers on the functional properties of polycarbonate dedicated to 3D printing applications10.3390/polym16050592 ↗
4. Mechanical characterization of polycarbonate-graphene oxide (PCG) nanocomposite
5. Surface modification of basalt fiber using to reinforce polycarbonate composites and its mechanical performance10.1002/pc.29342 ↗
6. The oscillatory and vibrational characteristics of a graphene nanosheet within an oxygen fluid flow, influenced by carbon walls via molecular dynamics simulations10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109609 ↗
7. Comprehensive analysis of thermal properties and stability in palm fiber-reinforced PLA composites with bran filler for sustainable lightweight materials10.1016/j.csite.2025.106003 ↗
8. Investigating the influence of strain rate on tensile, flexural, and ILSS of fused deposition modeling printed PLA polymer10.1007/s11665-024-10180-8 ↗
9. Optimization and prediction of tensile strength in 3D‐Printed PLA/HAp composites using response surface methodology and integrated machine learning technique10.1002/app.57505 ↗
10. Development of lightweight and high-performance ballistic helmet based on Poly(Benzoxazine-co-Urethane) matrix reinforced with aramid fabric and multi-walled carbon nanotubes10.3390/polym12122897 ↗
11. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: a study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement10.1515/ntrev-2022-0040 ↗
12. Experimental studies on water absorption and mechanical properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) and Urena lobata (Caesar weed) plant fiber–reinforced hybrid epoxy composites: effect of weight fraction of nano-graphene fillers10.1515/ipp-2023-4398 ↗
13. Combined effect of fiber hybridization and matrix modification on mechanical properties of polymer composites
14. Mechanical, thermal, and flammability properties of polyamide-6 reinforced with a combination of carbon nanotubes and titanium dioxide for under-the-hood applications10.1177/08927057211067698 ↗
15. Bilayer AA7075-thermoplastic composite structures manufactured by hot pressing: effect of glass fiber amount of polypropylene composite on mechanical properties10.1177/08927057231154428 ↗
16. The impact of graphene oxide on the mechanical and thermal strength properties of polycarbonate10.1177/00952443231160236 ↗
17. Investigation on the thermal performance of MgO-filled basalt Fiber/PLA composites for high-temperature industrial applications10.1016/j.rineng.2025.105923 ↗
18. Effect of graphene additive on flexural and interlaminar shear strength properties of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite10.3390/jcs4040162 ↗
19. Fabrication of recycled polycarbonate fibre for thermal signature reduction in camouflage textiles10.3390/polym14101972 ↗
20. Mechanical and thermal properties of vapor-grown carbon nanofiber and polycarbonate composite sheets10.1016/j.matlet.2005.05.082 ↗
21. A review on material extrusion additive manufacturing of polycarbonate‐based blends and composites: Process‐structure–property relationships10.1002/pls2.10174 ↗
22. Advancements in automotive production: exploring the role of 3D printing and selective laser sintering
23. Interfacial adhesion properties of carbon fiber/polycarbonate composites by using a single-filament fragmentation test10.1016/j.compscitech.2017.06.017 ↗
24. Mechanics and rheology of basalt fiber-reinforced polycarbonate composites10.1016/j.polymer.2018.06.004 ↗
25. Preparation and process parameter optimization of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced polycarbonate prepreg filament10.3390/polym15030607 ↗
26. Processing-property relationships of polycarbonate/graphene composites10.1016/j.polymer.2009.05.038 ↗
27. Processing, structure, and properties of carbon fibers10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.10.018 ↗
28. Graphene oxide and graphene nanosheet reinforced aluminium matrix composites: powder synthesis and prepared composite characteristics10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.031 ↗
29. Utilizing 3D printing in marine industries: innovations for enhanced ship and boat production
30. Effect of graphene nanoplatelets addition on mechanical properties of pure aluminum using a semi-powder method10.1016/j.pnsc.2014.03.012 ↗
31. SiC/graphene reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites prepared by powder metallurgy: a review10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.02.026 ↗
32. Mechanical characterisation of basalt fibre reinforced plastic10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.01.030 ↗
33. Developments and industrial applications of basalt fibre reinforced composite materials10.3390/jcs6120367 ↗
34. Investigation of the effect of surface modifications on the mechanical properties of basalt fibre reinforced polymer composites10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.11.009 ↗
35. Effect of high temperature on the bond performance between basalt fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars and concrete10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.125 ↗
36. Thermal stability of polycarbonate-graphene nanocomposite foams10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.05.027 ↗
37. A thermomechanical study on selective dispersion and different loading of graphene oxide in polypropylene/polycarbonate blends10.1002/app.45062 ↗
38. Melt mixing of polycarbonate with multiwalled carbon nanotubes: microscopic studies on the state of dispersion10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2003.08.008 ↗
39. Black phosphorus polycarbonate polymer composite for pulsed fibre lasers10.1016/j.apmt.2016.05.001 ↗
40. Extrusion optimization and advanced mechanical characterization of fibre-reinforced polycarbonate filaments: improving performance for fused filament fabrication10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108752 ↗
41. Impacts of thermoplastics content on mechanical properties of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108859 ↗
42. Properties of recycled polycarbonate/waste silk and cotton fiber polymer composites10.1080/00914030802089138 ↗
43. Glass fiber influence on PP/Sisal/SiO2 nanofillers/glass hybrid nanocomposites/plain nanocomposite for mechanical property improvement10.1007/s10751-025-02252-5 ↗
44. Morphology and properties of melt-spun polycarbonate fibers containing single-and multi-wall carbon nanotubes10.1016/j.polymer.2006.01.003 ↗
45. Impact of additive manufacturing on sports safety prevention and performance enhancement: a review
46. Multifunctionality of MWCNT modified carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite, and reclaiming composite in the pursuit of sustainable energy storage applications: an experimental and numerical analysis10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110468 ↗
47. Mechanical performance of fused filament fabricated and 3d-printed polycarbonate polymer and polycarbonate/cellulose nanofiber nanocomposites10.3390/fib9110074 ↗
48. Experimental investigations and dimensional analysis modeling for mechanical properties of polycarbonate samples developed by fused filament fabrication process10.1007/s00170-024-14446-2 ↗
49. Fabrication and characterization of polycarbonate-silica filaments for 3D printing applications10.1177/00219983211044748 ↗