Real-time laser spot modulation in Laser Powder-Directed Energy Deposition via wobbling: A path to superior 316L stainless steel components
Source abstract
Abstract
Achieving high-quality Laser Powder-Directed Energy Deposition (LP-DED) components require the precise tuning of process parameters such as laser power, scanning speed, and laser spot size. Among these, laser spot size is a particularly critical factor. The use of a large spot size led to high building rate and process efficiency at the expense of surface finish and geometrical accuracy. This investigation aimed to understand how a variable laser spot affects the thermal history of LP-DED AISI 316L stainless steel components and consequently their microstructure and mechanical properties. The study first examined the effects of the laser spot and sample geometry on the microstructural features using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Secondly, the characterization of mechanical properties was conducted via tensile tests and the effects of the variable laser spot on ductility and on the various strengthening mechanisms were analyzed. The results revealed that using a larger laser spot leads to heat accumulation, which becomes especially crucial when depositing geometries characterized by a small cross section. These findings lay the groundwork for enhancing the LP-DED process efficiency in a more viable manner taking advantage of the different solidification conditions.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses · High Entropy Alloys Studies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (51)
Show source-provided references
1. Microstructure and mechanical behavior of laser additive manufactured AISI 316 stainless steel stringers10.1016/j.matdes.2013.10.016 ↗
2. An Overview of the process mechanisms in the laser powder directed energy deposition10.3390/app13010117 ↗
3. Effect of the parametric optimization and heat-treatment on the 18Ni-300 maraging steel microstructural properties manufactured by directed energy deposition10.1007/s00170-021-07320-y ↗
4. Additive manufacturing technologies: 3D printing
5. Effect of processing parameters on microstructure and tensile properties of austenitic stainless steel 304L made by directed energy deposition additive manufacturing10.1016/j.actamat.2016.03.019 ↗
6. Low-roughness-surface additive manufacturing of metal-wire feeding with small power10.3390/ma14154265 ↗
7. Influence of focus offset on the microstructure of an intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloy produced by electron beam powder bed fusion10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.01.061 ↗
8. Variable beam size SLS workstation and enhanced SLS model10.1108/13552549710169237 ↗
9. Productivity enhancement in directed energy deposition: the oscillating scanning strategy approach10.1007/s12540-022-01356-9 ↗
10. Laser-arc hybrid additive manufacturing of stainless steel with beam oscillation
11. Influence of wobble-based scanning strategy on surface morphology of laser powder bed-fabricated permalloy10.3390/ma16052062 ↗
12. Effect of beam wobbling on laser welding of aluminum and magnesium alloy with nickel interlayer10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.11.028 ↗
13. The effect of laser beam wobbling mode in welding process for structural steels10.1007/s00170-015-7312-y ↗
14. Influence of laser beam wobbling parameters on microstructure and properties of 316L stainless steel multi passed repaired parts10.3390/ma15030722 ↗
15. Effect of wobble parameters on microwelding bead formation of AISI 316L stainless steel10.2351/7.0001123 ↗
16. The role of Directed Energy Deposition atmosphere mode on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L samples
17. Characterization of stainless steel parts by laser metal deposition shaping10.1016/j.matdes.2013.09.006 ↗
18. Microstructural features induced by the Gaussian laser beam shape on 316L stainless steel thin-walled samples fabricated by directed energy deposition10.1007/s40964-025-01028-1 ↗
19. Effect of initial dislocation density on the plastic deformation response of 316L stainless steel manufactured by directed energy deposition10.1016/j.msea.2022.143591 ↗
20. Additively manufactured 316L stainless steel via laser powder directed energy deposition (LP-DED): mechanical properties at cryogenic and elevated temperatures10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2024.108197 ↗
21. The microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel fabricated using laser engineered net shaping10.1016/j.msea.2016.09.028 ↗
22. Effects of process time interval and heat treatment on the mechanical and microstructural properties of direct laser deposited 316L stainless steel10.1016/j.msea.2015.07.056 ↗
23. A comparison on metallurgical behaviors of 316L stainless steel by selective laser melting and laser cladding deposition10.1016/j.msea.2016.12.112 ↗
24. Adjusting microstructure and improving mechanical property of additive manufacturing 316L based on process optimization10.1016/j.msea.2023.144824 ↗
25. B09 Committee, Test method for density of powder metallurgy (PM) materials containing less than two percent porosity. doi: 10.1520/B0311-22.10.1520/B0311-22 ↗
26. Solidification microstructure and residual stress correlations in direct energy deposited type 316L stainless steel10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109782 ↗
27. E28 Committee, «Test methods for tension testing of metallic materials», ASTM International. doi: 10.1520/E0008_E0008M-24.10.1520/E0008_E0008M-24 ↗
28. Understanding thermal behavior in the LENS process10.1016/S0261-3069(99)00016-3 ↗
29. On the evolution of microstructure and defect control in 316L SS components fabricated via directed energy deposition10.1016/j.msea.2019.138243 ↗
30. Laser metal deposition for powder metallurgy parts10.1179/174329011X12977874589924 ↗
31. An investigation on the effect of powder recycling on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 316L produced by Directed Energy Deposition10.1016/j.msea.2019.138360 ↗
32. Additive manufacturing of nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718 by selective electron beam melting: processing window and microstructure10.1557/jmr.2014.192 ↗
33. Epitaxial laser metal forming: analysis of microstructure formation10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00202-6 ↗
34. Grain refinement and laser energy distribution during laser oscillating welding of Invar alloy10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108195 ↗
35. Experimental and numerical study on the effect of increasing frequency on the morphology and microstructure of aluminum alloy in laser wobbling welding10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.09.008 ↗
36. Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of keyhole deep penetration TIG welds of S32101 duplex stainless steel10.1016/j.msea.2017.10.051 ↗
37. On the strength of a 316L-type stainless steel subjected to cold or warm rolling followed by annealing10.3390/ma13092116 ↗
38. «Development of nanocrystalline 304L stainless steel by large strain cold working», metals
39. Selective laser melting of stainless steel 316L with low porosity and high build rates10.1016/j.matdes.2016.05.035 ↗
40. Hardened austenite steel with columnar sub-grain structure formed by laser melting10.1016/j.msea.2014.12.018 ↗
41. A novel strategy to fabricate thin 316L stainless steel rods by continuous directed energy deposition in Z direction
42. «A review of: “welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steel”10.1080/10426910500476747 ↗
43. Investigation of the microstructure and impact properties of the high nitrogen stainless steel weld10.3724/SP.J.1037.2012.00514 ↗
44. «EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH», correl. Corros. Ferrite number 316L stainl
45. Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of multiple-layer laser cladding coating of 308L stainless steel10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.02.171 ↗
46. A01 Committee, Specification for stainless steel bars and shapes for use in boilers and other pressure vessels. doi: 10.1520/A0479_A0479M-23A.10.1520/A0479_A0479M-23A ↗
47. Anisotropy and heterogeneity of microstructure and mechanical properties in metal additive manufacturing: a critical review10.1016/j.matdes.2017.11.021 ↗
48. Comparison of microstructure and mechanical properties of 316 L austenitic steel processed by selective laser melting with hot-isostatic pressed and cast material10.1016/j.msea.2016.10.012 ↗
49. Influence of microstructural parameters on the mechanical properties of oxide dispersion strengthened Fe-14Cr steels10.1016/j.actamat.2017.01.026 ↗
50. New insights on cellular structures strengthening mechanisms and thermal stability of an austenitic stainless steel fabricated by laser powder-bed-fusion10.1016/j.actamat.2020.11.018 ↗
51. Strengthening and hardening mechanisms of additively manufactured stainless steels: the role of cell sizes10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.10.005 ↗