journal article·2026-03Open access

A facile chemical conversion approach for constructing a Sr-doped scholzite coating on micro-arc oxidized magnesium alloy with optimized corrosion and biocompatibility

Wenpeng Shi, Yongjun Li, Xiantong Hu, Zhaoqian Sun, Xinggang Li, Minglong Ma, Guoliang Shi, Jiawei Yuan, Xi Yang, Xiaofei Chang, Kui Zhang, Yantao Zhao, Dianzhong Luo

Abstract

Inspired by the inorganic composition of bone, this study fabricated a Sr-doped scholzite biomimetic coating on the surface of ZMJ310 alloy after micro-arc oxidation (MAO). By comprehensively considering the solution pH, temperature, and processing time, the optimal parameters for preparing the composite coating were determined as pH 5.3, 95°C and 3.5 h. The formation of the Sr-doped scholzite coating begins with the dissolution of the MAO layer, which supplies OH - and metal cations for the development of the composite coating. Due to the similar ionic radii of Ca 2+ and Sr 2+ and their comparable binding capacities with PO 4 3- , Sr 2+ is incorporated into the coating in a doped form. During the corrosion process, since the bonding between the conversion coating and the MAO layer is a combination of mechanical and chemical interlocking, the simulated body fluid can still reach the MAO layer, eventually leading to coating detachment. Nevertheless, corrosion resistance evaluations revealed that the alloy prepared under optimal conditions exhibited a low long-term hydrogen evolution rate of 0.136 mm/y, demonstrating excellent corrosion performance. The formation of the composite coating effectively regulated the ion release kinetics of the alloy, resulting in favorable capabilities for promoting cell proliferation, differentiation, and osteogenic induction.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Magnesium Alloys: Properties and Applications · Bone Tissue Engineering Materials · Orthopaedic implants and arthroplasty

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (68)

Show source-provided references
1. Antibacterial MXenes: an emerging non-antibiotic paradigm for surface engineering of orthopedic and dental implants
2. Versatile application of magnesium-related bone implants in the treatment of bone defects
3. The effect of selected corrosion inhibitors on localized corrosion of magnesium alloy: the expanded understanding of "inhibition efficiency10.1016/j.corsci.2023.111650 ↗
4. Recent developments in coatings on biodegradable Mg alloys: a review10.1016/j.jma.2025.01.027 ↗
5. The external stress-assisted corrosion behavior of Mg alloys for biomedical applications10.1016/j.corsci.2025.112856 ↗
6. Influence of ultra-fine grain structure on corrosion behaviour of biodegradable Mg-1Ca alloy
7. Effects of heat treatment on the corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of biodegradable Mg alloys10.1016/j.jma.2022.04.010 ↗
8. Progress in bioactive surface coatings on biodegradable Mg alloys: a critical review towards clinical translation
9. Biodegradable behavior of the micro-arc oxidation coating with micro-nano structure formed by femtosecond laser on magnesium alloy AZ31B10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.12.418 ↗
10. Progress in organic coatings preparation of superhydrophobic coatings on 6061 aluminum surfaces by MAO and self-assembly of PFDTES and study of their property10.1016/j.porgcoat.2024.109022 ↗
11. Preparation of HA-containing coating by one-step MAO on titanium alloys through synergistic effect of calcium gluconate and calcium glycerophosphate10.1016/j.surfcoat.2023.129655 ↗
12. Plasma electrolytic oxidation of tantalum in an aluminate electrolyte: effect of cathodic polarization and frequency10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.08.178 ↗
13. Novel bio-compatible coatings formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation of tantalum in NaCl solutions
14. Performance and formation mechanism of micro-arc oxidation coating using novel calcium hydroxy-methionine on magnesium alloy10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.316 ↗
15. Preparation and corrosion resistance characterization of MAO coating on AZ31B magnesium alloy formed in the mixed silicate and phosphate electrolytes with pectin as an additive10.1016/j.surfcoat.2023.130209 ↗
16. Surface characterization and corrosion behavior of calcium phosphate (Ca-P) base composite layer on Mg and its alloys using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO): a review10.1016/j.jma.2020.07.004 ↗
17. Tuning biomechanical behavior and biocompatibility of Mg–Zn–Ca alloys by Mn3O4 incorporated plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.05.267 ↗
18. Mao SY, Mei D, Cui WZ, Liu MY, Xu JL, Zhu SJ, et al. The performance degradation of MAO/GPTMS coating on magnesium alloy under combined corrosive environment and cyclic loading. J Magnes Alloy preptint. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.07.001.10.1016/j.jma.2025.07.001 ↗
19. Enhancement of corrosion resistance and antibacterial properties of PEO coated AZ91D Mg alloy by copper- and phosphate-based sealing treatment10.1016/j.corsci.2023.111218 ↗
20. Effect of PLGA+MAO composite coating on the degradation of magnesium alloy in vivo and in vitro
21. Ag/ZIF-8/Mg-Al LDH composite coating on MAO pretreated Mg alloy as a multi-ion-release platform to improve corrosion resistance, osteogenic activity, and photothermal antibacterial properties10.1016/j.surfcoat.2023.129555 ↗
22. In vitro degradation and biocompatibility of in-situ fabricated Mg-Al-Ga-LDH/MAO hybrid coating on Mg alloy AZ3110.1016/j.surfcoat.2023.129922 ↗
23. Aluminum as a risk factor of Alzheimer's disease10.1590/S0104-11692008000100023 ↗
24. Preparation of biomimetic MAO coating on β-Titanium alloy surface and its bone regeneration property in diabetic environment10.1016/j.matdes.2024.112808 ↗
25. Evaluation of the long-term anticorrosion behavior of (OCP+Ca-P)/MAO coated magnesium in simulated body fluids10.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.128586 ↗
26. Comparative study of the effects of MAO coating and Ca-P coating on the biodegradation and biocompatibility of Mg69Zn27Ca4 metal glass
27. Facile preparation of nanostructured octacalcium phosphate coatings on micro-arc oxidized magnesium with different functionalities for bone repair application10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111426 ↗
28. Comparative study on effects of different coatings on biodegradable and wear properties of Mg-2Zn-1Gd-0.5Zr alloy10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.08.028 ↗
29. Self-assembly Zn-containing layer on PEO-coated Mg with enhanced corrosion resistance, antibacterial activity, and osteogenic property10.1016/j.corsci.2023.111674 ↗
30. Structural evolution of Sr-phosphate chemical conversion coatings induced by in-situ Ca doping to achieve efficient osteogenic activity10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.162591 ↗
31. Design of corrosion-resistant Mg-Zn/Gd-X alloys: insights from theoretical calculations and experimental studies
32. Impurity control and corrosion resistance of magnesium-aluminum alloy10.1016/j.corsci.2013.07.037 ↗
33. Biodegradable Mg–Zn–Mn alloys for orbital bone fixation: balancing corrosion resistance and mechanical integrity10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.039 ↗
34. Effects of Sr addition on microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of biodegradable Mg–Zn–Ca alloy10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155611 ↗
35. Exosome-anchored scholzite conversion coating on titanium with long-term stability and immunomodulatory ability to enhance osteogenesis10.1016/j.cej.2024.158142 ↗
36. Study on the microstructure and in vitro corrosion behavior of extruded Mg–3Zn–0.7Mn–0.5Sr alloy10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.218 ↗
37. Fabrication and long-term in vitro corrosion behavior of MAO coating on biodegradable Mg-3Zn-0.7Mn-0.5Sr alloy
38. Mechanical, corrosion, and biocompatibility properties of Mg-Zr-Sr-Sc alloys for biodegradable implant applications10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.001 ↗
39. Effect of phosphate-based sealing treatment on the corrosion performance of a PEO coated AZ91D Mg alloy10.1016/j.jma.2020.05.014 ↗
40. Achieving a self-densified conversion coating architecture by the bath composition design towards a multi-step nucleation pathway10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132225 ↗
41. Study on a facile method of in-situ fabricating enhanced corrosion protection LDH/PEO composites coating on Mg alloy and its growth behavior10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.131912 ↗
42. Enhanced electrochemical and photocatalytic performance achieved through dual incorporation of SnO2 and WO3 nanoparticles into LDH layer fabricated on PEO-coated AZ31 Mg alloy10.1016/j.jma.2024.05.001 ↗
43. Development of anti-corrosive coating on AZ31 Mg alloy modified by MOF/LDH/PEO hybrids10.1016/j.jma.2023.12.004 ↗
44. Corrosion prevention for PEO-coated Mg by phosphate-based sealing treatment with added cation
45. Biodegradable PTMC-MAO composite coatings on AZ31 Mg-alloys for enhanced corrosion-resistance10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.175017 ↗
46. Revisiting the cracking of chemical conversion coating on magnesium alloys10.1016/j.corsci.2020.109069 ↗
47. Structural interplay between strontium and calcium in α-CaHPO4 and β-SrHPO410.1016/j.ceramint.2021.05.156 ↗
48. Effect of a bimodal grain structure on corrosion behavior and tensile properties of low-alloyed Mg-1Bi-1Zn-1Ag alloy10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.05.166 ↗
49. Study on coating growth characteristics during the electrolytic oxidation of a magnesium–lithium alloy by optical emission spectroscopy analysis10.1039/C5RA09378C ↗
50. Initial and final state effects in the ESCA spectra of cadmium and silver oxides10.1063/1.435347 ↗
51. SrCO3 by XPS10.1116/1.1247696 ↗
52. Catalysis by alkaline earth metal oxides. III. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of catalytically active MgO, CaO, and BaO surfaces10.1246/bcsj.54.1505 ↗
53. Comparative study of the performance of α-MnO2 and amorphous manganese dioxide air electrodes for zinc-air batteries10.1007/s11581-024-05912-8 ↗
54. Room temperature multiferroicity and magnetoelectric coupling in Ca/Mn-modified BaTiO310.1039/D5TC00873E ↗
55. Study of photothermal properties, antimicrobial activity and biological functions of porous tantalum modified by Cu2+ and Sr2+ doping hydroxyapatite@polydopamine10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.163640 ↗
56. In situ growth of Ca-Zn-P coatings on the Zn-pretreated WE43 Mg alloy to mitigate corrosion and enhance cytocompatibility10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112798 ↗
57. A ZnO and calcium phosphate co-deposited coating on magnesium alloy for better antibacterial property, cytocompatibility and corrosion resistance10.1016/j.colsurfa.2024.135834 ↗
58. Hopeite and scholzite coatings formation on titanium via wet-chemical conversion with controlled temperature10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.125330 ↗
59. Inhibition of Mg corrosion in physiological fluids by carbonate coating10.1016/j.corsci.2022.110775 ↗
60. In situ preparation of a novel Ta2O5/MAO composite coating on magnesium for anti-corrosion protection10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.128003 ↗
61. Construction of a PEO/Mg–Mn LDH composite coating on Mg–Ag–Mn alloy for enhanced corrosion resistance and antibacterial potential10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.08.242 ↗
62. Effect of solution pH value on the corrosion resistance of Co-Fe LDHs coating developed on MAO treated magnesium alloy AZ3110.1016/j.colsurfa.2024.134220 ↗
63. The electronic structure of magnesium hydroxide (Brucite) using X-Ray emission, X-Ray photoelectron, and auger spectroscopy
64. Influence of Sr and Cu elements on the glass-forming ability and corrosion performance of Ca-based biomedical materials10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123677 ↗
65. Bulk and surface analysis of a Fe-P-O oxydehydrogenation catalyst10.1016/0926-860X(92)80247-A ↗
66. PDA@ZIF-8/LDH composite coating prepared on the Mg-Zn-Ca alloy by one-step hydrothermal method: characterization, corrosion resistance and in vitro photothermal antibacterial properties
67. Stronger and coarser-grained biodegradable zinc alloys10.1038/s41586-024-08415-8 ↗
68. Biodegradable Zn–Sr alloy for bone regeneration in rat femoral condyle defect model: in vitro and in vivo studies