Microstructure anisotropy and mechanical properties of GH3536 Alloy fabricated by selective laser melting
Source abstract
Abstract
To investigate the microstructure and mechanical anisotropy of as-deposited GH3536 alloy specimens fabricated by Selective Laser Melting (SLM), this study combines experiments and numerical simulations. By optimizing the laser power, scanning speed, and scanning strategy, the optimal process parameters were determined: a volumetric energy density of 83.3 J/mm 3 and a 67° spiral scanning strategy. Transient heat conduction simulation using Abaqus showed that the extremely high temperature gradients and cooling rates during the SLM process induce fine cellular crystals and dislocation networks at the molten pool boundaries; columnar crystals grow along the Building Direction (BD), forming a <110> texture in the Width Direction (WD) and a strong <100> texture in the Thickness Direction (TD). The synergistic strengthening of dislocations and texture yields the highest strength along the thickness direction (TD), which possesses a higher molten pool boundary density. The tensile strength (TS) and yield strength (YS) reach 810 MPa and 572 MPa, and the tensile strength is 36% and 7.1% higher than those along the building direction (BD) and width direction (WD), respectively. This study clarifies the microstructural evolution and mechanical anisotropy of SLM-processed GH3536 alloy, providing a foundation for the subsequent optimization of forming processes and performance regulation.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · Cellular and Composite Structures · High Entropy Alloys Studies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (43)
Show source-provided references
1. Effect of temperature and strain rate on serrated flow behaviour of Hastelloy X10.1016/j.msea.2011.12.011 ↗
2. Tension and creep design stresses of the “Hastelloy-X” alloy for high-temperature gas cooled reactors10.1016/j.msea.2006.12.184 ↗
3. High-temperature high-cycle fatigue performance and machine learning-based fatigue life prediction of additively manufactured Hastelloy X10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.108012 ↗
4. Additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V alloy: a review10.1016/j.matdes.2018.107552 ↗
5. Metal additive manufacturing in aerospace: a review10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110008 ↗
6. Laser powder bed fusion: a state-of-the-art review of the technology, materials, properties & defects, and numerical modelling10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.07.121 ↗
7. Solute segregation in a rapidly solidified Hastelloy-X Ni-based superalloy during laser powder bed fusion investigated by phase-field and computational thermal-fluid dynamics simulations
8. Oxygen-rich combustion behaviors and mechanisms of a new Ni-Cr-based superalloy fabricated by selective laser melting10.1016/j.msea.2024.147133 ↗
9. Insight into the anisotropic electrochemical corrosion behaviors of laser metal deposited Ni-based single crystal superalloy10.1016/j.corsci.2023.111111 ↗
10. A novel low-density and high-strength Fe-Ni-base high-entropy superalloy with stable γ/γ’ coherent microstructure at 1023 K10.1016/j.scriptamat.2024.116236 ↗
11. Processing parameters in laser powder bed fusion metal additive manufacturing10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108762 ↗
12. Gibson I, et al. Additive manufacturing technologies | Springer Nature Link n.d. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-56127-7 (accessed February 25, 2026).
13. Defect prediction in directed energy deposition using an ensemble of clustering models
14. Detection and effects of lack of fusion defects in Hastelloy X manufactured by laser powder bed fusion10.1016/j.matdes.2023.111941 ↗
15. The effect of laser surface melting on the microstructure, microsegregation and solidification path of service-aged ECY768 cobalt-based gas turbine nozzle10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.237 ↗
16. A review of existing solidification crack tests and analysis of their transferability to additive manufacturing10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2023.118090 ↗
17. Influence of defects on high-temperature oxidation performance of GH3536 superalloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion
18. Effect of hot cracking on the mechanical properties of Hastelloy X superalloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.105984 ↗
19. Rapid process mapping via single-track defectology: a roadmap to a defect-free window for Hastelloy X additive manufacturing10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.11.140 ↗
20. Optimization and insights toward fully dense crack-free additive manufacturing of Hastelloy-X by selective laser melting technology10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.10.061 ↗
21. The role of overlap region width in multi-laser powder bed fusion of Hastelloy X superalloy10.1080/17452759.2022.2142802 ↗
22. Spattering and denudation in laser powder bed fusion process: multiphase flow modelling10.1016/j.actamat.2020.06.033 ↗
23. Laser additive manufacturing of metallic components: materials, processes and mechanisms | Scilit n.d. https://www.scilit.com/publications/ec09427d02f240c29a1acecb47106634 (accessed February 25, 2026).
24. Electrochemical anisotropy of Hastelloy X fabricated by selective laser melting in a NaNO3 solution10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.169947 ↗
25. Laser powder bed fusion of GH3536 nickel-based superalloys: processing parameters, microstructure and mechanical properties10.1016/j.matchar.2023.113018 ↗
26. Crack characteristics analysis and mechanisms in GH3536 alloy manufactured by laser powder bed fusion10.1016/j.engfailanal.2024.108382 ↗
27. Effect of the scanning strategy on microstructure and mechanical anisotropy of Hastelloy X superalloy produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion10.1016/j.matchar.2021.110951 ↗
28. Laser powder bed fusion of Ni-based Hastelloy X superalloy: microstructure, anisotropic mechanical properties and strengthening mechanisms10.1016/j.msea.2021.142076 ↗
29. Thermal-mechanical behavior of LPBF GH3536 superalloy using in-situ SEM tensile10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109423 ↗
30. Influence of scanning strategies on microstructure and properties anisotropy of GH3536 alloy formed by laser powder bed fusion10.1007/s41230-025-4207-x ↗
31. Investigation of deformation mechanisms in Hastelloy X superalloy manufactured via laser powder-bed fusion: insights into effects of carbides and cellular structure at elevated temperatures10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.10.083 ↗
32. Microstructure and texture evolution of hastelloy X and CeO2-Hastelloy X composite fabricated by selective laser melting10.1007/s12540-025-01910-1 ↗
33. Multiphase mesoscopic simulation of multiple and functionally gradient materials laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing processes
34. Tailoring the microstructure and mechanical properties for Hastelloy X alloy by laser powder bed fusion via scanning strategy10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112386 ↗
35. Numerical simulation on melt pool and solidification in the direct energy deposition process of GH3536 powder superalloy10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.08.252 ↗
36. Numerical study of transient temperature thermal stress coupled heat transfer in spent fuel storage cask based on Gaussian random heat source10.1016/j.anucene.2024.110443 ↗
37. Effects of tool rotation direction on microstructure and mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy joints by the synergistically double-sided friction stir welding10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.07.067 ↗
38. Dependence of mechanical properties on crystallographic orientation in nickel-based superalloy Hastelloy X fabricated by laser powder bed fusion10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.158868 ↗
39. Investigation of microstructure-tensile behavior relationship in Hastelloy X Ni-based superalloy processed by laser powder-bed fusion: insights into the elevated temperature ductility loss10.1016/j.msea.2021.141742 ↗
40. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Hastelloy X produced by HP-SLM (high power selective laser melting)10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107598 ↗
41. On the strengthening and embrittlement mechanisms of an additively manufactured Nickel-base superalloy10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100657 ↗
42. Revealing the interrelation between process parameters and microstructure to promote the mechanical performance for Hastelloy-X10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.111851 ↗
43. Dependence of mechanical properties on crystallographic orientation in nickel-based superalloy Hastelloy X fabricated by laser powder bed fusion10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.158868 ↗