journal article·2026-03-01

Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Beams: Key Parameters and Design Considerations

Authors not provided

ACI Structural Journal· Volume 123· Issue 2
Publisher page

Abstract

No abstract is available for this record. The assistant can identify its topic from the title, but cannot infer the study’s results.

Source: Not provided · Quality: missing

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Structural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete · Innovative concrete reinforcement materials · Concrete Corrosion and Durability

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (82)

Show source-provided references
1. Hueste, M. B. D.; Mukhopadhyay, A.; Hurlebaus, S.; Mander, J.; Hong, H.; Fatima, A.; Terzioglu, T.; and Rockey, A., Utilization of UHPC Bridge Superstructures in Texas—Volume 1: UHPC Mixture Development and Material-Level Experiments, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX, 2023, 572 pp.
2. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19) (Reapproved 2022),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2019, 624 pp.
3. Ahlborn, T. M.; Peuse, E. J.; and Misson, D. L., “Ultra-High-Performance-Concrete for Michigan Bridges Material Performance – Phase I,” Research Report RC-1525, Michigan Department of Transportation Construction and Technology Division, Lansing, MI, 2008.
4. ASTM C1856/C1856M, “Standard Practice for Fabricating and Testing Specimens of Ultra-High Performance Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017, 4 pp.
5. ACI Committee 239, “Ultra-High-Performance Concrete: An Emerging Technology Report (ACI 239R-18),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2018, 21 pp.
6. Naaman, A. E., “Engineered Steel Fibers with Optimal Properties for Reinforcement of Cement Composites,” Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, V. 1, No. 3, 2003, pp. 241-252. doi: 10.3151/jact.1.24110.3151/jact.1.241 ↗
7. Graybeal, B. A., and Helou, R. G., “Structural Design with Ultra-High Performance Concrete,” Report No. FHWA-HRT-23-077, Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology, McLean, VA, 2023.
8. Akeed, M. H.; Qaidi, S.; Ahmed, H. U.; Faraj, R. H.; Mohammed, A. S.; Emad, W.; Tayeh, B. A.; and Azevedo, A. R. G., “Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. Part II: Hydration and Microstructure,” Case Studies in Construction Materials, V. 17, Dec. 2022, p. e01289. doi: 10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e0128910.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01289 ↗
9. Elmorsy, M., AndHassan, W. M., “Seismic Behavior of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Elements: State-of-the-Art Review and Test Database and Trends,” Journal of Building Engineering, V. 40, 2021, p. 102572. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.10257210.1016/j.jobe.2021.102572 ↗
10. Hung, C.-C.; El-Tawil, S.; and Chao, S.-H., “A Review of Developments and Challenges for UHPC in Structural Engineering: Behavior, Analysis, and Design,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 147, No. 9, 2021, p. 03121001. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.000307310.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003073 ↗
11. Meda, A.; Minelli, F.; and Plizzari, G. A., “Flexural Behavior of RC Beams in Fibre Reinforced Concrete,” Composites Part B: Engineering, V. 43, No. 8, 2012, pp. 2930-2937. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.06.00310.1016/j.compositesb.2012.06.003 ↗
12. Bandelt, M. J., and Billington, S. L., “Impact of Reinforcement Ratio and Loading Type on the Deformation Capacity of High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites Reinforced with Mild Steel,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 142, No. 10, 2016, p. 04016084. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.000156210.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001562 ↗
13. Nguyen, W.; Bandelt, M. J.; Trono, W.; Billington, S. L.; and Ostertag, C. P., “Mechanics and Failure Characteristics of Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (HyFRC) Composites with Longitudinal Steel Reinforcement,” Engineering Structures, V. 183, 2019, pp. 243-254. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.12.08710.1016/j.engstruct.2018.12.087 ↗
14. Conforti, A.; Zerbino, R.; and Plizzari, G., “Assessing the Influence of Fibers on the Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Different Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratios,” Structural Concrete, V. 22, No. 1, 2021, pp. 347-360. doi: 10.1002/suco.20190057510.1002/suco.201900575 ↗
15. Qi, J.; Wang, J.; and Ma, Z. J., “Flexural Response of High-Strength Steel-Ultra-High-Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams Based on a Mesoscale Constitutive Model: Experiment and Theory,” Structural Concrete, V. 19, No. 3, 2018, pp. 719-734. doi: 10.1002/suco.20170004310.1002/suco.201700043 ↗
16. Dancygier, A. N., and Savir, Z., “Flexural Behavior of HSFRC With Low Reinforcement Ratios,” Engineering Structures, V. 28, No. 11, 2006, pp. 1503-1512. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.02.00510.1016/j.engstruct.2006.02.005 ↗
17. Mohammed, M. H., “Experimental Investigation on Ultra High-Performance Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement,” Alexandria Engineering Journal, V. 71, 2023, pp. 581-589. doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2023.03.04310.1016/j.aej.2023.03.043 ↗
18. Smarzewski, P., “Hybrid Fibres as Shear Reinforcement in High-Performance Concrete Beams with and without Openings,” Applied Sciences, V. 8, No. 11, 2018, p. 2070. doi: 10.3390/app811207010.3390/app8112070 ↗
19. Alhoubi, Y.; Mahaini, Z.; and Abed, F., “The Flexural Performance of BFRP-Reinforced UHPC Beams Compared to Steel and GFRP-Reinforced Beams,” Sustainability, V. 14, No. 22, 2022, p. 15139. doi: 10.3390/su14221513910.3390/su142215139 ↗
20. Cai, Z.; Duan, X.; Liu, L.; Lu, Z.; and Ye, J., “Reinforced Ultra-High Performance Concrete Beam Under Flexure and Shear: Experiment and Theoretical Model,” Case Studies in Construction Materials, V. 20, 2024, p. e02647. doi: 10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e0264710.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02647 ↗
21. Cao, X.; Ren, Y.-C.; Qian, K.; Fu, F.; Deng, X.-F.; and Zhang, W.-J., “Size Effect on Flexural Behavior of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Beams with Different Reinforcement,” Structures, V. 41, 2022, pp. 969-981. doi: 10.1016/j.istruc.2022.05.06210.1016/j.istruc.2022.05.062 ↗
22. Cao, X.; Ren, Y.-C.; Zhang, L.; Jin, L.-Z.; and Qian, K., “Flexural Behavior of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Beams with Various Types of Rebar,” Composite Structures, V. 292, 2022, p. 115674. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.11567410.1016/j.compstruct.2022.115674 ↗
23. Chen, S.; Zhang, R.; Jia, L.-J.; and Wang, J.-Y., “Flexural Behaviour of Rebar-Reinforced Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Beams,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 70, No. 19, 2018, pp. 997-1015. doi: 10.1680/jmacr.17.0028310.1680/jmacr.17.00283 ↗
24. Feng, Z.; Li, C.; Yoo, D.-Y.; Pan, R.; He, J.; and Ke, L., “Flexural and Cracking Behaviors of Reinforced UHPC Beams with Various Reinforcement Ratios and Fiber Contents,” Engineering Structures, V. 248, 2021, p. 113266. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.11326610.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113266 ↗
25. Guo, Y.-Q., and Wang, J.-Y., “Flexural Behavior of High-Strength Steel Bar Reinforced UHPC Beams with Considering Restrained Shrinkage,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 409, 2023, p. 133802. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.13380210.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133802 ↗
26. Hasgul, U.; Turker, K.; Birol, T.; and Yavas, A., “Flexural Behavior of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams with Low and High Reinforcement Ratios,” Structural Concrete, V. 19, No. 6, 2018, pp. 1577-1590. doi: 10.1002/suco.20170008910.1002/suco.201700089 ↗
27. Hasgul, U.; Yavas, A.; Birol, T.; and Turker, K., “Steel Fiber Use as Shear Reinforcement on I-Shaped UHP-FRC Beams,” Applied Sciences, V. 9, No. 24, 2019, p. 5526. doi: 10.3390/app924552610.3390/app9245526 ↗
28. Kahanji, C.; Ali, F.; and Nadjai, A., “Structural Performance of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Structural Concrete, V. 18, No. 2, 2017, pp. 249-258. doi: 10.1002/suco.20160000610.1002/suco.201600006 ↗
29. Kamal, M. M.; Safan, M. A.; Etman, Z. A.; and Salama, R. A., “Behavior and Strength of Beams Cast with Ultra-High Strength Concrete Containing Different Types of Fibers,” HBRC Journal, V. 10, No. 1, 2014, pp. 55-63. doi: 10.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.09.00810.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.09.008 ↗
30. Khan, M. I.; Fares, G.; and Abbas, Y. M., “Behavior of Non-Shear-Strengthened UHPC Beams under Flexural Loading: Influence of Reinforcement Depth,” Applied Sciences, V. 11, No. 23, 2021, p. 11168. doi: 10.3390/app11231116810.3390/app112311168 ↗
31. Kodur, V.; Solhmirzaei, R.; Agrawal, A.; Aziz, E. M.; and Soroushian, P., “Analysis of Flexural and Shear Resistance of Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams without Stirrups,” Engineering Structures, V. 174, 2018, pp. 873-884. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.08.01010.1016/j.engstruct.2018.08.010 ↗
32. Liu, C.; Zhang, Y.; Yao, Y.; and Huang, Y., “Calculation Method for Flexural Capacity of High Strain-Hardening Ultra-High Performance Concrete T-Beams,” Structural Concrete, V. 20, No. 1, 2019, pp. 405-419. doi: 10.1002/suco.20180015110.1002/suco.201800151 ↗
33. Mahaini, Z.; Abed, F.; Alhoubi, Y.; and Elnassar, Z., “Experimental and Numerical Study of the Flexural Response of Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) Beams Reinforced with GFRP,” Composite Structures, V. 315, 2023, p. 117017. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.11701710.1016/j.compstruct.2023.117017 ↗
34. Mezquida-Alcaraz, E. J.; Navarro-Gregori, J.; Martí-Vargas, J. R.; and Serna-Ros, P., “Effects of Tension Stiffening and Shrinkage on the Flexural Behavior of Reinforced UHPFRC Beams,” Case Studies in Construction Materials, V. 15, 2021, p. e00746. doi: 10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e0074610.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00746 ↗
35. Pourbaba, M.; Sadaghian, H.; and Mirmiran, A., “A Comparative Study of Flexural and Shear Behavior of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Advances in Structural Engineering, V. 22, No. 7, 2019, pp. 1727-1738. doi: 10.1177/136943321882384810.1177/1369433218823848 ↗
36. Qiu, M.; Shao, X.; Wille, K.; Yan, B.; and Wu, J., “Experimental Investigation on Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Ultra High Performance Concrete Low-Profile T-Beams,” International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, V. 14, No. 5, 2020, pp. 1-20. doi: 10.1186/s40069-019-0380-x10.1186/s40069-019-0380-x ↗
37. Qiu, M.; Hu, Y.; Shao, X.; Zhu, Y.; Li, P.; and Li, X., “Experimental Investigation on Flexural and Ductile Behaviors of Rebar-Reinforced Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Beams,” Structural Concrete, V. 23, No. 3, 2022, pp. 1533-1554. doi: 10.1002/suco.20210079410.1002/suco.202100794 ↗
38. Saqif, M. A.; Tai, Y.-S.; and El-Tawil, S., “Experimental and Computational Evaluation of the Ductility of UHPC Beams with Low Steel-Reinforcement Ratios,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 148, No. 7, 2022, p. 04022077. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.000337810.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003378 ↗
39. Shafieifar, M.; Farzad, M.; and Azizinamini, A., “A Comparison of Existing Analytical Methods to Predict the Flexural Capacity of Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) Beams,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 172, 2018, pp. 10-18. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.22910.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.229 ↗
40. Shao, Y., and Billington, S. L., “Impact of UHPC Tensile Behavior on Steel Reinforced UHPC Flexural Behavior,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 148, No. 1, 2022, p. 04021244. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.000322510.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003225 ↗
41. Singh, M.; Sheikh, A. H.; Mohamed Ali, M. S.; Visintin, P.; and Griffith, M. C., “Experimental and Numerical Study of the Flexural Behaviour of Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 138, 2017, pp. 12-25. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.00210.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.002 ↗
42. Sturm, A. B.; Visintin, P.; and Oehlers, D. J., “Blending Fibres to Enhance the Flexural Properties of UHPFRC Beams,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 244, 2020, p. 118328. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.11832810.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118328 ↗
43. Sun, G.; Shi, J.; and Qu, Y., “Cracking and Yield Behavior of Reinforced UHPC Beams Containing Steel Slag Under Flexural Test,” Engineering Structures, V. 280, 2023, p. 115693. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.11569310.1016/j.engstruct.2023.115693 ↗
44. Turker, K.; Hasgul, U.; Birol, T.; Yavas, A.; and Yazici, H., “Hybrid Fiber Use on Flexural Behavior of Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Composite Structures, V. 229, 2019, p. 111400. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.11140010.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111400 ↗
45. Yang, I.-H.; Joh, C.-B.; Kang, S.-T.; and Kim, B.-S., “An Experimental Study on Flexural Behavior of Steel Fiber Reinforced Ultra High Performance Concrete,” Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute, V. 21, No. 6, 2009, pp. 737-744. (in Korean) doi: 10.4334/JKCI.2009.21.6.73710.4334/JKCI.2009.21.6.737 ↗
46. Yang, I. H.; Joh, C.; and Kim, B.-S., “Structural Behavior of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Beams Subjected to Bending,” Engineering Structures, V. 32, No. 11, 2010, pp. 3478-3487. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.07.01710.1016/j.engstruct.2010.07.017 ↗
47. Yang, I.-H.; Park, J.; Bui, T. Q.; Kim, K.-C.; Joh, C.; and Lee, H., “An Experimental Study on the Ductility and Flexural Toughness of Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete Beams Subjected to Bending,” Materials, V. 13, No. 10, 2020, p. 2225. doi: 10.3390/ma1310222510.3390/ma13102225 ↗
48. Yavas, A., and Goker, C. O., “Impact of Reinforcement Ratio on Shear Behavior of I-Shaped UHPC Beams with and without Fiber Shear Reinforcement,” Materials, V. 13, No. 7, 2020, p. 1525. doi: 10.3390/ma1307152510.3390/ma13071525 ↗
49. Yoo, D.-Y., and Yoon, Y.-S., “Structural Performance of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Beams with Different Steel Fibers,” Engineering Structures, V. 102, 2015, pp. 409-423. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.08.02910.1016/j.engstruct.2015.08.029 ↗
50. Yoo, D.-Y.; Banthia, N.; and Yoon, Y.-S., “Experimental and Numerical Study on Flexural Behavior of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams with Low Reinforcement Ratios,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, V. 44, No. 1, 2017, pp. 18-28. doi: 10.1139/cjce-2015-038410.1139/cjce-2015-0384 ↗
51. Yoo, D.-Y.; Banthia, N.; and Yoon, Y.-S., “Flexural Behavior of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced with GFRP and Steel Rebars,” Engineering Structures, V. 111, 2016, pp. 246-262. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.12.00310.1016/j.engstruct.2015.12.003 ↗
52. Yoo, D.-Y.; Banthia, N.; and Yoon, Y.-S., “Predicting Service Deflection of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced with GFRP Bars,” Composites Part B: Engineering, V. 99, 2016, pp. 381-397. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.06.01310.1016/j.compositesb.2016.06.013 ↗
53. Dogu, M., and Menkulasi, F., “Flexural Response of UHPC Beams Post-Tensioned with Internal Unbonded Tendons: Experimental Study,” Engineering Structures, V. 296, 2023, p. 116895. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.11689510.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116895 ↗
54. El-Helou, R. G., and Graybeal, B. A., “Flexural Behavior and Design of Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete Beams,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 148, No. 4, 2022, p. 04022013. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.000324610.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003246 ↗
55. Fang, Z.; Tian, X.; and Peng, F., “Flexural Strength of Prestressed Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Beams,” Engineering Structures, V. 279, 2023, p. 115612. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.11561210.1016/j.engstruct.2023.115612 ↗
56. Giesler, A. J.; McGinnis, M. J.; and Weldon, B. D., “Flexural Behavior and Analysis of Prestressed Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Beams Made from Locally Available Materials,” PCI Journal, V. 63, No. 6, 2018, pp. 66-80. doi: 10.15554/pcij63.6-0210.15554/pcij63.6-02 ↗
57. Graybeal, B. A., “Flexural Behavior of an Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete I-Girder,” Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE, V. 13, No. 6, 2008, pp. 602-610. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2008)13:6(602)10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2008)13:6(602) ↗
58. Jia, L.; Fang, Z.; Huang, Z.; Pilakoutas, K.; Wang, Q.; and Tan, X., “Flexural Behavior of UHPC Beams Prestressed with External CFRP Tendons,” Applied Sciences, V. 11, No. 19, 2021, p. 9189. doi: 10.3390/app1119918910.3390/app11199189 ↗
59. Jia, L.; Fang, Z.; Hu, R.; Pilakoutas, K.; and Huang, Z., “Fatigue Behavior of UHPC Beams Prestressed with External CFRP Tendons,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 26, No. 5, 2022, p. 04022066. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.000126110.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001261 ↗
60. Li, H.; Li, L.; Fan, X.; Ye, M.; Shao, X.; and Yi, L., “Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Flexural Behavior of a Large-Scale Prestressed UHPC T-Shaped Girder,” Engineering Structures, V. 272, 2022, p. 115027. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.11502710.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115027 ↗
61. Sturm, A. B.; Visintin, P.; Seracino, R.; Lucier, G. W.; and Oehlers, D. J., “Flexural Performance of Pretensioned Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams with CFRP Tendons,” Composite Structures, V. 243, 2020, p. 112223. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.11222310.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112223 ↗
62. Su, J.; Ma, X.-i.; Chen, B.; and Sennah, K., “Full-Scale Bending Test and Parametric Study on a 30-M Span Prestressed Ultra-High Performance Concrete Box Girder,” Advances in Structural Engineering, V. 23, No. 7, 2020, pp. 1276-1289. doi: 10.1177/136943321989424410.1177/1369433219894244 ↗
63. Sun, X.; Ma, Y.; Jiang, F.; Fan, X.; and Wu, H., “Bending Resistance Mechanism of Prestressed Ultra-High Performance Concrete - Reinforced Concrete Beam Based on a Full-Scale Experiment,” Advances in Structural Engineering, V. 27, No. 10, 2024, pp. 1746-1761. doi: 10.1177/1369433224123757810.1177/13694332241237578 ↗
64. Xiong, X.; He, L.; and Bao, L., “Experimental Study on Flexural Behavior of Full-Scale Retard-Bonded Prestressed UHPC Variable Section Cantilever Beams,” Engineering Structures, V. 284, 2023, p. 115943. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.11594310.1016/j.engstruct.2023.115943 ↗
65. Yang, I.-H.; Joh, C.; and Kim, B.-S., “Flexural Strength of Large-Scale Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Prestressed T-Beams,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, V. 38, No. 11, 2011, pp. 1185-1195. doi: 10.1139/l11-07810.1139/l11-078 ↗
66. Ye, M.; Li, L.; Hu, F.; Shao, X.; and Tang, J., “Flexural Behavior of a Fully Prefabricated Lightweight UHPC Bent Cap,” Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE, V. 25, No. 10, 2020, p. 04020085. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.000160510.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001605 ↗
67. Visintin, P.; Mohamad Ali, M. S.; Xie, T.; and Sturm, A. B., “Experimental Investigation of Moment Redistribution in Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 166, 2018, pp. 433-444. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.15610.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.156 ↗
68. Kunieda, M.; Hussein, M.; Ueda, N.; and Nakamura, H., “Enhancement of Crack Distribution of UHP-SHCC under Axial Tension Using Steel Reinforcement,” Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, V. 8, No. 1, 2010, pp. 49-57. doi: 10.3151/jact.8.4910.3151/jact.8.49 ↗
69. Bian, C., and Wang, J.-Y., “Mechanical and Damage Mechanisms of Reinforced Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Under Tensile Loading,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 226, 2019, pp. 259-279. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.16210.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.162 ↗
70. Qiu, M.; Zhang, Y.; Qu, S.; Zhu, Y.; and Shao, X., “Effect of Reinforcement Ratio, Fiber Orientation, and Fiber Chemical Treatment on the Direct Tension Behavior of Rebar-Reinforced UHPC,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 256, 2020, p. 119311. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.11931110.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119311 ↗
71. Shao, Y., and Billington, S. L., “Utilizing Full UHPC Compressive Strength in Steel Reinforced UHPC Beams,” Second International Interactive Symposium on UHPC, V. 2, No. 1, 2019. doi: 10.21838/uhpc.969910.21838/uhpc.969910.21838/uhpc.9699 ↗
72. Park, R., “Ductility Evaluation from Laboratory and Analytical Testing,” Proceedings of Ninth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, V. 8, 1988, pp. 605-616.
73. Feng, P.; Qiang, H.; and Ye, L., “Discussion and Definition on Yield Points of Materials, Members, and Structures,” Gongcheng Lixue, V. 34, No. 3, 2017, pp. 36-46. doi: 1000-4750(2017)03-0036-11
74. Naaman, A. E., and Jeong. S. M., “Structural Ductility of Concrete Beams Prestressed with FRP Tendons,” Non-Metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, first edition, 1995, p. 379-386.
75. Huang, H.; Gao, X.; and Khayat, K. H., “Contribution of Fiber Alignment on Flexural Properties of UHPC and Prediction Using the Composite Theory,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 118, 2021, p. 103971. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.10397110.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.103971 ↗
76. Huang, H.; Gao, X.; Li, L.; and Wang, H., “Improvement Effect of Steel Fiber Orientation Control on Mechanical Performance of UHPC,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 188, 2018, pp. 709-721. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.14610.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.146 ↗
77. Kim, D. J.; Park, S. H.; Ryu, G. S.; and Koh, K. T., “Comparative Flexural Behavior of Hybrid Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Different Macro Fibers,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 25, No. 11, 2011, pp. 4144-4155. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.05110.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.051 ↗
78. Wu, Z.; Khayat, K. H.; and Shi, C., “How do Fiber Shape and Matrix Composition Affect Fiber Pullout Behavior and Flexural Properties of UHPC?” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 90, 2018, pp. 193-201. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.03.02110.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.03.021 ↗
79. Fang, H.; Gu, M.; Zhang, S.; Jiang, H.; Fang, Z.; and Hu, J., “Effects of Steel Fiber and Specimen Geometric Dimensions on the Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete,” Materials, V. 15, No. 9, 2022, p. 3027. doi: 10.3390/ma1509302710.3390/ma15093027 ↗
80. NF P 18-710, “National Addition to Eurocode 2 — Design of Concrete Structures: Specific Rules for Ultra-High Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC),” Association Française de Normalization, Paris, France, 2016.
81. SIA 2052, “Recommendation: Ultra-High Performance Fibre-Reinforced Cement-Based Composites (UHPFRC) Construction Material, Dimensioning, and Application,” Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2016.
82. CSA S6:19, “Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code,” CSA Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2019, 1182 p.