Studies on Base Restrained Walls and Tanks Subjected to Shrinkage

1. Klemczak, B., and Jędrzejewska, A., “Early Age Thermal and Shrinkage Cracks in Concrete Structures - Description of the Problem,” Architecture Civil Engineering Environment, V. 4, 2011, pp. 35-47.

2. Jędrzejewska, A.; Kanavaris, F.; Zych, M.; Schlicke, D.; and Azenha, M., “Experiences on Early Age Cracking of Wall-On-Slab Concrete Structures,” Structures, V. 27, 2020, pp. 2520-2549. doi: 10.1016/j.istruc.2020.06.01310.1016/j.istruc.2020.06.013 ↗

3. Klemczak, B.; Flaga, K.; and Knoppik-Wróbel, A., “Analytical Model for Evaluation of Thermal-Shrinkage Strains and Stresses in RC Wall-on-Slab Structures,” Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, V. 17, No. 1, 2017, pp. 75-95. doi: 10.1016/j.acme.2016.08.00610.1016/j.acme.2016.08.006 ↗

4. Stoffers, H., “Cracking Due to Shrinkage and Temperature Variation in Walls,” Heron, V. 23, No. 3, 1978.

5. Kheder, G. F., “A New Look at the Control of Volume Change Cracking of Base Restrained Concrete Walls,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 94, No. 3, May-June 1997, pp. 262-271.10.14359/478 ↗

6. Micallef, M.; Vollum, R. L.; and Izzuddin, B. A., “Crack Development in Transverse Loaded Base-Restrained Reinforced Concrete Walls,” Engineering Structures, V. 143, 2017, pp. 522-539. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.04.03510.1016/j.engstruct.2017.04.035 ↗

7. Shehzad, M. K., “Influence of Vertical Steel Reinforcement on the Behaviour of Edge Restrained Reinforced Concrete Walls,” doctoral thesis, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK, 2018.

8. Shariff, M. N., and Menon, D., “Experimental Studies on Creep and Shrinkage Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Walls,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 117, No. 3, May 2020, pp. 249-260.10.14359/51721376 ↗

9. Elwakeel, A.; Shehzad, M.; El Khoury, K.; Vollum, R.; Forth, J.; Izzuddin, B.; and Nikitas, N., “Assessment of Cracking Performance in Edge Restrained RC Walls,” Structural Concrete, V. 23, No. 3, 2022, pp. 1333-1352. doi: 10.1002/suco.20210068810.1002/suco.202100688 ↗

10. EN 1992-3, “Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures - Part 3: Liquid Retaining and Containment Structures,” European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium, 2006, pp. 19-20.

11. Pettersson, D., and Thelandersson, S., “Crack Development in Concrete Structures Due to Imposed Strains—Part I: Modelling,” Materials and Structures, V. 34, No. 1, 2001, pp. 7-13. doi: 10.1007/BF0248219410.1007/BF02482194 ↗

12. Pettersson, D., and Thelandersson, S., “Crack Development in Concrete Structures Due to Imposed Strains—Part II: Parametric Study of a Wall Fully Restrained at the Base,” Materials and Structures, V. 34, No. 1, 2001, pp. 14-20. doi: 10.1007/BF0248219510.1007/BF02482195 ↗

13. Kianoush, R.; Acarcan, M.; and Ziari, A., “Behavior of Base Restrained Reinforced Concrete Walls under Volumetric Change,” Engineering Structures, V. 30, No. 6, 2008, pp. 1526-1534. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.10.00910.1016/j.engstruct.2007.10.009 ↗

14. Frosch, R. J., “Another Look at Cracking and Crack Control in Reinforced Concrete,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 96, No. 3, May-June 1999, pp. 437-442.10.14359/679 ↗

15. Gottsäter, E.; Johansson, M.; Plos, M.; and Larsson Ivanov, O., “Crack Widths in Base Restrained Walls Subjected to Restraint Loading,” Engineering Structures, V. 189, 2019, pp. 272-285. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.03.08910.1016/j.engstruct.2019.03.089 ↗

16. DIANA FEA, “DIANA 10.9, User’s Manual–Release 10.9,” Delft, the Netherlands, 2023.

17. Kanavaris, F.; Jędrzejewska, A.; Sfikas, I. P.; Schlicke, D.; Kuperman, S.; Šmilauer, V.; Honório, T.; Fairbairn, E. M. R.; Valentim, G.; Funchal de Faria, E.; and Azenha, M., “Enhanced Massivity Index Based on Evidence from Case Studies: Towards a Robust Pre-Design Assessment of Early-Age Thermal Cracking Risk and Practical Recommendations,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 271, 2021, p. 121570. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.12157010.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121570 ↗

18. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary (ACI 318-19) (Reapproved 2022),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2019, 624 pp.

19. ACI Committee 350, “Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures (ACI 350-20),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2020, 544 pp.

20. “IS 3370 (Part 2): 2000 Indian,” Standard Concrete Structures for Storage of Liquids: Part 2 Reinforced Concrete Structures (First Revision),” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 2009.

21. AS 3600-2018, “Concrete Structures,” Standards Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2018, 176 pp.

22. ASTM C143/C143M-03, “Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2003.

23. ASTM C39/C39M-21, “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2021.

24. ASTM C469/C469M-14, “Standard Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete in Compression,” ASTM International. West Conshohocken, PA, 2014.

25. ASTM C496/C496M-17, “Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017.

26. Carmona, S., “Effect of Specimen Size and Loading Conditions on Indirect Tensile Test Results,” Materiales de Construcción, V. 59, No. 294, 2009, pp. 7-18. doi: 10.3989/mc.2009.4330710.3989/mc.2009.43307 ↗

27. ASTM C78/C78M-21, “Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading),” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2021.

28. Vecchio, F. J., and Collins, M. P., “The Modified Compression-Field Theory for Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to Shear,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 83, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 1986, pp. 219-231.10.14359/10416 ↗

29. Rots, J. G., “Computational Modeling of Concrete Fracture,” doctoral thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands, 1988.

30. Willam, K., and Pramono, E.; and Sture, S., “Fundamental Issues of Smeared Crack Models,” Fracture of Concrete and Rock, S. P. Shah and S. E. Swartz, ed., Springer New York, New York, 1989. pp. 142-157.10.1007/978-1-4612-3578-1_15 ↗

31. Li, Y.-J., and Zimmerman, T., “Numerical Evaluation of the Rotating Crack Model,” Computers & Structures, V. 69, No. 4, 1998, pp. 487-497. doi: 10.1016/S0045-7949(98)00118-710.1016/S0045-7949(98)00118-7 ↗

32. fib, “Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010,” Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, Germany, 2013.10.1002/9783433604090 ↗

33. Bažant, Z., and Oh, B., “Crack Band Theory for Fracture of Concrete,” Matériaux et Constructions, V. 16, No. 3, 1983, pp. 155-177. doi: 10.1007/BF0248626710.1007/BF02486267 ↗

34. BS 8007, “Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Concrete for Retaining Aqueous Liquids,” British Standards Institution, London, UK, 1987.

35. Kheder, G. F., and Fadhil, S. A., “Strategic Reinforcement for Controlling Volume-Change Cracking in Base-Restrained Concrete Walls,” Materials and Structures, V. 23, No. 5, 1990, pp. 358-363. doi: 10.1007/BF0247271510.1007/BF02472715 ↗

36. ACI Committee 207, “Report on Thermal and Volume Change Effects on Cracking of Mass Concrete (ACI 207.2R-07),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2007, 28 pp.

37. ACI Committee 224, “Control of Cracking in Concrete Structures (ACI 224.1R-07),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2007.

38. Gergely, P., and Lutz, L. A., “Maximum Crack Width in Reinforced Concrete Flexural Members,” Causes, Mechanism, and Control of Cracking in Concrete, SP-20, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1968, pp. 87-117.

39. EN 1992-1-1, “Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures - Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings,” European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium, 2007.

40. Bamforth, P. B., Control of Cracking Caused by Restrained Deformation in Concrete, CIRIA C766, London, UK, 2018.

41. Bamforth, P. B., Early Age Thermal Crack Control in Concrete, CIRIA C660, London, UK, 2007.