Strength and Detailing of Beams with High-Strength Headed and Hooked Stirrups
Source abstract
Abstract
Thirty-nine large-scale reinforced concrete beams were tested under monotonic three-point bending to investigate the use of stirrups with mechanical anchors (heads) or hooks and Grade 80 (550) reinforcing steel. Grade 60 and 80 (420 and 550) No. 3, No. 4, and No. 6 (0.375, 0.5, and 0.75 in. [10, 13, and 19 mm]) bars were used as stirrups, which were spaced at one-quarter to one-half of the member effective depth. Other variables included beam depth (12 to 48 in. [310 to 1220 mm]), beam width (24 and 42 in. [620 and 1070 mm]), longitudinal reinforcement strain corresponding to the nominal beam shear strength (nominally 0.0011, 0.0017, or 0.018), and concrete compressive strength (4000 and 10,000 psi [28 and 69 MPa]). Headed stirrups that: a) engage (are in contact with) the longitudinal bars; or b) have a side cover of at least six headed bar diameters and at least one longitudinal bar within the side cover, produce equivalent shear strengths as hooked stirrups, and both details allow stirrups to yield. The results affirm that beams designed for the same Vn with either Grade 60 or 80 (420 or 550) stirrups exhibit equivalent shear strengths. A nominal shear strength based on a concrete contribution equal to 2√ fcbwd may be unconservative when ρ1fytm < 85 psi (0.59 MPa) in members with a/d = 3, h ≥ 36 in. (910 mm), ρ < 1.5%, and no skin reinforcement.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Structural Load-Bearing Analysis · Structural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete · Structural Analysis and Optimization
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (33)
Show source-provided references
1. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19) (Reapproved 2022),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2019, 624 pp.
2. fib, “fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010,” International Federation for Structural Concrete, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2013, 434 pp.10.1002/9783433604090 ↗
3. Al-Sabawy, A.; Lequesne, R. D.; O’Reilly, M.; Darwin, D.; and Lepage, A., “Headed and High-Strength Shear Reinforcement in Concrete Members,” SM Report No. 139, The University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc., Lawrence, KS, May 2020, 498 pp.
4. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary (ACI 318R-08),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008, 473 pp.
5. ASTM A970/A970M-18, “Standard Specification for Headed Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018, 10 pp.
6. ASTM A1044/A1044M-16aε1, “Standard Specification for Steel Stud Assemblies for Shear Reinforcement of Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016, 5 pp.
7. Zheng, L., “Shear Tests to Investigate Stirrup Spacing Limits,” master’s thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1989.
8. Monteleone, V., “Headed Shear Reinforcement in Shell Elements under Reversed Cyclic Loading,” master’s thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1993.
9. Marzouk, H., and Jiang, D., “Experimental Investigation on Shear Enhancement Types for High-Strength Concrete Plates,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 94, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 1997, pp. 49-58.10.14359/460 ↗
10. Dyken, T., and Kepp, B., “Properties of T-Headed Reinforcing Bars in High Strength Concrete,” Nordic Concrete Research, Publication No. 7, 1988, pp. 41-51.
11. Berner, D. E.; Gerwick, B. C. Jr.; and Hoff, G. C., “T-Headed Stirrup Bars,” Concrete International, V. 13, No. 5, May 1991, pp. 49-53.
12. Yoshida, Y., “Shear Reinforcement for Large Lightly Reinforced Concrete Members,” master’s thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2000, 160 pp.
13. Kim, Y. H.; Yoon, Y. S.; Cook, W. D.; and Mitchell, D., “Repeated Loading Tests of Concrete Walls Containing Headed Shear Reinforcement,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 130, No. 8, Aug. 2004, pp. 1233-1241. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:8(1233)10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:8(1233) ↗
14. Lubell, A. S.; Bentz, E. C.; and Collins, M. P., “Headed Shear Reinforcement Assemblies for One-Way Shear,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 106, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2009, pp. 878-886.10.14359/51663189 ↗
15. Yang, J. M.; Min, K. H.; Shin, H. O.; and Yoon, Y. S., “The Use of T-Headed Bars in High-Strength Concrete Members,” Proceedings of Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures – High Performance, Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Special Loadings, and Structural Applications (FraMCos-7), B. H. Oh, ed., Jeju, South Korea, 2010, pp. 1328-1334.
16. Yang, Y., “Shear Strength and Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Structures with T-Headed Bars in Safety-Related Nuclear Facilities,” PhD thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2015.
17. ASTM A615/A615M-09a, “Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2009, 6 pp.
18. ASTM A706/A706M-09a, “Standard Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2009, 6 pp.
19. Sumpter, M. S.; Rizkalla, S. H.; and Zia, P., “Behavior of High-Performance Steel as Shear Reinforcement for Concrete Beams,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 106, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2009, pp. 171-177.10.14359/56355 ↗
20. Lee, J.-Y.; Choi, I.-J.; and Kim, S.-W., “Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams with High-Strength Stirrups,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 108, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2011, pp. 620-629.10.14359/51683219 ↗
21. Munikrishna, A.; Hosny, A.; Rizkalla, S.; and Zia, P., “Behavior of Concrete Beams Reinforced with ASTM A1035 Grade 100 Stirrups under Shear,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 108, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2011, pp. 34-41.10.14359/51664200 ↗
22. Desalegne, A. S., and Lubell, A. S., “Shear in Concrete Beams Reinforced with High-Performance Steel,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 112, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2015, pp. 783-792. doi: 10.14359/5168779810.14359/51687798 ↗
23. Lee, J.-Y.; Lee, D. H.; Lee, J.-E.; and Choi, S.-H., “Shear Behavior and Diagonal Crack Width for Reinforced Concrete Beams with High-Strength Shear Reinforcement,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 112, No. 3, May-June 2015, pp. 323-334. doi: 10.14359/5168742210.14359/51687422 ↗
24. Proestos, G. T.; Bae, G.-M.; Cho, J.-Y.; Bentz, E. C.; and Collins, M. P., “Influence of High-Strength Bars on Shear Response of Containment Walls,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 113, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2016, pp. 917-927. doi: 10.14359/5168875010.14359/51688750 ↗
25. Shin, D.; Haroon, M.; Kim, C.; Lee, B.-S.; and Lee, J.-Y., “Shear Strength Reduction of Large-Scale Reinforced Concrete Beams with High-Strength Stirrups,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 116, No. 5, Sept. 2019, pp. 161-172. doi: 10.14359/5171675910.14359/51716759 ↗
26. Lee, J.-Y.; Lee, J.-H.; Lee, D. H.; Hong, S.-J.; and Kim, H.-Y., “Practicability of Large-Scale Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Grade 80 Stirrups,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 115, No. 1, Jan. 2018, pp. 269-280.10.14359/51701147 ↗
27. Lequesne, R. D.; O’Reilly, M.; Darwin, D.; Lepage, A.; Al-Sabawy, A.; Guillen, E.; and Spradling, D., “Use of Headed Bars as Shear Reinforcement,” SM Report No. 126, The University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc., Lawrence, KS, 2018, 265 pp.
28. ASTM E8/E8M-22, “Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2022, 31 pp.
29. ASTM A615/A615M-22, “Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2022, 8 pp.
30. Reineck, K.-H.; Bentz, E.; Fitik, B.; Kuchma, D. A.; and Bayrak, O., “ACI-DAfStb Databases for Shear Tests on Slender Reinforced Concrete Beams with Stirrups,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 111, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2014, pp. 1147-1156. doi: 10.14359/5168681910.14359/51686819 ↗
31. Angelakos, D.; Bentz, E. C.; and Collins, M. P., “Effect of Concrete Strength and Minimum Stirrups on Shear Strength of Large Members,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 98, No. 3, May-June 2001, pp. 290-300.10.14359/10220 ↗
32. Lubell, A. S., “Shear in Wide Reinforced Concrete Members,” PhD dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2006.
33. Reineck, K.-H.; Bentz, E. C.; Fitik, B.; Kuchma, D. A.; and Bayrak, O., “ACI-DAfStb Database of Shear Tests on Slender Reinforced Concrete Beams without Stirrups,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 110, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2013, pp. 867-876.10.14359/51685839 ↗