Shear Strength of Precast Concrete Sleepers Prestressed with Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Rods Using Normal and Fiber-Reinforced Self-Consolidating Concrete

1. AAR, 2023, Provides statistical data on railway maintenance costs in the US, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC.

2. AASHTO, 2018, “AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Guide Specifications for GFRP-Reinforced Concrete (second edition),” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.

3. ACI Committee 318, 2019, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19) (Reapproved 2022),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 624 pp.

4. ACI Committee 440, 2004, “Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP Tendons (ACI 440.4R-04) (Reapproved 2011),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 35 pp.

5. ACI Committee 440, 2015, “Guide for the Design and Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced with FRP Bars (ACI 440.1R-15),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 88 pp.

6. ACI Committee 440, 2022, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete Reinforced with Glass Fiber-Reinforced (GFRP) Bars—Code and Commentary (ACI CODE-440.11-22),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 260 pp.

7. Ali, A. H.; Mohamed, H. M.; Chalioris, C. E.; and Deifalla, A., 2021, “Evaluating the Shear Design Equations of FRP-Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement,” Engineering Structures, V. 235, p. 112017. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.11201710.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112017 ↗

8. AREMA, 2014, “Manual for Railway Engineering,” American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association, Lanham, MD.

9. ASTM C1116/C1116M, 2023, “Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

10. ASTM C39/C39M, 2021, “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

11. ASTM D7205/D7205M, 2021, “Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Bars,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

12. ASTM D8505/D8505M, 2023, “Standard Specification for Basalt and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Bars for Concrete Reinforcement,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

13. Benmokrane, B.; Elgabbas, F.; Ahmed, E. A.; and Cousin, P., 2015, “Characterization and Comparative Durability Study of Glass/Vinylester, Basalt/Vinylester, and Basalt/Epoxy FRP Bars,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 19, No. 6, p. 04015008. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.000056410.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000564 ↗

14. CSA S6, 2019, “Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code,” CSA Group, Toronto, ON, Canada.

15. CSA S806-12(R2021), 2021, “Design and Construction of Building Structures with Fiber Reinforced Polymers,” CSA Group, Toronto, ON, Canada.

16. CSA S807, 2019, “Specification for Fibre Reinforced Polymer,” CSA Group, Toronto, ON, Canada.

17. Dadvar, S. A.; Mousa, S.; Mohamed, H. M.; Yahia, A.; and Benmokrane, B., 2025, “Eccentric Loading Behavior of Fibrous Self-Consolidated Concrete Columns Reinforced with Basalt FRP (BFRP) Bars and Spirals,” Engineering Structures, V. 325, p. 119408. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.11940810.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119408 ↗

18. El Refai, A.; Alnahhal, W.; Al-Hamrani, A.; and Hamed, S., 2022, “Shear Performance of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced with BFRP Bars,” Composite Structures, V. 288, p. 115443. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.11544310.1016/j.compstruct.2022.115443 ↗

19. El Zareef, M. A.; Elbisy, M. S.; and Badawi, M., 2021, “Evaluation of Code Provisions Predicting the Concrete Shear Strength of FRP-Reinforced Members without Shear Reinforcement,” Composite Structures, V. 275, p. 114430. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.11443010.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114430 ↗

20. Hadhood, A.; Mohamed, H. M.; Mwiseneza, C.; and Benmokrane, B., 2021, “Performance of Innovative Precast Concrete Sleepers Prestressed with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcing Bars,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 118, No. 1, Jan., pp. 277-288.10.14359/51728186 ↗

21. Hassan, A. A. A.; Hossain, K. M. A.; and Lachemi, M., 2008, “Behavior of Full-Scale Self-Consolidating Concrete Beams in Shear,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 30, No. 7, pp. 588-596. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.03.00510.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.03.005 ↗

22. Hoult, N. A.; Sherwood, E. G.; Bentz, E. C.; and Collins, M. P., 2008, “Does the Use of FRP Reinforcement Change the One-Way Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Slabs?” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 12, No. 2, pp. 125-133. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2008)12:2(125)10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2008)12:2(125) ↗

23. Ibrahim, B.; Mousa, S.; Mohamed, H. M.; and Benmokrane, B., 2023, “Performance of Precast FRC Tunnel Lining Segments Reinforced with GFRP Bars under Quasi-Static Cyclic Flexural Loading,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 27, No. 6, p. 04023059. doi: 10.1061/JCCOF2.CCENG-410810.1061/JCCOF2.CCENG-4108 ↗

24. Kampmann, R.; Telikapalli, S.; Ruiz Emparanza, A.; Schmidt, A.; and Dulebenets, M. A., 2021, “Tensile Properties of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcing Bars for Reinforcement of Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 118, No. 1, Jan., pp. 111-126.10.14359/51729288 ↗

25. Mehany, S.; Mohamed, H. M.; and Benmokrane, B., 2023, “Flexural Behavior and Serviceability Performance of Lightweight Self-Consolidating Concrete Beams Reinforced with Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 120, No. 3, May, pp. 47-60.10.14359/51738502 ↗

26. Mofidi, A.; Chaallal, O.; Benmokrane, B.; and Neale, K., 2012, “Experimental Tests and Design Model for RC Beams Strengthened in Shear Using the Embedded Through-Section FRP Method,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 16, No. 5, pp. 540-550. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.000029210.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000292 ↗

27. Mohamed, A.; Mehany, S.; Mohamed, H. M.; Bakouregui, A. S.; and Benmokrane, B., 2025, “Creep Rupture Strength of Newly Developed Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) Rods,” The 9th International Conference on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures (ACMBS-IX), Winnipeg, MB, Canada, 10 pp.

28. Németh, A.; Ibrahim, S. K.; Movahedi Rad, M.; Szalai, S.; Major, Z.; Kocsis Szürke, S.; Jóvér, V.; Sysyn, M.; Kurhan, D.; Harrach, D.; Baranyai, G.; Fekete, I.; Nagy, R.; Csótár, H.; Madarász, K.; Pollák, A.; Molnár, B.; Hermán, B.; Kuczmann, M.; Gáspár, L.; and Fischer, S., 2024, “Laboratory and Numerical Investigation of Pre-Tensioned Reinforced Concrete Railway Sleepers Combined with Plastic Fiber Reinforcement,” Polymers, V. 16, No. 11, p. 1498. doi: 10.3390/polym1611149810.3390/polym16111498 ↗

29. Ozturk, B.; Sahin, H. E.; and Yildiz, C., 2012, “Seismic Performance Assessment of Industrial Structures in Turkey Using the Fragility Curves,” 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 1-7.

30. Ozturk, B. A. K. İ.; Senturk, T.; and Yilmaz, C., 2010, “Analytical Investigation of Effect of Retrofit Application Using CFRP on Seismic Behavior of a Monumental Building at Historical Cappadocia Region of Turkey,” 9th US National and 10th Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada, pp. 25-29.

31. Park, S. H.; Posluszny, R.; Mander, J. B.; and Hurlebaus, S., 2021, “Improving Serviceability of Concrete Railroad Ties Using Prestressed AFRP Strands,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 280, p. 122396. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.12239610.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122396 ↗

32. Peng, F., and Xue, W., 2022, “Experimental Investigation on Shear Behavior of FRP Prestressed Concrete Beams with Shear Reinforcements,” Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE, V. 27, No. 10, p. 04022084. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.000193010.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001930 ↗

33. Pultrall Inc, 2023, “Data Sheet,” www.pultrall.com.

34. Ruiz Emparanza, A.; McMahon, B.; and Nanni, A., 2021, “Basalt FRP Reinforcement in Concrete Topping Slabs in a Commercial Building,” Concrete International, V. 43, No. 12, Dec., pp. 28-33.10.14359/51734359 ↗

35. Sokairge, H.; Elgabbas, F.; Rashad, A.; and Elshafie, H., 2020, “Long-Term Creep Behavior of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bars,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 260, p. 120437. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.12043710.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120437 ↗

36. Tureyen, A. K., and Frosch, R. J., 2002, “Shear Tests of FRP-Reinforced Concrete Beams without Stirrups,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 99, No. 4, pp. 427-434.10.14359/12111 ↗