journal article·2025-02-28

Dynamic recrystallization behavior of TC21 titanium alloy

Rui Deng, Song Xue, Minglong Xu, Zenong Li, Shaoxiang He, Ying Zhang, Rongchao Li, Qiankun Li

Journal of Materials Research· Volume 40· Issue 4
Publisher page

Abstract

This study investigated the dynamic recrystallization behavior of TC21 titanium alloy in the dual-phase region (850–930 °C) through thermal compression tests, analyzed the softening mechanism behavior through the stress–strain curve and microstructure, and then calculated the hot deformation activation energy of the material. Kinetics model was established. Dynamic recrystallization simulation was conducted using DEFORM-3D finite element software. The dynamic recrystallization of TC21 titanium alloy occurred in the dual-phase region was revealed by combining microstructure analysis and the value of thermal deformation activation energy. The predicted values of the dynamic recrystallization volume fraction model show a correlation coefficient of 0.967 with experimental values. By comparing grain size, the simulation and experimental results indicated that the grain size error is approximately 10.8%, demonstrating a certain level of reliability for kinetics model. Under the deformation conditions of deformation temperature is 890 °C and strain rates of 0.1 and 1 s−1, relatively uniform and fine microstructure can be obtained.Graphical Abstract
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Metallurgy and Material Forming · Titanium Alloys Microstructure and Properties · Microstructure and mechanical properties

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (33)

Show source-provided references
1. Y. Li, Y. Zhao, W. Zeng, Application and development trend of aviation titanium alloy. Mater. Rep. 34(Z1), 280–282 (2020). (In Chinease)
2. D. Banerjee, J.C. Williams, Perspectives on titanium science and technology. Acta Mater. 61(3), 844–879 (2013)10.1016/j.actamat.2012.10.043 ↗
3. C. Cui, B. Hu, L. Zhao et al., Titanium alloy production technology, market prospects and industry development. Mater. Des. 32(3), 1684–1691 (2011)10.1016/j.matdes.2010.09.011 ↗
4. Y. Zhao, G. Yang, Some titanium alloys developed by Northwest Institute of Nonferrous Metals and their industrialization. Titanium Ind. Prog. 23(05), 14–18 (2006). (In Chinease)
5. Z. Wu, H. Kou, N. Chen et al., Recent developments in cold dwell fatigue of titanium alloys for aero-engine applications: a review. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 20, 469–484 (2022)10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.07.094 ↗
6. J. Zeng, F. Wang, S. Dong et al., A new dynamic recrystallization kinetics model of cast-homogenized magnesium alloys. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 52(1), 316–331 (2020)10.1007/s11661-020-06064-w ↗
7. J.I. Choe, Constitutive relations for determining the critical conditions for dynamic recrystallization behavior. Phys. Met. Metallogr. 117(4), 364–370 (2016)10.1134/S0031918X16040037 ↗
8. M. Chegini, S.M. Fatemi, N. Mollaei et al., The temperature dependence of cyclic dynamic recrystallization in as-extruded pure zinc. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 26, 9370–9379 (2023)10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.09.266 ↗
9. S. Mironov, M. Murzinova, S. Zherebtsov et al., Microstructure evolution during warm working of Ti–6Al–4V with a colony-α microstructure. Acta Mater. 57(8), 2470–2481 (2009)10.1016/j.actamat.2009.02.016 ↗
10. Y.C. Lin, Y.W. Xiao, Y.Q. Jiang et al., Spheroidization and dynamic recrystallization mechanisms of Ti-55511 alloy with bimodal microstructures during hot compression in α + β region. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 782, 139282 (2020)10.1016/j.msea.2020.139282 ↗
11. J. Luo, P. Ye, W.C. Han et al., Microstructure evolution and its effect on flow stress of TC17 alloy during deformation in α + β two-phase region. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 29(7), 1430–1438 (2019)10.1016/S1003-6326(19)65050-8 ↗
12. R. Ma, X. Zhang, Eliminating the lamellar microstructure and improving the mechanical properties by optimizing the spheroidization of titanium alloys. Mater Charact 212, 113950 (2024)10.1016/j.matchar.2024.113950 ↗
13. X. Li, C. Qiu, Y. Liu et al., Effect of thermal deformation on microstructure and properties of TC18 titanium alloy produced by laser additive manufacturing. J. Iron. Steel Res. Int. 27(12), 1476–1484 (2020)10.1007/s42243-020-00456-3 ↗
14. C.L. Pu, G.H. Zhu, Y.L. Tao et al., Modeling of hot deformation behavior with dynamic recrystallization in TC4 titanium alloy. Int. J. Mater. Res. 106(8), 863–869 (2015)10.3139/146.111241 ↗
15. Z. Yi, C. Pan, Dynamic recrystallization behavior and model study of equiaxed fine grain structure TC4. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1676(1), 1–10 (2020)10.1088/1742-6596/1676/1/012159 ↗
16. T. Song, S. Xu, Y. Li et al., Hot deformation and dynamic recrystallization behavior of a Cu-9Ni-6Sn-0.04Cr alloy. Mater. Today Commun. 35, 105828 (2023)10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.105828 ↗
17. C. Tao, G. Zhou, H. Huang et al., Research on energy dissipation and dynamic recrystallization microstructure evolution behavior of NiTi alloy during hot deformation. Mater Charact 208, 113673 (2024)10.1016/j.matchar.2024.113673 ↗
18. Y. Zhao, B. Li, Z. Zhu et al., The high temperature deformation behavior and microstructure of TC21 titanium alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 527(21–22), 5360–5367 (2010)10.1016/j.msea.2010.05.076 ↗
19. Z. Yang, Y.C. Guo, J.P. Li et al., Plastic deformation and dynamic recrystallization behaviors of Mg–5Gd–4Y–0.5Zn–0.5Zr alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 485(1–2), 487–491 (2008)10.1016/j.msea.2007.08.069 ↗
20. X. Xia, K. Zhang, X. Li et al., Microstructure and texture of coarse-grained Mg–Gd–Y–Nd–Zr alloy after hot compression. Mater. Des. 44, 521–527 (2013)10.1016/j.matdes.2012.08.043 ↗
21. M. Roostaei, M.H. Parsa, R. Mahmudi et al., Hot compression behavior of GZ31 magnesium alloy. J. Alloy. Compd. 631, 1–6 (2015)10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.11.188 ↗
22. D. Zhang, X. Dong, Y. Xu et al., Dynamic recrystallization mechanism of Ti-6554 alloy during high-temperature deformation. J. Alloys Compd. 959, 170534 (2023)10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.170534 ↗
23. L. Wang, A. Jalar, L. Dan, Dynamic precipitation and dynamic recrystallization behaviors of Mg-Gd-Nd-Zr magnesium alloy during thermal compression deformation. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 26, 7634–7648 (2023)10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.09.111 ↗
24. X. Quelennec, E. Martin, L. Jiang et al., Work hardening and kinetics of dynamic recrystallization in hot deformed austenite. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 240, 012082 (2010)10.1088/1742-6596/240/1/012082 ↗
25. J. Hao, J. Zhang, B. Li et al., Effects of 14H LPSO phase on the dynamic recrystallization and work hardening behaviors of an extruded Mg–Zn–Y–Mn alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 804, 140727 (2021)10.1016/j.msea.2020.140727 ↗
26. X. Xu, L.-M. Dong, H.-B. Ba et al., Hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of beta C titanium alloy in β phase field. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 26(11), 2874–2882 (2016)10.1016/S1003-6326(16)64416-3 ↗
27. L.-L. Chang, L.-W. Zheng, Isothermal compression behavior and constitutive modeling of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe alloy. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 28(6), 1114–1122 (2018)10.1016/S1003-6326(18)64747-8 ↗
28. C.-X. Yue, L.-W. Zhang, S.-L. Liao et al., Research on the dynamic recrystallization behavior of GCr15 steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 499(1–2), 177–181 (2009)10.1016/j.msea.2007.11.123 ↗
29. E.I. Poliakt, J.J. Jonass, A one-parameter approach to determining the critical conditions for the initiation. Acta Mater. 44(1), 127–136 (1996)10.1016/1359-6454(95)00146-7 ↗
30. M. El Wahabi, J.M. Cabrera, J.M. Prado, Hot working of two AISI 304 steels a comparative study. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 343, 116–125 (2003)10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00357-X ↗
31. G.V.S.S. Prasad, M. Goerdeler, G. Gottstein, Work hardening model based on multiple dislocation densities. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 400–401, 231–233 (2005)10.1016/j.msea.2005.03.061 ↗
32. Z. Wang, X. Liu, F. Xie et al., Dynamic recrystallization behavior and critical strain of 51CrV4 high-strength spring steel during hot deformation. JOM 70(10), 2385–2391 (2018)10.1007/s11837-018-3054-2 ↗
33. Y. Xu, L. Hu, Y. Sun, Deformation behaviour and dynamic recrystallization of AZ61 magnesium alloy. J. Alloys Compd. 580, 262–269 (2013)10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.05.082 ↗