Mechanical performance of lithium metal anodes manufactured using two-dimensional and three-dimensional current collectors
Source abstract
Abstract
Lithium anodes are key to next-generation batteries owing to their inherently high capacities. However, conventional thin Li-Cu foil anodes face challenges in terms of electrochemical performance, as well as poor bulk mechanical properties that hinder manufacturability. 3D current collectors (3DCCs) have been demonstrated to improve cycling performance by accommodating volume expansion and modifying local current densities, but they can also act as embedded reinforcement for Li foils. In this study, uniaxial tensile tests have been performed to characterize the mechanical behavior of pristine Li foils, bare 2D/3DCCs, Li-2DCC foils, and a host of Li-3DCC composite anodes. We find that Li-3DCC mesh anodes exhibit high strength and superior toughness, with strain-hardening capacity (ductility) up to four times that of Li-2DCCs. Complementary fractographic analyses, to qualitatively study bonding/delamination, reveal that the high strength–ductility combination is due to the inherent 3DCC mechanical characteristics and the 3D geometry which allows for intimate Li–CC bonding.Graphical abstract
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advancements in Battery Materials · Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies · Advanced Battery Technologies Research
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (32)
Show source-provided references
1. H. Li, Z. Wang, L. Chen, X. Huang, Research on advanced materials for Li-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 21(45), 4593–4607 (2009)10.1002/adma.200901710 ↗
2. R. Wang, W. Cui, F. Chu, F. Wu, Lithium metal anodes: Present and future. J. Energy Chem. 48, 145–159 (2020)10.1016/j.jechem.2019.12.024 ↗
3. X. Gao, Y.N. Zhou, D. Han, J. Zhou, D. Zhou, W. Tang, J.B. Goodenough, Thermodynamic understanding of Li-dendrite formation. Joule 4(9), 1864–1879 (2020)
4. F. Guo, C. Wu, H. Chen, F. Zhong, X. Ai, H. Yang, J. Qian, Dendrite-free lithium deposition by coating a lithiophilic heterogeneous metal layer on lithium metal anode. Energy Storage Materials 24, 635–643 (2020)10.1016/j.ensm.2019.06.010 ↗
5. H. Liu, E. Wang, Q. Zhang, Y. Ren, X. Guo, L. Wang, H. Yu, Unique 3D nanoporous/macroporous structure Cu current collector for dendrite-free lithium deposition. Energy Storage Materials 17, 253–259 (2019)10.1016/j.ensm.2018.07.010 ↗
6. K. Schönherr, B. Schumm, F. Hippauf, R. Lissy, H. Althues, C. Leyens, S. Kaskel, Liquid lithium metal processing into ultrathin metal anodes for solid state batteries. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances 9, 100218 (2022)10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100218 ↗
7. J. Liu, Z. Bao, Y. Cui, E.J. Dufek, J.B. Goodenough, P. Khalifah, Q. Li, B.Y. Liaw, P. Liu, A. Manthiram et al., Pathways for practical high-energy long-cycling lithium metal batteries. Nat. Energy 4(3), 180–186 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0338-x10.1038/s41560-019-0338-x ↗
8. Q. Wang, B. Liu, Y. Shen, J. Wu, Z. Zhao, C. Zhong, W. Hu, Confronting the Challenges in Lithium Anodes for Lithium Metal Batteries. Adv Sci (Weinh) 8(17), e2101111 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202101111FromNLMPubMed-not-MEDLINE10.1002/advs.202101111FromNLMPubMed-not-MEDLINE ↗
9. J. Lopez, A. Pei, J.Y. Oh, G.N. Wang, Y. Cui, Z. Bao, Effects of Polymer Coatings on Electrodeposited Lithium Metal. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140(37), 11735–11744 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b06047FromNLMPubMednot-MEDLINE10.1021/jacs.8b06047FromNLMPubMednot-MEDLINE ↗
10. D. Li, H. Hu, B. Chen, W.-Y. Lai, Advanced Current Collector Materials for High-Performance Lithium Metal Anodes. Small 18(24), 2200010 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.20220001010.1002/smll.202200010 ↗
11. C. Luo, H. Hu, T. Zhang, S. Wen, R. Wang, Y. An, S.-S. Chi, J. Wang, C. Wang, J. Chang et al., Roll-To-Roll Fabrication of Zero-Volume-Expansion Lithium-Composite Anodes to Realize High-Energy-Density Flexible and Stable Lithium-Metal Batteries. Adv. Mater. 34(38), 2205677 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20220567710.1002/adma.202205677 ↗
12. T. Sedlatschek, J. Lian, W. Li, M. Jiang, T. Wierzbicki, M.Z. Bazant, J. Zhu, Large-deformation plasticity and fracture behavior of pure lithium under various stress states. Acta Mater. 208, 116730 (2021)10.1016/j.actamat.2021.116730 ↗
13. E.G. Herbert, S.A. Hackney, N.J. Dudney, P.S. Phani, Nanoindentation of high-purity vapor deposited lithium films: The elastic modulus. J. Mater. Res. 33(10), 1335–1346 (2018)10.1557/jmr.2018.83 ↗
14. C.D. Fincher, D. Ojeda, Y. Zhang, G.M. Pharr, M. Pharr, Mechanical properties of metallic lithium: from nano to bulk scales. Acta Mater. 186, 215–222 (2020)10.1016/j.actamat.2019.12.036 ↗
15. M. Lu, N. Kanazi, E. Lin, S. Xia, Size-and temperature-dependent mechanical properties of metallic lithium. Extreme Mechanics Letters 61, 102022 (2023)10.1016/j.eml.2023.102022 ↗
16. S. Ding, L. Fairgrieve-Park, O. Sendetskyi, M.D. Fleischauer, Compressive creep deformation of lithium foil at varied cell conditions. J. Power. Sources 488, 229404 (2021)10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229404 ↗
17. LePage, W. S., Chen, Y., Kazyak, E., Chen, K. H., Sanchez, A. J., Poli, A., ... & Dasgupta, N. P. (2019). Lithium mechanics: roles of strain rate and temperature and implications for lithium metal batteries. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 166(2), A89-A97.10.1149/2.0221902jes ↗
18. N. Boaretto, J. Almenara, A. Mikhalchan, R. Marcilla, J.J. Vilatela, A route to high-toughness battery electrodes. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2(8), 5889–5899 (2019)10.1021/acsaem.9b00906 ↗
19. R.M. Gao, H. Yang, C.Y. Wang, H. Ye, F.F. Cao, Z.P. Guo, Fatigue-Resistant Interfacial Layer for Safe Lithium Metal Batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(48), 25508–25513 (2021)10.1002/anie.202111199 ↗
20. A. Masias, N. Felten, R. Garcia-Mendez, J. Wolfenstine, J. Sakamoto, Elastic, plastic, and creep mechanical properties of lithium metal. J. Mater. Sci. 54(3), 2585–2600 (2019)10.1007/s10853-018-2971-3 ↗
21. Cheng, K. S., Huang, H. F., Yao-Sheng, L. A. I., & Chou, J. C. (2019). U.S. Patent No. 10,424,793. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
22. H. Wang, T.R. Watkins, S. Simunovic, P.R. Bingham, S. Allu, J.A. Turner, Fragmentation of copper current collectors in Li-ion batteries during spherical indentation. J. Power. Sources 364, 432–436 (2017)10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.08.068 ↗
23. R. Tao, Z. Liang, S. Zhu, L. Yang, L. Ma, W.L. Song, H. Chen, Mechanical Analysis and Strength Checking of Current Collector Failure in the Winding Process of Lithium-Ion Batteries. Acta Mech. Solida Sin. 34(3), 297–306 (2021)10.1007/s10338-020-00213-9 ↗
24. M.V.S, D., Subbaya, K.M., Sai, M.V., Reddy, J., Kumar, R., & Shri, G.R. (2020). Kevlar Based Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite- A Review.
25. G.E. Dieter, D. Bacon, Mechanical metallurgy, vol. 3 (McGraw-hill, New York, 1976)
26. G. Simons, C. Weippert, J. Dual, J. Villain, Size effects in tensile testing of thin cold rolled and annealed Cu foils. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 416(1–2), 290–299 (2006)10.1016/j.msea.2005.10.060 ↗
27. G.A. Bolzon, M. Shahmardani, R. Liu, E.M. Zappa, Failure analysis of thin metal foils. Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale. 11(42), 328–336 (2017)10.3221/IGF-ESIS.42.34 ↗
28. M. Klein, A. Hadrboletz, B. Weiss, G. Khatibi, The ‘size effect’on the stress–strain, fatigue and fracture properties of thin metallic foils. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 319, 924–928 (2001)10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01043-7 ↗
29. T. Furushima, H. Tsunezaki, K.I. Manabe, S. Alexsandrov, Ductile fracture and free surface roughening behaviors of pure copper foils for micro/meso-scale forming. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf 76, 34–48 (2014)10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2013.10.001 ↗
30. S. Dai, J. Chen, Y. Ren, Z. Liu, J. Chen, C. Li, X. Zhang, X. Zhang, T. Zeng, Electrochemical corrosion behavior of the copper current collector in the electrolyte of lithium-ion batteries. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 12(11), 10589–10598 (2017)10.20964/2017.11.28 ↗
31. H. Wang, D.N. Leonard, H.M. Meyer III., T.R. Watkins, S. Kalnaus, S. Simunovic, S. Allu, J.A. Turner, Microscopic analysis of copper current collectors and mechanisms of fragmentation under compressive forces. Materials Today Energy 17, 100479 (2020)10.1016/j.mtener.2020.100479 ↗
32. C. Dai, Z. Wang, K. Liu, X. Zhu, X. Liao, X. Chen, Y. Pan, Effects of cycle times and C-rate on mechanical properties of copper foil and adhesive strength of electrodes in commercial LiCoO2 LIBs. Eng. Fail. Anal. 101, 193–205 (2019)10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.03.015 ↗