journal article·2025-02-28

Mechanical properties of Cu/Cu–Al laminated alloys with gradient interface affected zone

Shuaibo Liu, Ji Gu, Min Song

Journal of Materials Research· Volume 40· Issue 4
Publisher page

Abstract

In this work, four types of laminated Cu–Al alloys with the same total thickness but varying numbers of layers were fabricated using a combination of powder metallurgy and hot rolling techniques. Due to the element diffusion caused by sintering and hot rolling, a gradient interface region, also called interface affected zone (IAZ), with a width of about 70–110 μm was formed between the Cu layer and the Cu-6Al layer. The results suggest that compared to the homogeneously mixed Cu/Cu-6Al alloy, the laminated alloy exhibits higher mechanical properties. Especially, the laminated alloy with more layers and smaller interface spacing shows superior mechanical properties. The IAZ can effectively relieve the stress concentration at the interface and thus provide continuous work hardening ability. Furthermore, the heterogeneous deformation-induced (HDI) strengthening was enhanced by adjusting the interface spacing and the width of the IAZ, so as to achieve a synergistic enhancement of strength and ductility.Graphical Abstract
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties · Microstructure and mechanical properties · Magnesium Alloys: Properties and Applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (45)

Show source-provided references
1. M. Song, R. Zhou, J. Gu, Z. Wang, S. Ni, Y. Liu, Nitrogen induced heterogeneous structures overcome strength-ductility trade-off in an additively manufactured high-entropy alloy. Appl. Mater. Today 18, 100498 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2019.10049810.1016/j.apmt.2019.100498 ↗
2. X. Li, L. Lu, J. Li, X. Zhang, H. Gao, Mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of gradient nanostructured metals and alloys. Nat. Rev. Mater. 5, 706–723 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-0212-210.1038/s41578-020-0212-2 ↗
3. W. Chen, X. An, Z. Wang, Y. Li, J. Gu, M. Song, Grain size dependent deformation behavior of a metastable Fe40Co20Cr20Mn10Ni10 high-entropy alloy. J. Alloys Compd. 883, 160876 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.16087610.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160876 ↗
4. T. Yang, Y.L. Zhao, Y. Tong, Z.B. Jiao, J. Wei, J.X. Cai, X.D. Han, D. Chen, A. Hu, J.J. Kai, K. Lu, Y. Liu, C.T. Liu, Multicomponent intermetallic nanoparticles and superb mechanical behaviors of complex alloys. Science 362, 933–937 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aas881510.1126/science.aas8815 ↗
5. H. Idrissi, K. Renard, L. Ryelandt, D. Schryvers, P.J. Jacques, On the mechanism of twin formation in Fe–Mn–C TWIP steels. Acta Mater. 58, 2464–2476 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2009.12.03210.1016/j.actamat.2009.12.032 ↗
6. C. Jiaqi, Y. Yiming, R. Qizhen, Q. Yuliang, Y. Zhenming, Z. Yiqi, C. Xingrong, Experimental study on low cycle fatigue behavior of TWIP steel under cyclic shear loading condition. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 29, 1517–1523 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.01.16310.1016/j.jmrt.2024.01.163 ↗
7. Y. Ma, M. Yang, F. Yuan, X. Wu, A review on heterogeneous nanostructures: a strategy for superior mechanical properties in metals. Metals. 9, 598 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/met905059810.3390/met9050598 ↗
8. Y. Zhu, X. Wu, Perspective on hetero-deformation induced (HDI) hardening and back stress. Mater. Res. Lett. 7, 393–398 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2019.161633110.1080/21663831.2019.1616331 ↗
9. M.N. Hasan, Y.F. Liu, X.H. An, J. Gu, M. Song, Y. Cao, Y.S. Li, Y.T. Zhu, X.Z. Liao, Simultaneously enhancing strength and ductility of a high-entropy alloy via gradient hierarchical microstructures. Int. J. Plast. 123, 178–195 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2019.07.01710.1016/j.ijplas.2019.07.017 ↗
10. Y. Wang, M. Chen, F. Zhou, E. Ma, High tensile ductility in a nanostructured metal. Nature 419, 912–915 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature0113310.1038/nature01133 ↗
11. R. Zheng, G. Li, Z. Zhang, Y. Zhang, S. Yue, X. Chen, K. Ameyama, C. Ma, Manipulating the powder size to achieve enhanced strength and ductility in harmonic structured Al alloy. Mater. Res. Lett. 7, 217–224 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-0212-210.1038/s41578-020-0212-2 ↗
12. S.K. Vajpai, M. Ota, T. Watanabe, R. Maeda, T. Sekiguchi, T. Kusaka, K. Ameyama, The development of high performance Ti-6Al-4V alloy via a unique microstructural design with bimodal grain size distribution. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 46, 903–914 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-014-2649-710.1007/s11661-014-2649-7 ↗
13. X. Wu, M. Yang, F. Yuan, G. Wu, Y. Wei, X. Huang, Y. Zhu, Heterogeneous lamella structure unites ultrafine-grain strength with coarse-grain ductility. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, 14501–14505 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.151719311210.1073/pnas.1517193112 ↗
14. Y. Zhu, X. Wu, Heterostructured materials. Prog. Mater. Sci. 131, 101019 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.10101910.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.101019 ↗
15. Z. Cheng, H. Zhou, Q. Lu, H. Gao, L. Lu, Extra strengthening and work hardening in gradient nanotwinned metals. Science 362, eaau1925 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau192510.1126/science.aau1925 ↗
16. J. Moering, X. Ma, J. Malkin, M. Yang, Y. Zhu, S. Mathaudhu, Synergetic strengthening far beyond rule of mixtures in gradient structured aluminum rod. Scr. Mater. 122, 106–109 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.05.00610.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.05.006 ↗
17. X. Wu, Y. Zhu, Heterogeneous materials: a new class of materials with unprecedented mechanical properties. Mater. Res. Lett. 5, 527–532 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2017.134320810.1080/21663831.2017.1343208 ↗
18. Y. Zhou, W. He, J. Ma, Z. Chen, Q. Liu, Annealing hardening and deformation behavior of layered gradient Zr–Ti composite. T. Nonferr. Metal. Soc. 31, 2358–2371 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(21)65659-510.1016/S1003-6326(21)65659-5 ↗
19. M. Huang, C. Xu, G. Fan, E. Maawad, W. Gan, L. Geng, F. Lin, G. Tang, H. Wu, Y. Du, D. Li, K. Miao, T. Zhang, X. Yang, Y. Xia, G. Cao, H. Kang, T. Wang, T. Xiao, H. Xie, Role of layered structure in ductility improvement of layered Ti-Al metal composite. Acta Mater. 153, 235–249 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.05.00510.1016/j.actamat.2018.05.005 ↗
20. K. Lu, L. Lu, S. Suresh, Strengthening materials by engineering coherent internal boundaries at the nanoscale. Science 324, 349–352 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.115961010.1126/science.1159610 ↗
21. C.X. Huang, Y.F. Wang, X.Y. Ma, S. Yin, H.W. Höppel, M. Göken, X. Wu, H. Gao, Y. Zhu, Interface affected zone for optimal strength and ductility in heterogeneous laminate. Mater. Today 21, 713–719 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2018.03.00610.1016/j.mattod.2018.03.006 ↗
22. Z. Cheng, T. Wan, L. Lu, Interface strain gradient enabled high strength and hardening in laminated nanotwinned Cu. Acta Mater. 256, 119138 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2023.11913810.1016/j.actamat.2023.119138 ↗
23. S. Taali, M.R. Toroghinejad, M. Kuglstatter, H.W. Höppel, Grain boundary engineering in roll-bonded copper to overcome the strength-ductility dilemma. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 17, 3198–3204 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.02.03210.1016/j.jmrt.2022.02.032 ↗
24. A.S.H. Makhlouf, Y. Gajarla, Advances in smart coatings for magnesium alloys and their applications in industry, in Advances in smart coatings and thin films for future industrial and biomedical engineering applications. (Elsevier, 2020), pp.245–26110.1016/B978-0-12-849870-5.00016-1 ↗
25. L. Jiang, M. Powers, Y. Cui, B.K. Derby, A. Misra, Microstructure and mechanical properties of nanoscale Cu/(Ta50Nb25Mo25) multilayers. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 799, 140200 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.14020010.1016/j.msea.2020.140200 ↗
26. W. Zhang, P. Yang, Y. Cao, X. Li, D. Wei, H. Kato, Z. Wu, New Ti/β-Ti alloy laminated composite processed by powder metallurgy: microstructural evolution and mechanical property. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 822, 141702 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.14170210.1016/j.msea.2021.141702 ↗
27. X.H. An, S.D. Wu, Z.G. Wang, Z.F. Zhang, Significance of stacking fault energy in bulk nanostructured materials: Insights from Cu and its binary alloys as model systems. Prog. Mater. Sci. 101, 1–45 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2018.11.00110.1016/j.pmatsci.2018.11.001 ↗
28. R. Niu, X. An, L. Li, Z. Zhang, Y.-W. Mai, X. Liao, Mechanical properties and deformation behaviours of submicron-sized Cu–Al single crystals. Acta Mater. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.11746010.1016/j.actamat.2021.117460 ↗
29. Y. Wu, J. Gu, M. Song, Strength and ductility synergy in a laminated Cu/Cu-6Al alloy with graded interfacial region. J. Alloys Compd. 921, 166102 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.16610210.1016/j.jallcom.2022.166102 ↗
30. A. Rohatgi, K.S. Vecchio, G.T. Gray, The influence of stacking fault energy on the mechanical behavior of Cu and Cu-Al alloys: deformation twinning, work hardening, and dynamic recovery. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 32, 135–145 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-001-0109-710.1007/s11661-001-0109-7 ↗
31. F. Han, Y. Jiang, F. Cao, L. Han, J. Zhu, W. Wang, S. Liang, Enhanced strength, ductility and electrical conductivity of CuCrZr alloys by tailoring a heterogeneous layered microstructure. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 863, 144502 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.14450210.1016/j.msea.2022.144502 ↗
32. P. Zhang, X.H. An, Z.J. Zhang, S.D. Wu, S.X. Li, Z.F. Zhang, R.B. Figueiredo, N. Gao, T.G. Langdon, Optimizing strength and ductility of Cu–Zn alloys through severe plastic deformation. Scr. Mater. 67, 871–874 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.07.04010.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.07.040 ↗
33. N. Li, W. Chen, J. He, J. Gu, Z. Wang, Y. Li, M. Song, Dynamic deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of CoCrNiMox medium entropy alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 827, 142048 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.14204810.1016/j.msea.2021.142048 ↗
34. H. Ran, P. Ye, F. Guo, M. Wang, W. Su, X. Chen, S. Gao, N. Tsuji, Y. Zhu, X. Lu, C. Huang, Superior strength-ductility combination resulted from hetero-zone boundary affected region in Cu-Fe layered material. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 181, 209–219 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2023.09.02710.1016/j.jmst.2023.09.027 ↗
35. Z. Zhou, J. Li, Q. Mao, Y. Yue, S. Wang, Y. Li, Heterostructured copper-brass laminates with gradient transition layer. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 23, 5534–5546 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.02.16110.1016/j.jmrt.2023.02.161 ↗
36. Y.T. Zhu, X.Z. Liao, X.L. Wu, Deformation twinning in nanocrystalline materials. Prog. Mater. Sci. 57, 1–62 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.05.00110.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.05.001 ↗
37. Z. Zhou, Q. Mao, J. Li, Y. Liu, S. Wang, W. Jiang, C. Huang, Y. Li, Mechanical properties and fracture behavior in copper-brass heterostructured fibers. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 890, 145922 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.14592210.1016/j.msea.2023.145922 ↗
38. W.W. Zhang, Y. Yang, Y.B. Tan, M.T. Zeng, M. Ma, S. Xiang, F. Zhao, Microstructure evolution and strengthening mechanisms of MP159 superalloy during room temperature rolling and cryorolling. J. Alloys Compd. 908, 164667 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.16466710.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164667 ↗
39. F. Sansoz, K. Lu, T. Zhu, A. Misra, Strengthening and plasticity in nanotwinned metals. MRS Bull. 41, 292–297 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2016.6010.1557/mrs.2016.60 ↗
40. Z. Cheng, T. Wan, L. Bu, L. Lu, Effect of volume fractions of gradient transition layer on mechanical behaviors of nanotwinned Cu. Acta Mater. 242, 118456 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.11845610.1016/j.actamat.2022.118456 ↗
41. M. Yang, Y. Pan, F. Yuan, Y. Zhu, X. Wu, Back stress strengthening and strain hardening in gradient structure. Mater. Res. Lett. 4, 145–151 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2016.115300410.1080/21663831.2016.1153004 ↗
42. Y.F. Wang, C.X. Huang, X.T. Fang, H.W. Höppel, M. Göken, Y.T. Zhu, Hetero-deformation induced (HDI) hardening does not increase linearly with strain gradient. Scr. Mater. 174, 19–23 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.08.02210.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.08.022 ↗
43. H. Gao, Y. Huang, Geometrically necessary dislocation and size-dependent plasticity. Scr. Mater. 48, 113–118 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6462(02)00329-910.1016/S1359-6462(02)00329-9 ↗
44. C.X. Huang, Y.F. Wang, X.L. Ma, S. Yin, H.W. Hoeppel, M. Goeken, X.L. Wu, H.J. Gao, Y.T. Zhu, Interface affected zone for optimal strength and ductility in heterogeneous laminate. Mater. Today 21, 713–719 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2018.03.00610.1016/j.mattod.2018.03.006 ↗
45. F. Han, Y. Jiang, F. Cao, L. Cai, H. Zhang, S. Liang, Role of gradient heterogeneous interfaces in synergetic strengthening and toughening of layered CuCrZr/Cu composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 885, 145613 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.14561310.1016/j.msea.2023.145613 ↗