Operational parameters and major active species responsible for the photodegradation of malachite green dye by ZnO/ZnS core–shell nanocomposite photocatalyst
Source abstract
Abstract
Organic dyes mainly used in dyeing process in textile industry contribute largely to water pollution which affects the environment and mankind directly or indirectly. ZnS, ZnO and ZnO/ZnS composites in the ratio 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 were successfully synthesized by chemical method for efficient photodegradation of malachite green (MG) dye. Enhanced photocatalytic efficiency was observed in composite samples and ZnO/ZnS(1:1) showed better activity compared to other composite samples. Under the optimum condition (20 ppm of initial dye concentration, 0.2 g/L catalyst loading, pH-10 of MG dye solution), complete removal of the dye was achieved in 20 min. Scavenging activity analysis revealed that electrons contribute maximum in the degradation process. Stability test of the photocatalyst showed that the activity was reduced after consecutive runs which might be due to suspension of dye molecules on the surface of the photocatalyst.Graphical abstract
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques · TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells · Copper-based nanomaterials and applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (53)
Show source-provided references
1. M.T. Qamar, M. Aslam, I.M.I. Ismail, N. Salah, A. Hameed, Synthesis, characterization, and sunlight mediated photocatalytic activity of CuO coated ZnO for the removal of nitrophenols. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 7, 8757–8769 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b0127310.1021/acsami.5b01273 ↗
2. D. Malwal, P. Gopinath, Enhanced photocatalytic activity of hierarchical three-dimensional metal oxide@CuO nanostructures towards the degradation of Congo red dye under solar radiations. Catal. Sci. Technol. 6, 4458–4472 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CY00128A10.1039/C6CY00128A ↗
3. F.X. Xiao, Construction of highly ordered ZnO−TiO2 nanotube arrays (ZnO/ TNTs) heterostructure for photocatalytic application. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4, 7055–7063 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/am302462d10.1021/am302462d ↗
4. S. Harish, A. Silambarasan, M. Navaneethan, J. Archana, S. Ponnusamy, C. Muthamizhchelvan, Y. Hayakawa, ZnO:SnO nanorods and nanosheets and their enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. AIP Conf. Proc. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.491777610.1063/1.4917776 ↗
5. M. Faraz, F.K. Naqvi, M. Shakira, N. Khare, Synthesis of samarium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles with improved photocatalytic performance and recyclability under visible light irradiation. New J. Chem. 42, 2295–2305 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NJ03927A10.1039/C7NJ03927A ↗
6. B. Li, Y. Wang, Facile synthesis and photocatalytic activity of ZnO–CuO nanocomposite. Superlattices Microstruct. 47, 615–623 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2010.02.00510.1016/j.spmi.2010.02.005 ↗
7. L.A. Chanu, W.J. Singh, K.J. Singh, K.N. Devi, Effect of operational parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of Methylene blue dye solution using manganese doped ZnO nanoparticles. Results Phys. 12, 1230–1237 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2018.12.08910.1016/j.rinp.2018.12.089 ↗
8. K.N. Devi, S.A. Devi, W.J. Singh, K.J. Singh, Nickel doped zinc oxide with improved photocatalytic activity for Malachite Green Dye degradation and parameters affecting the degradation. J Mater Sci 32, 8733–8745 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-05545-x10.1007/s10854-021-05545-x ↗
9. Y. Zong, Z. Li, X. Wang, J. Ma, Y. Men, Synthesis and high photocatalytic activity of Eu-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Ceramic Int 40, 10375–10382 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.02.12310.1016/j.ceramint.2014.02.123 ↗
10. M. Yarahmadi, H. Maleki-Ghaleh, M.E. Mehr, Z. Dargahi, C.F. Rasouli, M.H. Siadati, Synthesis and characterization of Sr-doped ZnO nanoparticles for photocatalytic applications. J. Alloys Compd 853, 157000 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.15700010.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157000 ↗
11. O. Dlugosz, M. Banach, ZnO–SnO2–Sn nanocomposite as photocatalyst in ultraviolet and visible light. Appl. Nanosci. 11, 1707–1719 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-021-01788-610.1007/s13204-021-01788-6 ↗
12. A. Hamrouni, N. Moussa, F. Parrino, A.D. Paola, A. Houas, L. Palmisano, Sol–gel synthesis and photocatalytic activity of ZnO–SnO2 nanocomposites. J. Mol. Catal. A 390, 133–141 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2014.03.01810.1016/j.molcata.2014.03.018 ↗
13. W. Cun, Z. Jincai, W. Xinming, M. Bixian, S. Guoying, P. Pingan, F. Jiamo, Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic activity of nano-sized ZnO/SnO2 coupled photocatalysts. Appl. Catal. B 39, 269–279 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(02)00115-710.1016/S0926-3373(02)00115-7 ↗
14. L. Wang, X. Fu, Y. Han, E. Chang, H. Wu, H. Wang, K. Li, X. Qi, Preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of TiO2/ZnO nanocomposites. J. Nanomater. 2013, 1–6 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/32145910.1155/2013/321459 ↗
15. M. Ismail, L. Bousselmi, O. Zahraa, Photocatalytic behavior of WO3-loaded TiO2 systems in the oxidation of salicylic acid. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 222, 314–322 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.07.00110.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.07.001 ↗
16. Y. Liu, L. Sun, J. Wu, T. Fang, R. Cai, A. Wei, Preparation and photocatalytic activity of ZnO/Fe2O3 nanotube composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 194, 9–13 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2014.12.02110.1016/j.mseb.2014.12.021 ↗
17. S. Zhang, J. Li, H. Niu, W. Xu, J. Xu, W. Hu, X. Wang, Visible-light photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue using SnO2/a-Fe2O3 hierarchical nanoheterostructures. ChemPlusChem 78, 192–199 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/cplu.20120027210.1002/cplu.201200272 ↗
18. G. Magesh, B. Vishwanathan, R.P. Vishwanath, T.K. Varadarajan, Photocatalytic behaviour of CeO2-TiO2 system for the degradation of methylene blue dye. Indian J. Chem. 48A, 480–488 (2009)
19. F. Li, Y. Jiang, L. Hu, L. Liu, Z. Li, X. Huang, Structural and luminescent properties of ZnO nanorods and ZnO/ZnS nanocomposites. J. Alloys Compd. 474, 531–535 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.06.14910.1016/j.jallcom.2008.06.149 ↗
20. L. Yang, Z. Zhao, H. Wang, J. Dong, L. Wang, Q. Zhou, X. Wan, R. Zhao, Z. Cai, Synthesis of ZnO/ZnS core/shell microsphere and its photocatalytic activity for methylene blue and eosin dyes degradation. J. Dispers. Sci. Technol. 41(14), 2152–2158 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2019.165376810.1080/01932691.2019.1653768 ↗
21. G. Hitkari, S. Singh, G. Pandey, Structural, optical and photocatalytic study of ZnO and ZnO–ZnS synthesized by chemical method. Nano-Struct. Nano-Objects 12, 1–9 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2019.165376810.1080/01932691.2019.1653768 ↗
22. A. Mohamed, R.E. Sayed, T.A. Osman, M.S. Toprak, M. Muhammed, A. Uheida, Composite nanofibers for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes from contaminated water. Environ. Res. 145, 18–25 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.09.02410.1016/j.envres.2015.09.024 ↗
23. B.D. Cullity, Elements of X-Ray Diffraction (Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1978)
24. P. Sana, L. Hashmi, M.M. Malik, Luminescence and morphological kinetics of functionalized ZnS colloidal nanocrystals. Int. Schol. Res. Not. (2012). https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/62190810.5402/2012/621908 ↗
25. B. Aissa, C. Fauteux, M.A. El Khakani, Structural and photoluminescence properties of laser processed ZnO/carbon nanotube nanohybrids. J. Mater. Res. 24, 3313–3320 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.042110.1557/jmr.2009.0421 ↗
26. G. Vijayaprasath, R. Murugana, S. Asaithambi, P. Sakthivel, T. Mahalingam, Y. Hayakawa, G. Ravi, Structural and magnetic behavior of Ni/Mn co-doped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by co-precipitation method. Ceram Int. 42, 2836–2845 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.11.01910.1016/j.ceramint.2015.11.019 ↗
27. M.K. Kavitha, K.B. Jinesh, R. Philip, P. Gopinath, H. John, Defect engineering in ZnO nanocones for visible photoconductivity and nonlinear absorption. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 25093–25100 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP03847A10.1039/C4CP03847A ↗
28. C. Cheng, A. Amini, C. Zhu, Z. Xu, H. Song, N. Wang, Enhanced photocatalytic performance of TiO2-ZnO hybrid nanostructures. Sci. Rep. 4, 4181 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep0418110.1038/srep04181 ↗
29. C.T. Quy, N.X. Thai, N.D. Hoa, D.T.T. Le, C.M. Hung, N.V. Duy, N.V. Hieu, C2H5OH and NO2 sensing properties of ZnO nanostructures: correlation between crystal size, defect level and sensing performance. RSC Adv. 8, 5629–5639 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra13702h10.1039/c7ra13702h ↗
30. R.K. Biroju, P.K. Giri, Strong visible and near infrared photoluminescence from ZnO nanorods/nanowires grown on single layer graphene studied using sub-band gap excitation. J. Appl. Phys. 122, 044302 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.499595710.1063/1.4995957 ↗
31. B.L. Devi, K.M. Rao, D. Kekuda, D. Ramananda, Evolution of defects and their effect on photoluminescence and conducting properties of green-synthesized ZnS nanoparticles. Appl. Phys. A 124, 767 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-2196-y10.1007/s00339-018-2196-y ↗
32. A. Roychowdhury, S.P. Pati, S. Kumar, D. Das, Effects of magnetite nanoparticles on optical properties of zinc sulfide in fluorescent-magnetic Fe3O4/ZnS nanocomposites. Powder Technol. 254, 583–590 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2014.01.07610.1016/j.powtec.2014.01.076 ↗
33. Y. Liu, Z. Li, W. Zhong, L. Zhang, W. Chen, Q. Li, Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of ZnS nanobowl arrays via colloidal monolayer Template. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 9, 389 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-9-38910.1186/1556-276X-9-389 ↗
34. J. Dong, X. Zeng, W. Xia, X. Zhang, M. Zhou, C. Wang, Ferromagnetic behavior of non-stoichiometric ZnS microspheres with a nanoplate-netted surface. RSC Adv. 7, 20874 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA02521A10.1039/C7RA02521A ↗
35. S. Liu, H. Li, L. Yan, Z. Wang, H. Liu, Synthesis, characterization and adsorption/photocatalytic performance of ZnO/CdS flowers. Micro & Nano Letts. 8, 827–831 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2013.046310.1049/mnl.2013.0463 ↗
36. C. Ma, W. Dong, L. Fang, F.G. Zheng, M.R. Shen, Z.L. Wang, Synthesis of TiO2/Pt/TiO2 multilayer films via radio frequency magnetron sputtering and their enhanced photocatalytic activity. Thin Solid Film. 520, 5727–5732 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2012.04.01110.1016/j.tsf.2012.04.011 ↗
37. J. Maxwell, Oxford Univ. Press 1, A treatise on electricity and magnetism, 328 (1873).
38. T. Prodromakis, C. Papavassiliou, Engineering the Maxwell-Wagner polarization effect. Appl. Surf. Sci. 255(15), 6989–6994 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.03.03010.1016/j.apsusc.2009.03.030 ↗
39. M. Ashokkumar, S. Muthukumaran, Effect of Ni doping on electrical, photoluminescence and magnetic behavior of Cu doped ZnO nanoparticles. J. Lumin. 162, 97–103 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2015.02.01910.1016/j.jlumin.2015.02.019 ↗
40. K.Y. Salkar, R.B. Tangsali, R.S. Gad, A. Gangwar, N.K. Prasad, Electrical properties of Zn(1–x)CoxO dilute magnetic semiconductor nanoparticles. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 30, 18374–18383 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-019-02191-210.1007/s10854-019-02191-2 ↗
41. K. Yang, X. Huang, Y. Huang, L. Xie, P. Jiang, Fluoro-polymer@BaTiO3 hybrid nanoparticles prepared via RAFT polymerization: toward ferroelectric polymer nanocomposites with high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss for energy storage application. Chem. Mater. 25, 2327–2338 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm401048610.1021/cm4010486 ↗
42. M. Mujahid, Synthesis, characterization and electrical properties of visible-light-driven Pt-ZnO/CNT. Bull. Mater. Sci. 38, 995–1001 (2015)10.1007/s12034-015-0929-5 ↗
43. E. A. Campo, Selection of polymeric materials: How to select design properties from different standards, William Andrew, (2008)10.1016/B978-081551551-7.50003-6 ↗
44. M. Arshad, A.S. Ahmed, A. Azam, A.H. Naqvi, Exploring the dielectric behavior of Co doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by wet chemical route using impedance spectroscopy. J. Alloys Compd. 577, 469–474 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.06.03510.1016/j.jallcom.2013.06.035 ↗
45. A.K. Jonscher, The universal dielectric response. Nature 267, 673–679 (1977)10.1038/267673a0 ↗
46. S. Pattanayak, R.N.P. Choudhary, P.R. Das, Effect of Gd-substitution on phase transition and conduction mechanism of BiFeO3. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 24, 2767–2771 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-013-1168-410.1007/s10854-013-1168-4 ↗
47. G. Catalan, J.F. Scott, Physics and applications of bismuth ferrite. Adv. Mater. 21, 2463 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/ADMA.20080284910.1002/ADMA.200802849 ↗
48. H.B. Sharma, K.N. Devi, V. Gupta, J.H. Gee, S.B. Singh, Ac electrical conductivity and magnetic properties of BiFeO3–CoFe2O4 nanocomposites. J. Alloys Compd. 599, 32–39 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.02.02410.1016/j.jallcom.2014.02.024 ↗
49. M. Sathish, R.P. Viswanath, Photocatalytic generation of hydrogen over mesoporous CdS nanoparticle: effect of particle size, noble metal and support. Catal. Today 129, 421–427 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2006.12.00810.1016/j.cattod.2006.12.008 ↗
50. U.G. Akpan, B.H. Hameed, Parameters affecting the photocatalytic degradation of dyes using TiO2-based photocatalysts: a review. J. Hazard. Mater. 170(2–3), 520–529 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.03910.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.039 ↗
51. X.V. Doorslaer, P.M. Heynderickx, K. Demeestere, K. Debevere, H.V. Langenhove, J. Dewulf, TiO2 mediated heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of moxifloxacin: operational variables and scavenger study. Appl. Catal B 111(112), 150–156 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.09.02910.1016/j.apcatb.2011.09.029 ↗
52. N.K. Gupta, Y. Ghaffari, S. Kim, J. Bae, K.S. Kim, Md. Saifuddin, Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants over MFe2O4 (M= Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) nanoparticles at neutral pH. Sci. Rep. 10, 4942 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61930-210.1038/s41598-020-61930-2 ↗
53. M.I. Mohammed, R.M. Khafagy, M.S.A. Hussien, G.B. Sakr, M.A. Ibrahim, I.S. Yahia, H.Y. Zahran, Enhancing the structural, optical, electrical, properties and photocatalytic applications of ZnO/PMMA nanocomposite membranes: towards multifunctional membranes. J. Mater. Sci. 33, 1977–2002 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-07402-310.1007/s10854-021-07402-3 ↗