journal article·2025-06-14

Novel magnetically separable Fe3O4@CQDs photocatalyst: Cytotoxicity effects and photocatalytic performance

Morvarid Najjar, Zahra Sabouri, Mohammad Ali Nasseri, Ali Allahresani, Asma Mostafapour, Majid Darroudi

Journal of Materials Research· Volume 40· Issue 11
Publisher page

Abstract

The modified Fe3O4nanoparticles (NPs) with carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were prepared as a new heterogeneous photocatalyst through the hydrothermal method fromCordia myxa L.fruit extract. The structure, morphology, and magnetic properties of Fe3O4@CQDs were investigated using FT-IR, FESEM, EDX, XRD, TEM, and VSM analyses. The synthesized Fe3O4@CQDs photocatalyst has been applied to degrade tetracycline (TC). Also, the effective parameters in the photocatalytic process such as pH, photocatalyst concentration, and concentration of TC were investigated. By performing the photocatalytic process and applying the optimized conditions, it was observed that the degradation percentage of TC was obtained at 93.2% after 40 min. The cytotoxicity of the photocatalyst was examined on the Huh-7 cell line by the MTT assay and the IC50value was about 500 μg/mL.Graphical AbstractHarnessing Magnetism: Investigating the Cytotoxicity and Photocatalytic Efficiency of Fe3O4@CQDs
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Carbon and Quantum Dots Applications · Advanced Nanomaterials in Catalysis · Nanocluster Synthesis and Applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (65)

Show source-provided references
1. P. Tundo, P. Anastas, D.S. Black, J. Breen, T.J. Collins, S. Memoli, J. Miyamoto, M. Polyakoff, W. Tumas, Synthetic pathways and processes in green chemistry. Introductory overview. Pure Appl. Chem. 72(7), 1207 (2000)10.1351/pac200072071207 ↗
2. C. Li, S. Yu, H. Che, X. Zhang, J. Han, Y. Mao, Y. Wang, C. Liu, H. Dong, Fabrication of Z-scheme heterojunction by anchoring mesoporous γ-Fe2O3 nanospheres on g-C3N4 for degrading tetracycline hydrochloride in water. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 6(12), 16437 (2018)10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03500 ↗
3. Y. Feng, D. Zhong, H. Miao, X. Yang, Carbon dots derived from rose flowers for tetracycline sensing. Talanta 140, 128 (2015)10.1016/j.talanta.2015.03.038 ↗
4. D. Jiang, T. Wang, Q. Xu, D. Li, S. Meng, M. Chen, Perovskite oxide ultrathin nanosheets/g-C3N4 2D–2D heterojunction photocatalysts with significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity towards the photodegradation of tetracycline. Appl. Catal. B 201, 617 (2017)10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.09.001 ↗
5. C. Li, Z. Zhao, S. Fu, X. Wang, Y. Ma, S. Dong, Polyvinylpyrrolidone in the one-step synthesis of carbon quantum dots anchored hollow microsphere Bi2WO6 enhances the simultaneous photocatalytic removal of tetracycline and Cr (VI). Sep. Purif. Technol. 270, 118844 (2021)
6. P.S. Basavarajappa, S.B. Patil, N. Ganganagappa, K.R. Reddy, A.V. Raghu, C.V. Reddy, Recent progress in metal-doped TiO2, non-metal doped/codoped TiO2, and TiO2 nanostructured hybrids for enhanced photocatalysis. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 45(13), 7764 (2020)10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.07.241 ↗
7. X. Xu, R. Ray, Y. Gu, H.J. Ploehn, L. Gearheart, K. Raker, W.A. Scrivens, Electrophoretic analysis and purification of fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube fragments. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126(40), 12736 (2004)10.1021/ja040082h ↗
8. S.Y. Lim, W. Shen, Z. Gao, Carbon quantum dots and their applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44(1), 362 (2015)10.1039/C4CS00269E ↗
9. A. Iqbal, Y. Tian, X. Wang, D. Gong, Y. Guo, K. Iqbal, Z. Wang, W. Liu, W. Qin, Carbon dots prepared by solid-state method via citric acid and 1, 10-phenanthroline for selective and sensing detection of Fe2+ and Fe3+. Sens. Actuators, B Chem. 237, 408 (2016)10.1016/j.snb.2016.06.126 ↗
10. D. Bano, V. Kumar, V.K. Singh, S. Chandra, D.K. Singh, P.K. Yadav, M. Talat, S.H. Hasan, A facile and simple strategy for the synthesis of label-free carbon quantum dots from the latex of Euphorbia milii and its peroxidase-mimic activity for the naked eye detection of glutathione in a human blood serum. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7(2), 1923 (2018)10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b04067 ↗
11. N.A. Humaera, A.N. Fahri, B. Armynah, D. Tahir, Natural source of carbon dots from part of a plant and its applications: a review. Luminescence 36(6), 1354 (2021)10.1002/bio.4084 ↗
12. S. Sahu, B. Behera, T.K. Maiti, S. Mohapatra, Simple one-step synthesis of highly luminescent carbon dots from orange juice: application as excellent bio-imaging agents. Chem. Commun. 48(70), 8835 (2012)10.1039/c2cc33796g ↗
13. N. Chaudhary, P.K. Gupta, S. Eremin, P.R. Solanki, One-step green approach to synthesize highly fluorescent carbon quantum dots from banana juice for selective detection of copper ions. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 8(3), 103720 (2020)10.1016/j.jece.2020.103720 ↗
14. V.N. Mehta, S. Jha, H. Basu, R.K. Singhal, S.K. Kailasa, One-step hydrothermal approach to fabricate carbon dots from apple juice for imaging of mycobacterium and fungal cells. Sens. Actuators, B Chem. 213, 434 (2015)10.1016/j.snb.2015.02.104 ↗
15. K. Kim, J. Kim, Synthesis of carbon quantum dots from jujubes for detection of iron (III) ions. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 18(2), 1320 (2018)10.1166/jnn.2018.14901 ↗
16. N. Thongsai, P. Jaiyong, S. Kladsomboon, I. In, P. Paoprasert, Utilization of carbon dots from jackfruit for real-time sensing of acetone vapor and understanding the electronic and interfacial interactions using density functional theory. Appl. Surf. Sci. 487, 1233 (2019)10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.04.269 ↗
17. A.-M. Alam, B.-Y. Park, Z.K. Ghouri, M. Park, H.-Y. Kim, Synthesis of carbon quantum dots from cabbage with down-and up-conversion photoluminescence properties: excellent imaging agent for biomedical applications. Green Chem. 17(7), 3791 (2015)10.1039/C5GC00686D ↗
18. L. Liu, H. Gong, D. Li, L. Zhao, Synthesis of carbon dots from pear juice for fluorescence detection of Cu2+ ion in water. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 18(8), 5327 (2018)10.1166/jnn.2018.15356 ↗
19. L. Shi, B. Zhao, X. Li, G. Zhang, Y. Zhang, C. Dong, S. Shuang, Green-fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots for biological imaging and paper-based sensing. Anal. Methods 9(14), 2197 (2017)10.1039/C7AY00163K ↗
20. R. Gao, Z. Wu, L. Wang, J. Liu, Y. Deng, Z. Xiao, J. Fang, Y. Liang, Green preparation of fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots for sensitive detection of oxytetracycline in environmental samples. Nanomaterials 10(8), 1561 (2020)10.3390/nano10081561 ↗
21. S. Liu, J. Tian, L. Wang, Y. Zhang, X. Qin, Y. Luo, A.M. Asiri, A.O. Al-Youbi, X. Sun, Hydrothermal treatment of grass: a low-cost, green route to nitrogen-doped, carbon-rich, photoluminescent polymer nanodots as an effective fluorescent sensing platform for label-free detection of Cu (II) ions. Adv. Mater. 24(15), 2037 (2012)10.1002/adma.201200164 ↗
22. N. Arumugam, J. Kim, Synthesis of carbon quantum dots from Broccoli and their ability to detect silver ions. Mater. Lett. 219, 37 (2018)10.1016/j.matlet.2018.02.043 ↗
23. Y. Vyas, P. Chundawat, P.B. Punjabi. Dharmendra, C. Ameta, Green and facile synthesis of luminescent CQDs from pomegranate peels and its utilization in the degradation of azure B and amido black 10B by decorating it on CuO nanorods. ChemistrySelect. 6(33), 8566 (2021)10.1002/slct.202102156 ↗
24. A. Tadesse, D.R. Devi, M. Hagos, G. Battu, K. Basavaiah, Facile green synthesis of fluorescent carbon quantum dots from citrus lemon juice for live cell imaging. Asian J Nanosci Mater. 1, 36 (2018)
25. A. Mehta, A. Mishra, S. Basu, N.P. Shetti, K.R. Reddy, T.A. Saleh, T.M. Aminabhavi, Band gap tuning and surface modification of carbon dots for sustainable environmental remediation and photocatalytic hydrogen production–a review. J. Environ. Manage. 250, 109486 (2019)10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109486 ↗
26. A.M.A. Saputra, A.F.R. Piliang, R. Goei, H.R. Ramadhan, S. Gea, Synthesis, properties, and utilization of carbon quantum dots as photocatalysts on degradation of organic dyes: A mini-review. Catal. Commun. 187, 106914 (2024)
27. C. Long, Z. Jiang, J. Shangguan, T. Qing, P. Zhang, B. Feng, Applications of carbon dots in environmental pollution control: A review. Chem. Eng. J. 406, 126848 (2021)10.1016/j.cej.2020.126848 ↗
28. Z.W. Heng, W.C. Chong, Y.L. Pang, C.H. Koo, An overview of the recent advances of carbon quantum dots/metal oxides in the application of heterogeneous photocatalysis in photodegradation of pollutants towards visible-light and solar energy exploitation. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 9(3), 105199 (2021)
29. S. Sharma, V. Dutta, P. Singh, P. Raizada, A. Rahmani-Sani, A. Hosseini-Bandegharaei, V.K. Thakur, Carbon quantum dot supported semiconductor photocatalysts for efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water: a review. J. Clean. Prod. 228, 755 (2019)10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.292 ↗
30. W. You, W. Zou, S. Jiang, J. Zhang, Y. Ge, G. Lu, D.W. Bahnemann, J.H. Pan, Fluorescent carbon quantum dots with controllable physicochemical properties fantastic for emerging applications: a review. Carbon Neutral. 3(2), 245 (2024)
31. D.-Q. Li, Y.-J. Meng, J. Li, Y.-J. Song, F. Xu, TiO2/carbonaceous nanocomposite from titanium-alginate coordination compound. Carbohyd. Polym. 288, 119400 (2022)
32. A.U. Rehman, M. Atif, M. Younas, T. Rafique, H. Wahab, A. Ul-Hamid, N. Iqbal, Z. Ali, W. Khalid, M. Nadeem, Unusual semiconductor–metal–semiconductor transitions in magnetite Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. RSC Adv. 12(20), 12344 (2022)10.1039/D2RA00530A ↗
33. R. Kaveh, H. Alijani, An overview: recent development of semiconductor/graphene nanocomposites for photodegradation of phenol and phenolic compounds in aqueous solution. J. Asian Ceram. Soc. 9(1), 1 (2021)10.1080/21870764.2020.1868385 ↗
34. H.U. Lee, G. Lee, J.C. Park, Y.-C. Lee, S.M. Lee, B. Son, S.Y. Park, C. Kim, S. Lee, S.C. Lee, Efficient visible-light responsive TiO2 nanoparticles incorporated magnetic carbon photocatalysts. Chem. Eng. J. 240, 91 (2014)10.1016/j.cej.2013.11.054 ↗
35. A. Sheikhmohammadi, E. Asgari, H. Nourmoradi, M.M. Fazli, M. Yeganeh, Ultrasound-assisted decomposition of metronidazole by synthesized TiO2/Fe3O4 nanocatalyst: Influencing factors and mechanisms. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 9(5), 105844 (2021)10.1016/j.jece.2021.105844 ↗
36. S. Chandra, A.R. Chowdhuri, T.K. Mahto, S.K. Sahu, Nanostructured Fe3O4@ Fe2O3/carbon dots heterojunction for efficient photocatalyst under visible light. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 17(2), 1116 (2017)10.1166/jnn.2017.12580 ↗
37. K. Liu, Y. Qin, Y. Muhammad, Y. Zhu, R. Tang, N. Chen, H. Shi, H. Zhang, Z. Tong, B. Yu, Effect of Fe3O4 content and microwave reaction time on the properties of Fe3O4/ZnO magnetic nanoparticles. J. Alloy. Compd. 781, 790 (2019)10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.085 ↗
38. K. Pakzad, H. Alinezhad, M. Nasrollahzadeh, Euphorbia polygonifolia extract assisted biosynthesis of Fe3O4@ CuO nanoparticles: Applications in the removal of metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, and cephalexin antibiotics from aqueous solutions under UV irradiation. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 34(11), e5910 (2020)10.1002/aoc.5910 ↗
39. H.H. Nguyen, K.T.M. Dang, D.T.H. Phan, Synthesis of Fe3O4/graphene oxide nanocomposite for the treatment of heavy metals in the contaminated wastewater. VNUHCM J. Sci. Technol. Developm. 18(4), 212 (2015)10.32508/stdj.v18i4.951 ↗
40. R. Chalasani, S. Vasudevan, Cyclodextrin-functionalized Fe3O4@ TiO2: reusable, magnetic nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in water supplies. ACS Nano 7(5), 4093 (2013)10.1021/nn400287k ↗
41. S. Mirsadeghi, H. Zandavar, M. Yousefi, H.R. Rajabi, S.M. Pourmortazavi, Green-photodegradation of model pharmaceutical contaminations over biogenic Fe3O4/Au nanocomposite and antimicrobial activity. J. Environ. Manage. 270, 110831 (2020)10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110831 ↗
42. A. Nallayagari, E. Sgreccia, R. Pizzoferrato, M. Cabibbo, S. Kaciulis, E. Bolli, L. Pasquini, P. Knauth, M. Di Vona, Tuneable properties of carbon quantum dots by different synthetic methods. J. Nanostruct. Chem. 12, 565 (2021)10.1007/s40097-021-00431-8 ↗
43. B. De, N. Karak, A green and facile approach for the synthesis of water soluble fluorescent carbon dots from banana juice. RSC Adv. 3(22), 8286 (2013)10.1039/c3ra00088e ↗
44. B. Kalska-Szostko, U. Wykowska, K. Piekut, D. Satuła, Stability of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in various model solutions. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects. 450, 15 (2014)10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.03.002 ↗
45. Y. Zhang, C. Li, L. Liu, K. Wang, Y. Zhu, J. Ben, J. Wu, Solvothermal synthesis of mesoporous Fe3O4 nanoparticles in mixed solvent of ethylene glycol and water: structure and magnetic properties. J. Supercond. Novel Magn. 32(3), 757 (2019)10.1007/s10948-018-4766-9 ↗
46. M. Najjar, M.A. Nasseri, A. Allahresani, M. Darroudi, Green and efficient synthesis of carbon quantum dots from Cordia myxa L. and their application in photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. J. Mol. Struct. 1266, 133456 (2022)10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133456 ↗
47. C.A. Schneider, W.S. Rasband, K.W. Eliceiri, NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat. Methods 9(7), 671 (2012)10.1038/nmeth.2089 ↗
48. K. Wang, L. Liang, Y. Zheng, H. Li, X. Niu, D. Zhang, H. Fan, Visible light-driven photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants via carbon quantum dots/TiO 2. New J. Chem. 45(35), 16168 (2021)10.1039/D1NJ02387J ↗
49. M. Ghanbarian, R. Nabizadeh, A. Mahvi, S. Nasseri, K. Naddafi, Photocatalytic degradation of linear alkyl benzene solfunate from aqueous solution by TiO2 nanoparticles. Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng. 8, 309 (2011)
50. H. Yu, J. Huang, L. Jiang, Y. Shi, K. Yi, W. Zhang, J. Zhang, H. Chen, X. Yuan, Enhanced photocatalytic tetracycline degradation using N-CQDs/OV-BiOBr composites: Unraveling the complementary effects between N-CQDs and oxygen vacancy. Chem. Eng. J. 402, 126187 (2020)
51. Z. Wu, X. Yuan, G. Zeng, L. Jiang, H. Zhong, Y. Xie, H. Wang, X. Chen, H. Wang, Highly efficient photocatalytic activity and mechanism of Yb3+/Tm3+ codoped In2S3 from ultraviolet to near-infrared light towards chromium (VI) reduction and rhodamine B oxidative degradation. Appl. Catal. B 225, 8 (2018)10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.11.040 ↗
52. Y. Nosaka, A.Y. Nosaka, Generation and detection of reactive oxygen species in photocatalysis. Chem. Rev. 117(17), 11302 (2017)10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00161 ↗
53. B.S. Kumar, A.J. Amali, K. Pitchumani, Cubical palladium nanoparticles on C@ Fe3O4 for nitro reduction, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and sequential reactions. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 423, 511 (2016)10.1016/j.molcata.2016.08.003 ↗
54. M. Ji, Z. Zhang, J. Xia, J. Di, Y. Liu, R. Chen, S. Yin, S. Zhang, H. Li, Enhanced photocatalytic performance of carbon quantum dots/BiOBr composite and mechanism investigation. Chin. Chem. Lett. 29(6), 805 (2018)10.1016/j.cclet.2018.05.002 ↗
55. J. Tian, Y. Leng, Z. Zhao, Y. Xia, Y. Sang, P. Hao, J. Zhan, M. Li, H. Liu, Carbon quantum dots/hydrogenated TiO2 nanobelt heterostructures and their broad spectrum photocatalytic properties under UV, visible, and near-infrared irradiation. Nano Energy 11, 419 (2015)10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.10.025 ↗
56. J. Di, J. Xia, Y. Ge, H. Li, H. Ji, H. Xu, Q. Zhang, H. Li, M. Li, Novel visible-light-driven CQDs/Bi2WO6 hybrid materials with enhanced photocatalytic activity toward organic pollutants degradation and mechanism insight. Appl. Catal. B 168, 51 (2015)10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.11.057 ↗
57. Y. Hong, Y. Meng, G. Zhang, B. Yin, Y. Zhao, W. Shi, C. Li, Facile fabrication of stable metal-free CQDs/g-C3N4 heterojunctions with efficiently enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. Sep. Purif. Technol. 171, 229 (2016)10.1016/j.seppur.2016.07.025 ↗
58. J. Di, J. Xia, M. Ji, H. Li, H. Xu, H. Li, R. Chen, The synergistic role of carbon quantum dots for the improved photocatalytic performance of Bi 2 MoO 6. Nanoscale 7(26), 11433 (2015)10.1039/C5NR01350J ↗
59. M.M. Ali, J.A. Nair, K. Sandhya, Role of reactive oxygen species in the visible light photocatalytic mineralization of rhodamine B dye by P25–carbon dot photocatalyst. Dyes Pigm. 163, 274 (2019)10.1016/j.dyepig.2018.11.057 ↗
60. S. Huang, Q. Zhang, P. Liu, S. Ma, B. Xie, K. Yang, Y. Zhao, Novel up-conversion carbon quantum dots/α-FeOOH nanohybrids eliminate tetracycline and its related drug resistance in visible-light responsive Fenton system. Appl. Catal. B 263, 118336 (2020)10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118336 ↗
61. Z. Qu, J. Wang, J. Tang, X. Shu, X. Liu, Z. Zhang, J. Wang, Carbon quantum dots/KNbO3 hybrid composites with enhanced visible-light driven photocatalytic activity toward dye waste-water degradation and hydrogen production. Molecular Catalysis. 445, 1 (2018)10.1016/j.mcat.2017.11.002 ↗
62. Y. Wang, L. Rao, P. Wang, Z. Shi, L. Zhang, Photocatalytic activity of N-TiO2/O-doped N vacancy g-C3N4 and the intermediates toxicity evaluation under tetracycline hydrochloride and Cr (VI) coexistence environment. Appl. Catal. B 262, 118308 (2020)
63. Z. Sabouri, M. Sabouri, S.S.T.H. Moghaddas, M. Darroudi, Design and preparation of amino-functionalized core-shell magnetic nanoparticles for photocatalytic application and investigation of cytotoxicity effects. J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng. 21(1), 93 (2023)10.1007/s40201-022-00842-x ↗
64. M. Kazemi, A. Akbari, H. Zarrinfar, S. Soleimanpour, Z. Sabouri, M. Khatami, M. Darroudi, Evaluation of antifungal and photocatalytic activities of gelatin-stabilized selenium oxide nanoparticles. J. Inorg. Organometall. Polym. Mater. 30, 3036 (2020)10.1007/s10904-020-01462-4 ↗
65. M. Kazemi, A. Akbari, Z. Sabouri, S. Soleimanpour, H. Zarrinfar, M. Khatami, M. Darroudi, Green synthesis of colloidal selenium nanoparticles in starch solutions and investigation of their photocatalytic, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity effects. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 44, 1215 (2021)10.1007/s00449-021-02515-9 ↗