journal article·2022-09-14Open access

Crack length estimations for small-scale fracture experiments via image processing techniques

K. Schmuck, M. Alfreider, D. Kiener

Journal of Materials Research· Volume 37· Issue 17

Abstract

Abstract Accurate knowledge of the current crack length is crucial to evaluate fracture mechanical tests. At the sub-micron to micron scale, the crack length is directly accessible via observation during in-situ experiments in electron microscopes, or indirectly via calculation from sample stiffness. In the current work, image processing techniques were used to introduce a semi-automatic technique to measure crack lengths at the micron scale from image sequences. The technique utilizes manually defined filters and searches for contours near the previous crack tip locating the new one according to the previous position. To demonstrate validity and capability, three micron-sized notched cantilevers were prepared for bending experiments and tested in-situ by partial unloading. Comparison of crack lengths determined by the proposed method, manual measurement and sample stiffness revealed a reasonable agreement, while occasional deviations allow further insights into the crack behaviour. Thus, our new approach enables more in-depth investigation of small-scale fracture processes. Graphical abstract
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Non-Destructive Testing Techniques · Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation · Optical measurement and interference techniques

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (50)

Show source-provided references
1. K.S. Ng, A.H.W. Ngan, Effects of trapping dislocations within small crystals on their deformation behavior. Acta Mater. 57, 4902–4910 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2009.06.05310.1016/j.actamat.2009.06.053 ↗
2. J.A. El-Awady, S.I. Rao, C. Woodward, D.M. Dimiduk, M.D. Uchic, Trapping and escape of dislocations in micro-crystals with external and internal barriers. Int. J. Plast. 27, 372–387 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2010.06.00610.1016/j.ijplas.2010.06.006 ↗
3. J.R. Greer, J.T.M. De Hosson, Plasticity in small-sized metallic systems: intrinsic versus extrinsic size effect. Prog. Mater. Sci. 56, 654–724 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.01.00510.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.01.005 ↗
4. R. Treml, D. Kozic, R. Schöngrundner, O. Kolednik, H.P. Gänser, R. Brunner, D. Kiener, Miniaturized fracture experiments to determine the toughness of individual films in a multilayer system. Extrem. Mech. Lett. 8, 235–244 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eml.2016.01.00410.1016/j.eml.2016.01.004 ↗
5. A. Riedl, R. Daniel, M. Stefenelli, T. Schöberl, O. Kolednik, C. Mitterer, J. Keckes, A novel approach for determining fracture toughness of hard coatings on the micrometer scale. Scr. Mater. 67, 708–711 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.06.03410.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.06.034 ↗
6. D.E.J. Armstrong, M.E. Rogers, S.G. Roberts, Micromechanical testing of stress corrosion cracking of individual grain boundaries. Scr. Mater. 61, 741–743 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2009.06.01710.1016/j.scriptamat.2009.06.017 ↗
7. K. Matoy, T. Detzel, M. Müller, C. Motz, G. Dehm, Interface fracture properties of thin films studied by using the micro-cantilever deflection technique. Surf. Coat. Technol. 204, 878–881 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.09.01310.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.09.013 ↗
8. D.S. Gianola, A. Sedlmayr, R. Mnig, C.A. Volkert, R.C. Major, E. Cyrankowski, S.A.S. Asif, O.L. Warren, O. Kraft, In situ nanomechanical testing in focused ion beam and scanning electron microscopes. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 1–12 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.359542310.1063/1.3595423 ↗
9. J. Ast, M. Ghidelli, K. Durst, M. Göken, M. Sebastiani, A.M. Korsunsky, A review of experimental approaches to fracture toughness evaluation at the micro-scale. Mater. Des. 173, 107762 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.10776210.1016/j.matdes.2019.107762 ↗
10. P. Hosemann, Small-scale mechanical testing on nuclear materials: bridging the experimental length-scale gap. Scr. Mater. 143, 161–168 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.04.02610.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.04.026 ↗
11. G. Dehm, B.N. Jaya, R. Raghavan, C. Kirchlechner, Overview on micro- and nanomechanical testing: new insights in interface plasticity and fracture at small length scales. Acta Mater. 142, 248–282 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.06.01910.1016/j.actamat.2017.06.019 ↗
12. J.C. Lindsay, in In Situ Measurement of Fatigue Induced Crack Growth in Inconel 718 Using Direct Current Potential Drop Method. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources (2019). https://doi.org/10.33915/etd.405010.33915/etd.4050 ↗
13. C. Bohnert, N.J. Schmitt, S.M. Weygand, O. Kraft, R. Schwaiger, Fracture toughness characterization of single-crystalline tungsten using notched micro-cantilever specimens. Int. J. Plast. 81, 1–17 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2016.01.01410.1016/j.ijplas.2016.01.014 ↗
14. M. Sutton, J.-J. Orteu, H. Schreier, Image Correlation for Shape, Motion and Deformation Measurements (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78747-310.1007/978-0-387-78747-3 ↗
15. S. Wurster, C. Motz, R. Pippan, Characterization of the fracture toughness of micro-sized tungsten single crystal notched specimens. Philos. Mag. 92, 1803–1825 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2012.65844910.1080/14786435.2012.658449 ↗
16. J. Ast, B. Merle, K. Durst, M. Göken, Fracture toughness evaluation of NiAl single crystals by microcantilevers—a new continuous J-integral method. J. Mater. Res. 31, 3786–3794 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2016.39310.1557/jmr.2016.393 ↗
17. F. Iqbal, J. Ast, M. Göken, K. Durst, In situ micro-cantilever tests to study fracture properties of NiAl single crystals. Acta Mater. 60, 1193–1200 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2011.10.06010.1016/j.actamat.2011.10.060 ↗
18. J. Ast, T. Przybilla, V. Maier, K. Durst, M. Göken, Microcantilever bending experiments in NiAl—evaluation, size effects, and crack tip plasticity. J. Mater. Res. 29, 2129–2140 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2014.24010.1557/jmr.2014.240 ↗
19. ASTM Standard E1820, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness, ASTM B. Stand. (2013), pp. 1–54. https://doi.org/10.1520/E1820-13.Copyright10.1520/E1820-13.Copyright ↗
20. M. Alfreider, S. Kolitsch, S. Wurster, D. Kiener, An analytical solution for the correct determination of crack lengths via cantilever stiffness. Mater. Des. 194, 3–7 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.10891410.1016/j.matdes.2020.108914 ↗
21. M. Alfreider, D. Kozic, O. Kolednik, D. Kiener, In-situ elastic-plastic fracture mechanics on the microscale by means of continuous dynamical testing. Mater. Des. 148, 177–187 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.03.05110.1016/j.matdes.2018.03.051 ↗
22. R.M.N. Pelloux, Crack extension by alternating shear. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1, 697–700 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(70)90008-110.1016/0013-7944(70)90008-1 ↗
23. R.O. Ritchie, Mechanism of fatigue-crack propagation in ductile and brittle materials. Int. J. Fract. 100, 55–83 (1998)10.1023/A:1018655917051 ↗
24. J.E. Hack, S.P. Chen, D.J. Srolovitz, A kinetic criterion for quasi-brittle fracture. Acta Metall. 37, 1957–1970 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(89)90080-110.1016/0001-6160(89)90080-1 ↗
25. R. Pippan, S. Wurster, D. Kiener, Fracture mechanics of micro samples: fundamental considerations. Mater. Des. 159, 252–267 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.09.00410.1016/j.matdes.2018.09.004 ↗
26. M. Burtscher, M. Alfreider, K. Schmuck, H. Clemens, S. Mayer, D. Kiener, In situ fracture observations of distinct interface types within a fully lamellar intermetallic TiAl alloy. J. Mater. Res. 36, 2465–2478 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2020.30610.1557/jmr.2020.306 ↗
27. C.F. Shih, Relationship between the J-integral and the COD for stationary and extending cracks. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 29, 305–326 (1981)10.1016/0022-5096(81)90003-X ↗
28. W. Brocks, D. Klingbeil, J. Olschewski, Lösung der HRR-Feld-Gleichungen der elastisch-plastischen Bruchmechanik, Bremerhaven (1990)
29. A.K. Saxena, S. Brinckmann, B. Völker, G. Dehm, C. Kirchlechner, Experimental conditions affecting the measured fracture toughness at the microscale: notch geometry and crack extension measurement. Mater. Des. 191, 1–11 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.10858210.1016/j.matdes.2020.108582 ↗
30. P.G. Sanders, C.J. Youngdahl, J.R. Weertman, The strength of nanocrystalline metals with and without flaws. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 234–236, 77–82 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(97)00185-810.1016/s0921-5093(97)00185-8 ↗
31. P. Zhang, S.X. Li, Z.F. Zhang, General relationship between strength and hardness. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 529, 62–73 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.08.06110.1016/j.msea.2011.08.061 ↗
32. D. Rupp, S.M. Weygand, Experimental investigation of the fracture toughness of polycrystalline tungsten in the brittle and semi-brittle regime. J. Nucl. Mater. 386–388, 591–593 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.12.18410.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.12.184 ↗
33. E. Harry, A. Rouzaud, P. Juliet, Y. Pauleau, M. Ignat, Failure and adhesion characterization of tungsten-carbon single layers, multilayered and graded coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol. 116–119, 172–175 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(99)00071-710.1016/S0257-8972(99)00071-7 ↗
34. M.J. Pfeifenberger, M. Mangang, S. Wurster, J. Reiser, A. Hohenwarter, W. Pfleging, D. Kiener, R. Pippan, The use of femtosecond laser ablation as a novel tool for rapid micro-mechanical sample preparation. Mater. Des. 121, 109–118 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.02.01210.1016/j.matdes.2017.02.012 ↗
35. J. Canny, A computational approach to edge detection. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. PAMI-8, 679–698 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1986.476785110.1109/TPAMI.1986.4767851 ↗
36. D. Vikram Mutneja, Methods of image edge detection: a review. J. Electr. Electron. Syst. 4, 1–5 (2015). https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0796.100015010.4172/2332-0796.1000150 ↗
37. M. Vidal, M. Ostra, N. Imaz, E. García-Lecina, C. Ubide, Analysis of SEM digital images to quantify crack network pattern area in chromium electrodeposits. Surf. Coat. Technol. 285, 289–297 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.11.04910.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.11.049 ↗
38. C. Roux-Langlois, A. Gravouil, M.C. Baietto, J. Réthoré, F. Mathieu, F. Hild, S. Roux, DIC identification and X-FEM simulation of fatigue crack growth based on the Williams’ series. Int. J. Solids Struct. 53, 38–47 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2014.10.02610.1016/j.ijsolstr.2014.10.026 ↗
39. G. Van Rossum, F.L. Drake, Python 3 Reference Manual. (CreateSpace, Scotts Valley, 2009). https://www.python.org/. Accessed 9 Aug 2021
40. C.R. Harris, K.J. Millman, S.J. van der Walt, R. Gommers, P. Virtanen, D. Cournapeau, E. Wieser, J. Taylor, S. Berg, N.J. Smith, R. Kern, M. Picus, S. Hoyer, M.H. van Kerkwijk, M. Brett, A. Haldane, J. Fernández del Río, M. Wiebe, P. Peterson, P. Gérard-Marchant, K. Sheppard, T. Reddy, W. Weckesser, H. Abbasi, C. Gohlke, T.E. Oliphant, Array programming with {NumPy}. Nature 585, 357–362 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2649-210.1038/s41586-020-2649-2 ↗
41. P. Virtanen, R. Gommers, T.E. Oliphant, M. Haberland, T. Reddy, D. Cournapeau, E. Burovski, P. Peterson, W. Weckesser, J. Bright, S.J. van der Walt, M. Brett, J. Wilson, K.J. Millman, N. Mayorov, A.R.J. Nelson, E. Jones, R. Kern, E. Larson, C.J. Carey, I. Polat, Y. Feng, E.W. Moore, J. VanderPlas, D. Laxalde, J. Perktold, R. Cimrman, I. Henriksen, E.A. Quintero, C.R. Harris, A.M. Archibald, A.H. Ribeiro, F. Pedregosa, P. van Mulbregt, SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nat. Methods 17, 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-210.1038/s41592-019-0686-2 ↗
42. F. Pedregosa, G. Varoquaux, A. Gramfort, V. Michel, B. Thirion, O. Grisel, M. Blondel, P. Prettenhofer, R. Weiss, V. Dubourg, J. Vanderplas, A. Passos, M. Cournapeau, D. Brucher, M. Perrot, É. Duchesnay, Scikit-learn: machine learning in Python. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 12, 2825–2830 (2011)
43. G. Bradski, The OpenCV Library, Dr. Dobb’s J. Softw. Tools. (2000). https://docs.opencv.org/4.3.0/. Accessed 9 Aug 2021
44. S. van der Walt, J.L. Schönberger, J. Nunez-Iglesias, F. Boulogne, J.D. Warner, N. Yager, E. Gouillart, T. Yu, Scikit-image: image processing in Python. PeerJ (2014). https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.45310.7717/peerj.453 ↗
45. A.D. Kammers, S. Daly, Digital image correlation under scanning electron microscopy: methodology and validation. Exp. Mech. 53, 1743–1761 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-013-9782-x10.1007/s11340-013-9782-x ↗
46. A. Buades, B. Coll, J.-M. Morel, Non-local means denoising. Image Process. Line 1, 208–212 (2011). https://doi.org/10.5201/ipol.2011.bcm_nlm10.5201/ipol.2011.bcm_nlm ↗
47. S.M. Pizer, E.P. Amburn, J.D. Austin, R. Cromartie, A. Geselowitz, T. Greer, B. ter Haar Romeny, J.B. Zimmerman, K. Zuiderveld, Adaptive histogram equalization and its variations. Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process. 39, 355–368 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-189X(87)80186-X10.1016/S0734-189X(87)80186-X ↗
48. S. Suzuki, K. Abe, Topological structural analysis of digitized binary images by border following. Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process. 30, 32–46 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1016/0734-189X(85)90016-710.1016/0734-189X(85)90016-7 ↗
49. ASTM Standard E399-90, Standard Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness KIC of Metallic Materials (1997), pp. 413–433. https://doi.org/10.1520/E0399-90R9710.1520/E0399-90R97 ↗
50. F. Gustafsson, Determining the initial states in forward-backward filtering. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 44, 988–992 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1109/78.49255210.1109/78.492552 ↗