3D printing of carbon-based materials for supercapacitors
Source abstract
Abstract
Supercapacitor (SC) has the characteristics of high power density, long cycle life, and fast charge and discharge rates, which possess great potential in providing energy storage performance for smart electronic products. The preparation and assembly of electrodes play an important role in improving the performance of SC. Traditional manufacturing techniques have limitations in controlling the geometry and structure of the electrodes. The advent of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology offers great opportunities for accurately control SC device geometry and structure, as well as enhanced energy and power density. This article reviews recent advances in common 3D printing techniques, carbon-based materials used to manufacture electrodes, and structures of different SC devices, with emphasis on the fabrication and application of carbon-based SC. Finally, the research conclusions and prospects are given, and the future design and development direction of 3D printing in carbon-based SC are pointed out. 3D printing offers a great opportunity to precisely control the structure of supercapacitor devices and to improve their energy and power density. This article focuses on the different 3D printing technologies, preparation and application of supercapacitor device structures with carbon based electrode.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication · Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies · Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. T.J. Wallin, J. Pikul, R.F. Shepherd, 3D printing of soft robotic systems. Nat. Rev. Mater. 3(6), 84 (2018)10.1038/s41578-018-0002-2 ↗
2. Y. Zhang, F. Zhang, Z. Yan, Q. Ma, X. Li, Y. Huang, J.A. Rogers, Printing, folding and assembly methods for forming 3D mesostructures in advanced materials. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2(4), 17019 (2017)10.1038/natrevmats.2017.19 ↗
3. V. Egorov, U. Gulzar, Y. Zhang, S. Breen, C. O’Dwyer, Evolution of 3D printing methods and materials for electrochemical energy storage. Adv. Mater. 32(29), 2000556 (2020)10.1002/adma.202000556 ↗
4. Y. Zheng, Z.Z. He, J. Yang, J. Liu, Personal electronics printing via tapping mode composite liquid metal ink delivery and adhesion mechanism. Sci. Rep. 4, 4588 (2014)10.1038/srep04588 ↗
5. E. Macdonald, R. Salas, D. Espalin, M. Perez, E. Aguilera, D. Muse, R.B. Wicker, 3D printing for the rapid prototyping of structural electronics. IEEE Access 2, 234 (2014)10.1109/ACCESS.2014.2311810 ↗
6. C. Zhu, T. Liu, F. Qian, T.Y.J. Han, E.B. Duoss, J.D. Kuntz, C.M. Spadaccini, M.A. Worsley, Y. Li, Supercapacitors based on three-dimensional hierarchical graphene aerogels with periodic macropores. Nano Lett. 16(6), 3448 (2016)10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04965 ↗
7. K. Sun, T.S. Wei, B.Y. Ahn, J.Y. Seo, S.J. Dillon, J.A. Lewis, 3D Printing of interdigitated li-ion microbattery architectures. Adv. Mater. 25(33), 4539 (2013)10.1002/adma.201301036 ↗
8. M. Layani, X. Wang, S. Magdassi, Novel materials for 3D printing by photopolymerization. Adv. Mater. 30(41), 1706344 (2018)10.1002/adma.201706344 ↗
9. B. Derby, Additive manufacture of ceramics components by inkjet printing. Engineering 1(1), 113 (2015)10.15302/J-ENG-2015014 ↗
10. S.V. Murphy, A. Atala, 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Nat. Biotechnol. 32(8), 773 (2014)10.1038/nbt.2958 ↗
11. J.S. Miller, K.R. Stevens, M.T. Yang, B.M. Baker, D.H.T. Nguyen, D.M. Cohen, E. Toro, A.A. Chen, P.A. Galie, X. Yu, R. Chaturvedi, S.N. Bhatia, C.S. Chen, Rapid casting of patterned vascular networks for perfusable engineered three-dimensional tissues. Nat. Mater. 11(9), 768 (2012)10.1038/nmat3357 ↗
12. F.P.W. Melchels, J. Feijen, D.W. Grijpma, A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering. Biomaterials 31(24), 6121 (2010)10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.050 ↗
13. X. Zheng, H. Lee, T.H. Weisgraber, M. Shusteff, J. DeOtte, E.B. Duoss, J.D. Kuntz, M.M. Biener, Q. Ge, J.A. Jackson, S.O. Kucheyev, N.X. Fang, C.M. Spadaccini, Ultralight, ultrastiff mechanical metamaterials. Science 344(6190), 1373 (2014)10.1126/science.1252291 ↗
14. T.A. Schaedler, A.J. Jacobsen, A. Torrents, A.E. Sorensen, J. Lian, J.R. Greer, L. Valdevit, W.B. Carter, Ultralight metallic microlattices. Science 334(6058), 962 (2011)10.1126/science.1211649 ↗
15. L. Huang, S. Lin, Z. Xu, H. Zhou, J. Duan, B. Hu, J. Zhou, Fiber-based energy conversion devices for human-body energy harvesting. Adv. Mater. 32(5), e1902034 (2020)10.1002/adma.201902034 ↗
16. S. Lochmann, Y. Braeuniger, V. Gottsmann, L. Galle, J. Grothe, S. Kaskel, Switchable supercapacitors with transistor-like gating characteristics (G-Cap). Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(19), 1910439 (2020)10.1002/adfm.201910439 ↗
17. S.H. Park, G. Goodall, W.S. Kim, Perspective on 3D-designed micro-supercapacitors. Mater. Des. 193, 108797 (2020)10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108797 ↗
18. S.S. Delekta, M.M. Laurila, M. Mantysalo, J. Li, Drying-mediated self-assembly of graphene for inkjet printing of high-rate micro-supercapacitors. Nano-Micro Lett. 12(1), 2311 (2020)
19. K. Ghosh, M. Pumera, Free-standing electrochemically coated MoSx based 3D-printed nanocarbon electrode for solid-state supercapacitor application. Nanoscale 13(11), 5744 (2021)10.1039/D0NR06479C ↗
20. B. Yao, H. Peng, H. Zhang, J. Kang, C. Zhu, G. Delgado, D. Byrne, S. Faulkner, M. Freyman, X. Lu, M.A. Worsley, J.Q. Lu, Y. Li, Printing porous carbon aerogels for low temperature supercapacitors. Nano Lett. 21(9), 3731 (2021)10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04780 ↗
21. P. Simon, Y. Gogotsi, Perspectives for electrochemical capacitors and related devices. Nat. Mater. 19(11), 1151 (2020)10.1038/s41563-020-0747-z ↗
22. X. Fan, X. Ji, L. Chen, J. Chen, T. Deng, F. Han, J. Yue, N. Piao, R. Wang, X. Zhou, X. Xiao, L. Chen, C. Wang, All-temperature batteries enabled by fluorinated electrolytes with non-polar solvents. Nat. Energy 4(10), 882 (2019)10.1038/s41560-019-0474-3 ↗
23. X. Dong, Z. Guo, Z. Guo, Y. Wang, Y. Xia, Organic batteries OPERATED at −70 °C. Joule 2(5), 902 (2018)10.1016/j.joule.2018.01.017 ↗
24. J.C. Ruiz Morales, A. Tarancon, J. Canales Vazquez, J. Mendez Ramos, L. Hernandez Afonso, P. Acosta Mora, J.R. Marin Rueda, R. Fernandez-Gonzalez, Three dimensional printing of components and functional devices for energy and environmental applications. Energy Environ. Sci. 10(4), 846 (2017)10.1039/C6EE03526D ↗
25. F. Zhang, M. Wei, V.V. Viswanathan, B. Swart, Y. Shao, G. Wu, C. Zhou, 3D printing technologies for electrochemical energy storage. Nano Energy 40, 418 (2017)10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.08.037 ↗
26. B.J. de Gans, P.C. Duineveld, U.S. Schubert, Inkjet printing of polymers: state of the art and future developments. Adv. Mater. 16(3), 203 (2004)10.1002/adma.200300385 ↗
27. H.P. Le, Progress and trends in ink-jet printing technology. J. Imaging Sci. Technol. 42(1), 49 (1998)10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.1998.42.1.art00007 ↗
28. W. Gao, Y. Zhang, D. Ramanujan, K. Ramani, Y. Chen, C.B. Williams, C.C.L. Wang, Y.C. Shin, S. Zhang, P.D. Zavattieri, The status, challenges, and future of additive manufacturing in engineering. Comput. Aided Des. 69, 65 (2015)10.1016/j.cad.2015.04.001 ↗
29. W.E. Frazier, Metal additive manufacturing: a review. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 23(6), 1917 (2014)10.1007/s11665-014-0958-z ↗
30. X. Wang, M. Jiang, Z. Zhou, J. Gou, D. Hui, 3D printing of polymer matrix composites: a review and prospective. Composites B 110, 442 (2017)10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.11.034 ↗
31. S.C. Ligon, R. Liska, J. Stampfl, M. Gurr, R. Muelhaupt, Polymers for 3D printing and customized additive manufacturing. Chem. Rev. 117(15), 10212 (2017)10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00074 ↗
32. W. Bian, D. Li, Q. Lian, X. Li, W. Zhang, K. Wang, Z. Jin, Fabrication of a bio-inspired beta-tricalcium phosphate/collagen scaffold based on ceramic stereolithography and gel casting for osteochondral tissue engineering. Rapid Prototyp. J. 18(1), 68 (2012)10.1108/13552541211193511 ↗
33. T. Chartier, C. Duterte, N. Delhote, D. Baillargeat, S. Verdeyme, C. Delage, C. Chaput, Fabrication of millimeter wave components via ceramic stereo- and microstereolithography processes. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 91(8), 2469 (2008)10.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02482.x ↗
34. K. Chopra, P.M. Mummery, B. Derby, J.E. Gough, Gel-cast glass-ceramic tissue scaffolds of controlled architecture produced via stereolithography of moulds. Biofabrication 4(4), 045002 (2012)10.1088/1758-5082/4/4/045002 ↗
35. A. Zhakeyev, P. Wang, L. Zhang, W. Shu, H. Wang, J. Xuan, Additive manufacturing: unlocking the evolution of energy materials. Adv. Sci. 4(10), 1700187 (2017)10.1002/advs.201700187 ↗
36. R.D. Farahani, M. Dube, D. Therriault, Three-dimensional printing of multifunctional nanocomposites: manufacturing techniques and applications. Adv. Mater. 28(28), 5794 (2016)10.1002/adma.201506215 ↗
37. R.L. Truby, J.A. Lewis, Printing soft matter in three dimensions. Nature 540(7633), 371 (2016)10.1038/nature21003 ↗
38. L.E. Murr, S.M. Gaytan, D.A. Ramirez, E. Martinez, J. Hernandez, K.N. Amato, P.W. Shindo, F.R. Medina, R.B. Wicker, Metal Fabrication by additive manufacturing using laser and electron beam melting technologies. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 28(1), 1 (2012)10.1016/S1005-0302(12)60016-4 ↗
39. D. Buchbinder, H. Schleifenbaum, S. Heidrich, W. Meiners, J. Bültmann, High power selective laser melting (HP SLM) of aluminum parts. Physics Procedia. 12, 271 (2011)
40. J. Yang, H. Ouyang, Y. Wang, Direct metal laser fabrication: machine development and experimental work. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Tech. 46(9–12), 1133 (2010)10.1007/s00170-009-2174-9 ↗
41. J. Czyzewski, P. Burzynski, K. Gawel, J. Meisner, Rapid prototyping of electrically conductive components using 3D printing technology. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 209(12–13), 5281 (2009)10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2009.03.015 ↗
42. J.M. Wilson, C. Piya, Y.C. Shin, F. Zhao, K. Ramani, Remanufacturing of turbine blades by laser direct deposition with its energy and environmental impact analysis. J. Clean. Prod. 80, 170 (2014)10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.05.084 ↗
43. B. Mueller, D. Kochan, Laminated object manufacturing for rapid tooling and patternmaking in foundry industry. Comput. Ind. 39(1), 47 (1999)10.1016/S0166-3615(98)00127-4 ↗
44. T. Himmer, T. Nakagawa, M. Anzai, Lamination of metal sheets. Comput. Ind. 39(1), 27 (1999)10.1016/S0166-3615(98)00122-5 ↗
45. M. Heidari Rarani, M. Rafiee Afarani, A.M. Zahedi, Mechanical characterization of Fdm 3D printing of continuous carbon fiber reinforced Pla composites. Composites B 175, 107147 (2019)10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107147 ↗
46. C. Reyes, R. Somogyi, S. Niu, M.A. Cruz, F. Yang, M.J. Catenacci, C.P. Rhodes, B.J. Wiley, Three-dimensional printing of a complete lithium ion battery with fused filament fabrication. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 1(10), 5268 (2018)
47. Q. Shi, K. Yu, X. Kuang, X. Mu, C.K. Dunn, M.L. Dunn, T. Wang, H.J. Qi, Recyclable 3D printing of vitrimer epoxy. Mater. Horiz. 4(4), 598 (2017)10.1039/C7MH00043J ↗
48. S. Mooraj, Z. Qi, C. Zhu, J. Ren, S. Peng, L. Liu, S. Zhang, S. Feng, F. Kong, Y. Liu, E.B. Duoss, S. Baker, W. Chen, (2020) 3D printing of metal-based materials for renewable energy applications. Nano Res. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3230-x10.1007/s12274-020-3230-x ↗
49. S.Z. Guo, F. Gosselin, N. Guerin, A.M. Lanouette, M.C. Heuzey, D. Therriault, Solvent-cast three-dimensional printing of multifunctional microsystems. Small 9(24), 4118 (2013)10.1002/smll.201300975 ↗
50. K. Fu, Y. Yao, J. Dai, L. Hu, Progress in 3D printing of carbon materials for energy-related applications. Adv. Mater. 29(9), 1603486 (2017)10.1002/adma.201603486 ↗
51. S. Yuan, W. Fan, D. Wang, L. Zhang, Y.E. Miao, F. Lai, T. Liu, 3D printed carbon aerogel microlattices for customizable supercapacitors with high areal capacitance. J. Mater. Chem. A 9(1), 423 (2021)10.1039/D0TA08750E ↗
52. A.E. Jakus, E.B. Secor, A.L. Rutz, S.W. Jordan, M.C. Hersam, R.N. Shah, Three-dimensional printing of high-content graphene scaffolds for electronic and biomedical applications. ACS Nano 9(4), 4636 (2015)10.1021/acsnano.5b01179 ↗
53. C. Zhu, T.Y.J. Han, E.B. Duoss, A.M. Golobic, J.D. Kuntz, C.M. Spadaccini, M.A. Worsley, Highly compressible 3D periodic graphene aerogel microlattices. Nat. Commun. 6, 6962 (2015)10.1038/ncomms7962 ↗
54. L. Dong, Z. Chen, X. Zhao, J. Ma, S. Lin, M. Li, Y. Bao, L. Chu, K. Leng, H. Lu, K.P. Loh, A non-dispersion strategy for large-scale production of ultra-high concentration graphene slurries in water. Nat. Commun. 9, 76 (2018)10.1038/s41467-017-02580-3 ↗
55. Y. Shen, Y. Wang, Y. Zhou, C. Hai, J. Hu, Y. Zhang, Electrostatic force spectroscopy revealing the degree of reduction of individual graphene oxide sheets. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 9, 1146 (2018)10.3762/bjnano.9.106 ↗
56. J. Song, Y. Chen, K. Cao, Y. Lu, J.H. Xin, X. Tao, Fully controllable design and fabrication of three-dimensional lattice supercapacitors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(46), 39839 (2018)10.1021/acsami.8b15731 ↗
57. X. Fan, W. Peng, Y. Li, X. Li, S. Wang, G. Zhang, F. Zhang, Deoxygenation of exfoliated graphite oxide under alkaline conditions: a green route to graphene preparation. Adv. Mater. 20(23), 4490 (2008)10.1002/adma.200801306 ↗
58. S.D. Lacey, D.J. Kirsch, Y. Li, J.T. Morgenstern, B.C. Zarket, Y. Yao, J. Dai, L.Q. Garcia, B. Liu, T. Gao, S. Xu, S.R. Raghavan, J.W. Connell, Y. Lin, L. Hu, Extrusion-based 3D printing of hierarchically porous advanced battery electrodes. Adv. Mater. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20170565110.1002/adma.201705651 ↗
59. C.H.A. Tsang, H. Huang, J. Xuan, H. Wang, D.Y.C. Leung, Graphene materials in green energy applications: recent development and future perspective. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 120, 109656 (2020)10.1016/j.rser.2019.109656 ↗
60. G. Bhattacharya, S.J. Fishlock, A. Pritam, S. Sinha Roy, J.A. McLaughlin, Recycled red mud-decorated porous 3D graphene for high-energy flexible micro-supercapacitor. Adv. Sustain. Syst. 4(4), 1900133 (2020)10.1002/adsu.201900133 ↗
61. S. Ling, W. Kang, S. Tao, C. Zhang, Highly concentrated graphene oxide ink for facile 3D printing of supercapacitors. Nano Mater. Sci. 1(2), 142 (2019)10.1016/j.nanoms.2019.05.003 ↗
62. S. Chandrasekaran, B. Yao, T.Y. Liu, W. Xiao, Y. Song, F. Qian, C. Zhu, E.B. Duoss, C.M. Spadaccini, Y. Li, M.A. Worsley, Direct ink writing of organic and carbon aerogels. Mater. Horiz. 5(6), 1166 (2018)10.1039/C8MH00603B ↗
63. Y. Jiang, Z. Xu, T. Huang, Y. Liu, F. Guo, J. Xi, W. Gao, C. Gao, Direct 3D printing of ultralight graphene oxide aerogel microlattices. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28(16), 1707024 (2018)10.1002/adfm.201707024 ↗
64. B. Yao, S. Chandrasekaran, H. Zhang, A. Ma, J. Kang, L. Zhang, X. Lu, F. Qian, C. Zhu, E.B. Duoss, C.M. Spadaccini, M.A. Worsley, Y. Li, 3D-printed structure boosts the kinetics and intrinsic capacitance of pseudocapacitive graphene aerogels. Adv. Mater. 32(8), e1906652 (2020)10.1002/adma.201906652 ↗
65. T. Kou, B. Yao, T. Liu, Y. Li, Recent advances in chemical methods for activating carbon and metal oxide based electrodes for supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A 5(33), 17151 (2017)10.1039/C7TA05003H ↗
66. Y. Braeuniger, S. Lochmann, J. Grothe, M. Hantusch, S. Kaskel, Piezoelectric inkjet printing of nanoporous carbons for micro-supercapacitor devices. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 4(2), 1560 (2021)10.1021/acsaem.0c02745 ↗
67. L. Liu, J. Lu, X. Long, R. Zhou, Y. Liu, Y. Wu, K. Yan, 3D printing of high-performance micro-supercapacitors with patterned exfoliated graphene/carbon nanotube/silver nanowire electrodes. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 64, 1065 (2021)10.1007/s11431-020-1763-5 ↗
68. B.L. Chen, Y.Z. Jiang, X.H. Tang, Y.Y. Pan, S. Hu, Fully packaged carbon nanotube supercapacitors by direct ink writing on flexible substrates. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(34), 28433 (2017)10.1021/acsami.7b06804 ↗
69. A.P. Graham, G.S. Duesberg, W. Hoenlein, F. Kreupl, M. Liebau, R. Martin, B. Rajasekharan, W. Pamler, R. Seidel, W. Steinhoegl, E. Unger, How do carbon nanotubes fit into the semiconductor roadmap? Appl. Phys. A 80(6), 1141 (2005)10.1007/s00339-004-3151-7 ↗
70. H. Okimoto, T. Takenobu, K. Yanagi, Y. Miyata, H. Shimotani, H. Kataura, Y. Iwasa, Tunable carbon nanotube thin-film transistors produced exclusively via inkjet printing. Adv. Mater. 22(36), 3981 (2010)10.1002/adma.201000889 ↗
71. W. Yu, H. Zhou, B.Q. Li, S.J. Ding, 3D printing of carbon nanotubes-based microsupercapacitors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(5), 4597 (2017)10.1021/acsami.6b13904 ↗
72. Q. Fang, Y. Shen, B. Chen, Synthesis, decoration and properties of three-dimensional graphene-based macrostructures: a review. Chem. Eng. J. 264, 753 (2015)10.1016/j.cej.2014.12.001 ↗
73. K. Kordás, T. Mustonen, G. Tóth, H. Jantunen, M. Lajunen, C. Soldano, S. Talapatra, S. Kar, R. Vajtai, P.M. Ajayan, Inkjet printing of electrically conductive patterns of carbon nanotubes. Small 2(8–9), 1021 (2006)10.1002/smll.200600061 ↗
74. T.T. Gao, Z. Zhou, J.Y. Yu, J. Zhao, G.L. Wang, D.X. Cao, B. Ding, Y.J. Li, 3D printing of tunable energy storage devices with both high areal and volumetric energy densities. Adv. Energy Mater. 9(8), 1802578 (2019)10.1002/aenm.201802578 ↗
75. S.R. Shin, R. Farzad, A. Tamayol, V. Manoharan, P. Mostafalu, Y.S. Zhang, M. Akbari, S.M. Jung, D. Kim, M. Comotto, N. Annabi, F.E. Al Hazmi, M.R. Dokmeci, A. Khademhosseini, A bioactive carbon nanotube-based ink for printing 2D and 3D flexible electronics. Adv. Mater. 28(17), 3280 (2016)10.1002/adma.201506420 ↗
76. D. Cao, Y. Xing, K. Tantratian, X. Wang, Y. Ma, A. Mukhopadhyay, Z. Cheng, Q. Zhang, Y. Jiao, L. Chen, H. Zhu, 3D printed high-performance lithium metal microbatteries enabled by nanocellulose. Adv. Mater. 31(14), 1807313 (2019)10.1002/adma.201807313 ↗
77. W. Chen, H. Yu, S.Y. Lee, T. Wei, J. Li, Z. Fan, Nanocellulose: a promising nanomaterial for advanced electrochemical energy storage. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47(8), 2837 (2018)10.1039/C7CS00790F ↗
78. B. Thomas, M.C. Raj, K.B. Athira, M.H. Rubiyah, J. Joy, A. Moores, G.L. Drisko, C. Sanchez, Nanocellulose, a versatile green platform: from biosources to materials and their applications. Chem. Rev. 118(24), 11575 (2018)10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00627 ↗
79. H. Zhu, W. Luo, P.N. Ciesielski, Z. Fang, J.Y. Zhu, G. Henriksson, M.E. Himmel, L. Hu, Wood-derived materials for green electronics, biological devices, and energy applications. Chem. Rev. 116(16), 9305 (2016)10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00225 ↗
80. S. Iwamoto, W. Kai, A. Isogai, T. Iwata, Elastic modulus of single cellulose microfibrils from tunicate measured by atomic force microscopy. Biomacromol 10(9), 2571 (2009)10.1021/bm900520n ↗
81. F. Lai, C. Yang, R. Lian, K. Chu, J. Qin, W. Zong, D. Rao, J. Hofkens, X. Lu, T. Liu, Three-phase boundary in cross-coupled micro-mesoporous networks enabling 3D-printed and ionogel-based quasi-solid-state micro-supercapacitors. Adv. Mater. 32(40), 2002474 (2020)10.1002/adma.202002474 ↗
82. Y. Song, T. Liu, F. Qian, C. Zhu, B. Yao, E. Duoss, C. Spadaccini, M. Worsley, Y. Li, Three-dimensional carbon architectures for electrochemical capacitors. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 509, 529 (2018)10.1016/j.jcis.2017.07.081 ↗
83. M. Idrees, S. Ahmed, Z. Mohammed, N.S. Korivi, V. Rangari, 3D printed supercapacitor using porous carbon derived from packaging waste. Addit. Manuf. 36, 101525 (2020)
84. K.H. Choi, J. Yoo, C.K. Lee, S.Y. Lee, All-inkjet-printed, solid-state flexible supercapacitors on paper. Energy Environ. Sci. 9(9), 2812 (2016)10.1039/C6EE00966B ↗
85. C. Zhong, Y. Deng, W. Hu, J. Qiao, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, A review of electrolyte materials and compositions for electrochemical supercapacitors. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44(21), 7484 (2015)10.1039/C5CS00303B ↗
86. M. Areir, Y. Xu, D. Harrison, J. Fyson, R. Zhang, Development of 3D printing technology for the manufacture of flexible electric double-layer capacitors. Mater. Manuf. Processes 33(8), 905 (2018)10.1080/10426914.2017.1401712 ↗
87. C. Zhang, M.P. Kremer, A. Seral Ascaso, S.H. Park, N. McEvoy, B. Anasori, Y. Gogotsi, V. Nicolosi, Stamping of flexible, coplanar micro-supercapacitors using MXene Inks. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28(9), 1705506 (2018)10.1002/adfm.201705506 ↗
88. L. Liu, G. Ying, D. Wen, K. Zhang, C. Hu, Y. Zheng, C. Zhang, X. Wang, C. Wang, Aqueous solution-processed MXene (Ti3C2Tx) for non-hydrophilic epoxy resin-based composites with enhanced mechanical and physical properties. Mater. Des. 197, 109276 (2021)10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109276 ↗
89. L. Yu, Z. Fan, Y. Shao, Z. Tian, J. Sun, Z. Liu, Versatile N-doped MXene ink for printed electrochemical energy storage application. Adv. Energy Mater. 9(34), 1901839 (2019)10.1002/aenm.201901839 ↗
90. W. Yang, J. Yang, J.J. Byun, F.P. Moissinac, J. Xu, S.J. Haigh, M. Domingos, M.A. Bissett, R.A.W. Dryfe, S. Barg, 3D Printing of freestanding MXene architectures for current-collector-free supercapacitors. Adv. Mater. 31(37), 1902725 (2019)10.1002/adma.201902725 ↗
91. C. Zhang, M.P. Kremer, A. Seral Ascaso, S.H. Park, N. McEvoy, B. Anasori, Y. Gogotsi, V. Nicolosi, Stamping of flexible, coplanar micro-supercapacitors using MXene inks. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28(9), 1705506 (2018)10.1002/adfm.201705506 ↗
92. X. Li, H. Li, X. Fan, X. Shi, J. Liang, 3D-Printed stretchable micro-supercapacitor with remarkable areal performance. Adv. Energy Mater. 10(14), 1903794 (2020)10.1002/aenm.201903794 ↗
93. K. Shen, H. Mei, B. Li, J. Ding, S. Yang, 3D printing sulfur copolymer-graphene architectures for Li-S batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20170152710.1002/aenm.201701527 ↗
94. K. Shen, J. Ding, S. Yang, 3D printing quasi-solid-state asymmetric micro-supercapacitors with ultrahigh areal energy density. Adv. Energy Mater. 8(20), 1800408 (2018)10.1002/aenm.201800408 ↗
95. X. Shi, S. Pei, F. Zhou, W. Ren, H.M. Cheng, Z.S. Wu, X. Bao, Ultrahigh-voltage integrated micro-supercapacitors with designable shapes and superior flexibility. Energy Environ. Sci. 12(5), 1534 (2019)10.1039/C8EE02924E ↗
96. K. Tang, H. Ma, Y. Tian, Z. Liu, H. Jin, S. Hou, K. Zhou, X. Tian, 3D printed hybrid-dimensional electrodes for flexible micro-supercapacitors with superior electrochemical behaviours. Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 15, 511 (2020)10.1080/17452759.2020.1842619 ↗
97. M.L. Seol, I. Nam, E.L. Ribeiro, B. Segel, D. Lee, T. Palma, H. Wu, D. Mukherjee, B. Khomami, C. Hill, J.W. Han, M. Meyyappan, All-printed in-plane supercapacitors by sequential additive manufacturing process. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 3(5), 4965 (2020)10.1021/acsaem.0c00510 ↗
98. Z. Wang, Q.E. Zhang, S. Long, Y. Luo, P. Yu, Z. Tan, J. Bai, B. Qu, Y. Yang, J. Shi, H. Zhou, Z.Y. Xiao, W. Hong, H. Bai, Three-dimensional printing of polyaniline/reduced graphene oxide composite for high-performance planar supercapacitor. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(12), 10437 (2018)10.1021/acsami.7b19635 ↗
99. T. Liu, Y. Chen, L. Chen, 3D printing engineered multi-porous Cu microelectrodes with in situ electro-oxidation growth of CuO nanosheets for long cycle, high capacity and large rate supercapacitors. Acta Metall. Sin-Engl. 34(1), 85 (2021)10.1007/s40195-020-01097-x ↗
100. T. Chen, L. Qiu, Z. Yang, Z. Cai, J. Ren, H. Li, H. Lin, X. Sun, H. Peng, An integrated “energy wire” for both photoelectric conversion and energy storage. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51(48), 11977 (2012)10.1002/anie.201207023 ↗