journal article·2023-01-14Open access

A Hall–Petch study of the high toughness Cr40Co30Ni30 multi-principal element alloy

Fernanda Cunha Puosso, Gustavo Bertoli, Francisco Gil Coury

Journal of Materials Research· Volume 38· Issue 1

Abstract

Abstract Multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) are an emergent class of metallic materials that displays a huge range of possible properties and applications. CrCoNi MPEAs attract great interest because they show good strength–ductility combinations, especially in Cr-rich non-equiatomic compositions. In this work, the Cr40Co30Ni30 MPEA was produced and characterized at different annealing conditions. This alloy displays a great strength–ductility balance, evidenced by the high uniform deformation (55–70%) and high estimated toughness. It also exhibits high strengthening by grain refining, given by the high Hall–Petch slope (k = 655 MPa/μm−0.5). The grain growth kinetics analysis provides estimates that can aid the design and processing of this alloy for future applications. Deformed samples displayed both TWIP and TRIP effects, once mechanical twins and HCP martensitic phase, arranged in nanometric lamellae, are formed during straining, greatly increasing the number of interfaces in the microstructure and providing good mechanical properties in tension. Graphical abstract
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: High Entropy Alloys Studies · High-Temperature Coating Behaviors · Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (53)

Show source-provided references
1. J.W. Yeh, Physical metallurgy of high-entropy alloys. Jom 67, 2254–2261 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1583-510.1007/s11837-015-1583-5 ↗
2. Y. Zhang, T.T. Zuo, Z. Tang, M.C. Gao, K.A. Dahmen, P.K. Liaw, Z.P. Lu, Microstructures and properties of high-entropy alloys. Prog. Mater. Sci. 61, 1–93 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.10.00110.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.10.001 ↗
3. D.B. Miracle, O.N. Senkov, A critical review of high entropy alloys and related concepts. Acta Mater. 122, 448–511 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.08.08110.1016/j.actamat.2016.08.081 ↗
4. J.P. Oliveira, A. Shamsolhodaei, J. Shen, J.G. Lopes, R.M. Gonçalves, M. de Brito Ferraz, L. Piçarra, Z. Zeng, N. Schell, N. Zhou, H. Seop Kim, Improving the ductility in laser welded joints of CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy to 316 stainless steel. Mater. Des. 219, 110717 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.11071710.1016/j.matdes.2022.110717 ↗
5. A.C. Martin, J.P. Oliveira, C. Fink, Elemental effects on weld cracking susceptibility in AlxCoCrCuyFeNi high-entropy alloy. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 51, 778–787 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05564-810.1007/s11661-019-05564-8 ↗
6. B. Gludovatz, A. Hohenwarter, K.V.S. Thurston, H. Bei, Z. Wu, E.P. George, R.O. Ritchie, Exceptional damage-tolerance of a medium-entropy alloy CrCoNi at cryogenic temperatures. Nat. Commun. 7, 1–8 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1060210.1038/ncomms10602 ↗
7. X. Wu, M. Yang, P. Jiang, C. Wang, L. Zhou, F. Yuan, E. Ma, Deformation nanotwins suppress shear banding during impact test of CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy. Scr. Mater. 178, 452–456 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.12.01710.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.12.017 ↗
8. A.J. Cooper, N.I. Cooper, A. Bell, J. Dhers, A.H. Sherry, A microstructural study on the observed differences in Charpy impact behavior between hot isostatically pressed and forged 304L and 316L austenitic stainless steel. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 46, 5126–5138 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-3140-910.1007/s11661-015-3140-9 ↗
9. G.Y. Koga, N. Birbilis, G. Zepon, C.S. Kiminami, W.J. Botta, M. Kaufman, A. Clarke, F.G. Coury, Corrosion resistant and tough multi-principal element Cr-Co-Ni alloys. J. Alloys Compd. 884, 161107 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.16110710.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161107 ↗
10. G. Bertoli, G.Y. Koga, F.C. Puosso, A.J. Clarke, C.S. Kiminami, F.G. Coury, Microstructure and wear behavior of high-carbon concentration CrCoNi multi-principal element alloys. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 52, 3034–3050 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06297-310.1007/s11661-021-06297-3 ↗
11. Z. Wu, H. Bei, G.M. Pharr, E.P. George, Temperature dependence of the mechanical properties of equiatomic solid solution alloys with face-centered cubic crystal structures. Acta Mater. 81, 428–441 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.08.02610.1016/j.actamat.2014.08.026 ↗
12. G. Laplanche, A. Kostka, C. Reinhart, J. Hunfeld, G. Eggeler, E.P. George, Reasons for the superior mechanical properties of medium-entropy CrCoNi compared to high-entropy CrMnFeCoNi. Acta Mater. 128, 292–303 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.02.03610.1016/j.actamat.2017.02.036 ↗
13. F.G. Coury, D. Santana, Y. Guo, J. Copley, L. Otani, S. Fonseca, G. Zepon, C. Kiminami, M. Kaufman, A. Clarke, Design and in-situ characterization of a strong and ductile co-rich multicomponent alloy with transformation induced plasticity. Scr. Mater. 173, 70–74 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.07.04510.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.07.045 ↗
14. Z. Li, K.G. Pradeep, Y. Deng, D. Raabe, C.C. Tasan, Metastable high-entropy dual-phase alloys overcome the strength-ductility trade-off. Nature 534, 227–230 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature1798110.1038/nature17981 ↗
15. Z. Li, C.C. Tasan, K.G. Pradeep, D. Raabe, A TRIP-assisted dual-phase high-entropy alloy: Grain size and phase fraction effects on deformation behavior. Acta Mater. 131, 323–335 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.03.06910.1016/j.actamat.2017.03.069 ↗
16. F.G. Coury, G. Zepon, C. Bolfarini, Multi-principal element alloys from the CrCoNi family: Outlook and perspectives. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 15, 3461–3480 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.09.09510.1016/j.jmrt.2021.09.095 ↗
17. Z.C. Cordero, B.E. Knight, C.A. Schuh, Six decades of the Hall-Petch effect—A survey of grain-size strengthening studies on pure metals. Int. Mater. Rev. 61, 495–512 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/09506608.2016.119180810.1080/09506608.2016.1191808 ↗
18. W. Lu, X. Luo, Y. Yang, B. Huang, Hall-petch relationship and heterogeneous strength of CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy. Mater. Chem. Phys. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.12307310.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123073 ↗
19. G. Bertoli, L.B. Otani, A.J. Clarke, C.S. Kiminami, F.G. Coury, Hall-Petch and grain growth kinetics of the low stacking fault energy TRIP Cr40Co40Ni20 multi-principal element alloy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 119, 25–27 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.005788810.1063/5.0057888 ↗
20. F.G. Coury, K.D. Clarke, C.S. Kiminami, M.J. Kaufman, A.J. Clarke, High throughput discovery and design of strong multicomponent metallic solid solutions. Sci. Rep. 8, 1–10 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26830-610.1038/s41598-018-26830-6 ↗
21. C. Varvenne, A. Luque, W.A. Curtin, Theory of strengthening in fcc high entropy alloys. Acta Mater. 118, 164–176 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.04010.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.040 ↗
22. D. Wei, X. Li, W. Heng, Y. Koizumi, F. He, W.M. Choi, B.J. Lee, H.S. Kim, H. Kato, A. Chiba, Novel Co-rich high entropy alloys with superior tensile properties. Mater. Res. Lett. 7, 82–88 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2018.155380310.1080/21663831.2018.1553803 ↗
23. ASTM E112-13, Standard test methods for determining average grain size, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1520/E0112-13.1.4.10.1520/E0112-13.1.4 ↗
24. ASTM International, ASTM E8/E8M, Revision 16A: Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials (2016).
25. A.J. Zaddach, R.O. Scattergood, C.C. Koch, Tensile properties of low-stacking fault energy high-entropy alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 636, 373–378 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.03.10910.1016/j.msea.2015.03.109 ↗
26. I. Moravcik, H. Hadraba, L. Li, I. Dlouhy, D. Raabe, Z. Li, Yield strength increase of a CoCrNi medium entropy alloy by interstitial nitrogen doping at maintained ductility. Scr. Mater. 178, 391–397 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.12.00710.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.12.007 ↗
27. D.E. Jodi, J. Park, N. Park, Precipitate behavior in nitrogen-containing CoCrNi medium-entropy alloys. Mater. Charact. 157, 109888 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.10988810.1016/j.matchar.2019.109888 ↗
28. H. Feng, H. Li, X. Wu, Z. Jiang, S. Zhao, T. Zhang, D. Xu, S. Zhang, H. Zhu, B. Zhang, M. Yang, Effect of nitrogen on corrosion behaviour of a novel high nitrogen medium-entropy alloy CrCoNiN manufactured by pressurized metallurgy. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 34, 1781–1790 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2018.03.02110.1016/j.jmst.2018.03.021 ↗
29. Y. Han, H. Li, H. Feng, K. Li, Y. Tian, Z. Jiang, Enhancing the strength and ductility of CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy by nitrogen addition. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 789, 139587 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.13958710.1016/j.msea.2020.139587 ↗
30. M. Klimova, D. Shaysultanov, A. Semenyuk, S. Zherebtsov, G. Salishchev, N. Stepanov, Effect of nitrogen on mechanical properties of CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy at room and cryogenic temperatures. J. Alloys Compd. 849, 156633 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.15663310.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156633 ↗
31. S. Yoshida, T. Bhattacharjee, Y. Bai, N. Tsuji, Friction stress and Hall-Petch relationship in CoCrNi equi-atomic medium entropy alloy processed by severe plastic deformation and subsequent annealing. Scr. Mater. 134, 33–36 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.02.04210.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.02.042 ↗
32. F. Otto, A. Dlouhý, C. Somsen, H. Bei, G. Eggeler, E.P. George, The influences of temperature and microstructure on the tensile properties of a CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy. Acta Mater. 61, 5743–5755 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.06.01810.1016/j.actamat.2013.06.018 ↗
33. I. Shakhova, V. Dudko, A. Belyakov, K. Tsuzaki, R. Kaibyshev, Effect of large strain cold rolling and subsequent annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of an austenitic stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 545, 176–186 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.02.10110.1016/j.msea.2012.02.101 ↗
34. B. Yin, S. Yoshida, N. Tsuji, W.A. Curtin, Yield strength and misfit volumes of NiCoCr and implications for short-range-order. Nat. Commun. 11, 1–7 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16083-110.1038/s41467-020-16083-1 ↗
35. Y.C. Huang, C.H. Su, S.K. Wu, C. Lin, A study on the hall-petch relationship and grain growth kinetics in FCC-structured high/medium entropy alloys. Entropy (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/e2103029710.3390/e21030297 ↗
36. Z. Wu, H. Bei, F. Otto, G.M. Pharr, E.P. George, Recovery, recrystallization, grain growth and phase stability of a family of FCC-structured multi-component equiatomic solid solution alloys. Intermetallics 46, 131–140 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2013.10.02410.1016/j.intermet.2013.10.024 ↗
37. H. Hu, B.B. Rath, On the time exponent in isothermal grain growth. Metall. Trans. 1, 3181–3184 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0303843510.1007/BF03038435 ↗
38. C.E. Slone, S. Chakraborty, J. Miao, E.P. George, M.J. Mills, S.R. Niezgoda, Influence of deformation induced nanoscale twinning and FCC-HCP transformation on hardening and texture development in medium-entropy CrCoNi alloy. Acta Mater. 158, 38–52 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.07.02810.1016/j.actamat.2018.07.028 ↗
39. J. Miao, C.E. Slone, T.M. Smith, C. Niu, H. Bei, M. Ghazisaeidi, G.M. Pharr, M.J. Mills, The evolution of the deformation substructure in a Ni-Co-Cr equiatomic solid solution alloy. Acta Mater. 132, 35–48 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.04.03310.1016/j.actamat.2017.04.033 ↗
40. C. Niu, C.R. LaRosa, J. Miao, M.J. Mills, M. Ghazisaeidi, Magnetically-driven phase transformation strengthening in high entropy alloys. Nat. Commun. 9, 1–9 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03846-010.1038/s41467-018-03846-0 ↗
41. M.S. Dodaran, S. Guo, M.M. Khonsari, N. Shamsaei, S. Shao, A theoretical calculation of stacking fault energy of Ni alloys: The effects of temperature and composition. Comput. Mater. Sci. 191, 110326 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2021.11032610.1016/j.commatsci.2021.110326 ↗
42. Z. Yang, S. Lu, Y. Tian, Z. Gu, H. Mao, J. Sun, L. Vitos, Assessing the magnetic order dependent γ-surface of Cr-Co-Ni alloys. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 80, 66–74 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.10.07810.1016/j.jmst.2020.10.078 ↗
43. X.K. Zhang, X.Y. Yang, W. Chen, J. Qin, J.P. Fouse, Effect of stacking fault energy on mechanical properties and annealing behavior of brasses. J. Alloys Compd. 679, 400–407 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.04.08310.1016/j.jallcom.2016.04.083 ↗
44. P. Xue, B.L. Xiao, Z.Y. Ma, Enhanced strength and ductility of friction stir processed Cu-Al alloys with abundant twin boundaries. Scr. Mater. 68, 751–754 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.01.00310.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.01.003 ↗
45. S. Dash, N. Brown, An investigation of the origin and growth of annealing twins. Acta Metall. 11, 1067–1075 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(63)90195-010.1016/0001-6160(63)90195-0 ↗
46. M. Schneider, E.P. George, T.J. Manescau, T. Záležák, J. Hunfeld, A. Dlouhý, G. Eggeler, G. Laplanche, Analysis of strengthening due to grain boundaries and annealing twin boundaries in the CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy. Int. J. Plast. 124, 155–169 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2019.08.00910.1016/j.ijplas.2019.08.009 ↗
47. C.S. Pande, B.B. Rath, M.A. Imam, Effect of annealing twins on Hall-Petch relation inpolycrystalline materials. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 367, 171–175 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.09.10010.1016/j.msea.2003.09.100 ↗
48. J.E. Burke, D. Turnbull, Recrystallization and grain growth. Prog. Met. Phys. 3, 220–292 (1952). https://doi.org/10.1016/0502-8205(52)90009-910.1016/0502-8205(52)90009-9 ↗
49. E. Hersent, K. Marthinsen, E. Nes, On the effect of atoms in solid solution on grain growth kinetics. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 45, 4882–4890 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-014-2459-y10.1007/s11661-014-2459-y ↗
50. P.A. Manohar, M. Ferry, T. Chandra, Five decades of the Zener equation. ISIJ Int. 38, 913–924 (1998). https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.38.91310.2355/isijinternational.38.913 ↗
51. A.H. Cottrell, B.A. Bilby, Dislocation theory of yielding and strain ageing of iron. Proc. Phys. Soc. Sect. A 62, 49–62 (1949). https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1298/62/1/30810.1088/0370-1298/62/1/308 ↗
52. D.B. Willian, C.B. Carter, Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science. Springer (2009). https://doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.43.9410.1295/kobunshi.43.94 ↗
53. Y. Ma, M. Yang, F. Yuan, X. Wu, Deformation induced hcp nano-lamella and its size effect on the strengthening in a CoCrNi medium-entropy alloy. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 82, 122–134 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.12.01710.1016/j.jmst.2020.12.017 ↗