Liquid-phase sintering and chemical inhomogeneity in the BaTiO₃–BaCO₃–LiF system

An ongoing goal of multilayer capacitor research is to lower the firing temperature of the dielectric. This paper gives a detailed study of sintering BaTiO₃ with LiF flux, which lowers the firing temperature through liquid-phase sintering. A detailed set of experiments is discussed concerning microstructural evolution and corresponding dielectric properties under a number of processing variables, including amount of LiF, sintering temperature, and particle size. Different scales of chemical inhomogeneity were observed in this system, which reflect two underlying mechanisms: solution reprecipitation with limited grain growth at low temperatures, which resulted in distinct core–shell structures, and flux volatility, which gave rise to microscopic chemical inhomogeneity at higher sintering temperatures.