Dual-phase Fe40Mn20Cr15Ti10Al10Ni5 high-entropy alloy prepared by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering: Alloying behavior, thermal stability, and mechanical properties
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The Fe-enriched high entropy alloy (HEA) shows the formation of BCC (a = 0.287 nm) and χ-phase (a = 0.889 nm) after mechanical alloying (MA) at 40 h. After spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 900 °C and 50 MPa, the dual-phase structure of FCC and BCC phases along with the χ-phase was observed. The average microhardness and elastic modulus of the SPSed sample were obtained as 5.6 ± 0.2 GPa and 131 ± 5 GPa respectively. The compressive yield strength of the SPSed sample was 1550 ± 100 MPa with ductility of ~ 11%. The dominant strengthening mechanisms are dislocation and grain boundary strengthening, which can account for ~ 65% of the observed flow stress. The correlation between the phases formed and thermal stability was correlated with different thermodynamic parameters and phase prediction by ThermoCalc software. Graphical abstract
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: High Entropy Alloys Studies · High-Temperature Coating Behaviors · Advanced materials and composites
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (64)
Show source-provided references
1. B.S. Murty, J.-W. Yeh, S. Ranganathan, P.P. Bhattacharjee, High-Entropy Alloys (Elsevier, New York, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816067-1.09987-210.1016/b978-0-12-816067-1.09987-2 ↗
2. D.B. Miracle, O.N. Senkov, A critical review of high entropy alloys and related concepts. Acta Mater. 122, 448–511 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.08.08110.1016/j.actamat.2016.08.081 ↗
3. B. Cantor, I.T.H. Chang, P. Knight, A.J.B. Vincent, Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 375–377, 213–218 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.25710.1016/j.msea.2003.10.257 ↗
4. O.N. Senkov, G.B. Wilks, D.B. Miracle, C.P. Chuang, P.K. Liaw, Refractory high-entropy alloys. Intermetallics 18, 1758–1765 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2010.05.01410.1016/j.intermet.2010.05.014 ↗
5. Y.J. Zhao, J.W. Qiao, S.G. Ma, M.C. Gao, H.J. Yang, M.W. Chen, Y. Zhang, A hexagonal close-packed high-entropy alloy: the effect of entropy. Mater. Des. 96, 10–15 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.14910.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.149 ↗
6. B. Cantor, Multicomponent high-entropy Cantor alloys. Prog. Mater. Sci. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.10075410.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100754 ↗
7. O.N. Senkov, G.B. Wilks, J.M. Scott, D.B. Miracle, Mechanical properties of Nb25Mo25Ta 25W25 and V20Nb20Mo20Ta20W20 refractory high entropy alloys. Intermetallics 19, 698–706 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2011.01.00410.1016/j.intermet.2011.01.004 ↗
8. Z. Li, C.C. Tasan, K.G. Pradeep, D. Raabe, A TRIP-assisted dual-phase high-entropy alloy: grain size and phase fraction effects on deformation behaviour. Acta Mater. 131, 323–335 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.03.06910.1016/j.actamat.2017.03.069 ↗
9. C. Chen, W. Zhang, E. Zhang, W. Wang, R. Wei, J. Chen, S. Yuan, T. Wang, T. Zhang, S. Guan, J. Jiang, F. Li, Microstructure of and mechanical properties of an as-cast fine-grain dual-phase Fe-based high entropy alloy formed via solid-state phase transformation. Mater. Sci. Eng. A (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.14277910.1016/j.msea.2022.142779 ↗
10. N.D. Stepanov, D.G. Shaysultanov, M.A. Tikhonovsky, S.V. Zherebtsov, Structure and high temperature mechanical properties of novel non-equiatomic Fe-(Co, Mn)-Cr-Ni-Al-(Ti) high entropy alloys. Intermetallics 102, 140–151 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2018.09.01010.1016/j.intermet.2018.09.010 ↗
11. Y. Cui, J. Shen, S.M. Manladan, K. Geng, S. Hu, Strengthening mechanism in two-phase FeCoCrNiMnAl high entropy alloy coating. Appl. Surf. Sci. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.14720510.1016/j.apsusc.2020.147205 ↗
12. K. Srimark, S. Dasari, A. Sharma, P. Wangyao, B. Gwalani, T. Rojhirunsakool, S. Gorsse, R. Banerjee, Hierarchical phase evolution in a lamellar Al0.7CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy involving competing metastable and stable phases. Scr. Mater. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.11413710.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114137 ↗
13. M.B. Kivy, M.A. Zaeem, S. Lekakh, Investigating phase formations in cast AlFeCoNiCu high entropy alloys by combination of computational modeling and experiments. Mater. Des. 127, 224–232 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.04.08610.1016/j.matdes.2017.04.086 ↗
14. R.K. Song, L.J. Wei, C.X. Yang, S.J. Wu, Phase formation and strengthening mechanisms in a dual-phase nanocrystalline CrMnFeVTi high-entropy alloy with ultrahigh hardness. J. Alloys Compd. 744, 552–560 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.02.02910.1016/j.jallcom.2018.02.029 ↗
15. M. Luebbe, J. Duan, F. Zhang, J. Poplawsky, H. Pommeranke, M. Arivu, A. Hoffman, M. Buchely, H. Wen, A high-strength precipitation hardened cobalt-free high-entropy alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.14484810.1016/j.msea.2023.144848 ↗
16. B. Han, J. Wei, Y. Tong, D. Chen, Y. Zhao, J. Wang, F. He, T. Yang, C. Zhao, Y. Shimizu, K. Inoue, Y. Nagai, A. Hu, C.T. Liu, J.J. Kai, Composition evolution of gamma prime nanoparticles in the Ti-doped CoFeCrNi high entropy alloy. Scr. Mater. 148, 42–46 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.01.02510.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.01.025 ↗
17. M.H. Tsai, K.Y. Tsai, C.W. Tsai, C. Lee, C.C. Juan, J.W. Yeh, Criterion for sigma phase formation in Cr- and V-Containing high-entropy alloys. Mater. Res. Lett. 1, 207–212 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2013.83138210.1080/21663831.2013.831382 ↗
18. T. Li, H. Chen, Z. Zhou, S. Li, Y.D. Wang, Enhanced strength and ductility by a core-shell-like distributed Laves phase in Cr15Ti25Zr25Hf25Sc10 high-entropy alloy. Intermetallics (Barking) (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2022.10775310.1016/j.intermet.2022.107753 ↗
19. H. Jain, Y. Shadangi, D. Chakravarty, A.K. Dubey, N.K. Mukhopadhyay, High entropy steel processed through mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering: alloying behaviour, thermal stability and mechanical properties. Mater. Sci. Eng. A (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.14402910.1016/j.msea.2022.144029 ↗
20. H. Jain, Y. Shadangi, D. Chakravarty, K. Chattopadhyay, A.K. Dubey, N.K. Mukhopadhyay, Low-density Fe40Mn19Ni15Al15Si10C1 high entropy steel processed by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering: phase evolution, microstructure and mechanical properties. Mater. Sci. Eng. A (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.144776.10.1016/j.msea.2023.144776 ↗
21. I. Basu, J.T.M. De Hosson, Strengthening mechanisms in high entropy alloys: fundamental issues. Scr. Mater. 187, 148–156 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.06.01910.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.06.019 ↗
22. J.Y. He, H. Wang, H.L. Huang, X.D. Xu, M.W. Chen, Y. Wu, X.J. Liu, T.G. Nieh, K. An, Z.P. Lu, A precipitation-hardened high-entropy alloy with outstanding tensile properties. Acta Mater. 102, 187–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.08.07610.1016/j.actamat.2015.08.076 ↗
23. D.G. Shaysultanov, G.A. Salishchev, Y.V. Ivanisenko, S.V. Zherebtsov, M.A. Tikhonovsky, N.D. Stepanov, Novel Fe36Mn21Cr18Ni15Al10 high entropy alloy with bcc/B2 dual-phase structure. J. Alloys Compd. 705, 756–763 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.02.21110.1016/j.jallcom.2017.02.211 ↗
24. Y.L. Zhao, T. Yang, J.H. Zhu, D. Chen, Y. Yang, A. Hu, C.T. Liu, J.J. Kai, Development of high-strength Co-free high-entropy alloys hardened by nanosized precipitates. Scr. Mater. 148, 51–55 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.01.02810.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.01.028 ↗
25. R. Mohammadzadeh, A. Heidarzadeh, H.T. Serindağ, G. Çam, Microstructure and mechanical response of novel Co-free FeNiMnCrAlTi high-entropy alloys. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 26, 2043–2049 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.08.03910.1016/j.jmrt.2023.08.039 ↗
26. M. Vaidya, G.M. Muralikrishna, B.S. Murty, High-entropy alloys by mechanical alloying: a review. J. Mater. Res. 34, 664–686 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2019.3710.1557/jmr.2019.37 ↗
27. P. Pradhan, Y. Shadangi, V. Shivam, N.K. Mukhopadhyay, Powder metallurgical processing of CrMnFeCoMo high entropy alloy: phase evolution, microstructure, thermal stability and mechanical properties. J. Alloys Compd. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.16800210.1016/j.jallcom.2022.168002 ↗
28. N. Singh, Y. Shadangi, V. Shivam, N.K. Mukhopadhyay, MgAlSiCrFeNi low-density high entropy alloy processed by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering: effect on phase evolution and thermal stability. J. Alloys Compd. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.15992310.1016/j.jallcom.2021.159923 ↗
29. S. Praveen, B.S. Murty, R.S. Kottada, Phase evolution and densification behavior of nanocrystalline multicomponent high entropy alloys during spark plasma sintering. JOM 65, 1797–1804 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0759-010.1007/s11837-013-0759-0 ↗
30. Y. Shadangi, S. Sharma, V. Shivam, J. Basu, K. Chattopadhyay, B. Majumdar, N.K. Mukhopadhyay, Fabrication of Al–Cu–Fe quasicrystal reinforced 6082 aluminium matrix nanocomposites through mechanical milling and spark plasma sintering. J. Alloys Compd. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.15425810.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154258 ↗
31. J. Qi, A.M. Cheung, S.J. Poon, High entropy alloys mined from binary phase diagrams. Sci. Rep. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50015-410.1038/s41598-019-50015-4 ↗
32. H. Yanxon, J. Weng, H. Parraga, W. Xu, U. Ruett, N. Schwarz, Artifact identification in X-ray diffraction data using machine learning methods. J. Synchrotron Radiat. 30(1), 137–146 (2022)10.1107/S1600577522011274 ↗
33. B. Debnath, A. Vinoth, M. Mukherjee, S. Datta, Designing Fe-based high entropy alloy—a machine learning approach. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/912/5/05202110.1088/1757-899X/912/5/052021 ↗
34. N. Singh, Y. Shadangi, G.S. Goud, V.K. Pandey, V. Shivam, N.K. Mukhopadhyay, Fabrication of MgAlSiCrFe low-density high-entropy alloy by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. Trans. Indian Inst. Metals. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s1266610.1007/s12666 ↗
35. H. Jain, Y. Shadangi, V. Shivam, D. Chakravarty, N.K. Mukhopadhyay, D. Kumar, Phase evolution and mechanical properties of non-equiatomic Fe–Mn–Ni–Cr–Al–Si–C high entropy steel. J. Alloys Compd. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.15501310.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155013 ↗
36. A. Shahbazkhan, H. Sabet, M. Abbasi, Microstructural and mechanical properties of NiCoCrAlSi high entropy alloy fabricated by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. J. Alloys Compd. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.16304110.1016/j.jallcom.2021.163041 ↗
37. C. Zlotea, M.A. Sow, G. Ek, J.P. Couzinié, L. Perrière, I. Guillot, J. Bourgon, K.T. Møller, T.R. Jensen, E. Akiba, M. Sahlberg, Hydrogen sorption in TiZrNbHfTa high entropy alloy. J. Alloys Compd. 775, 667–674 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.10.10810.1016/j.jallcom.2018.10.108 ↗
38. R. Floriano, G. Zepon, K. Edalati, G.L.B.G. Fontana, A. Mohammadi, Z. Ma, H.W. Li, R.J. Contieri, Hydrogen storage properties of new A3B2-type TiZrNbCrFe high-entropy alloy. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 46, 23757–23766 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.04.18110.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.04.181 ↗
39. M.S. Jadhav, D. Sahane, A. Verma, S. Singh, Thermal stability and thermal expansion behavior of FeCoCrNi2Al high entropy alloy. Adv. Powder Technol. 32, 378–384 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2020.12.01910.1016/j.apt.2020.12.019 ↗
40. V. Shivam, J. Basu, Y. Shadangi, M.K. Singh, N.K. Mukhopadhyay, Mechano-chemical synthesis, thermal stability and phase evolution in AlCoCrFeNiMn high entropy alloy. J. Alloys Compd. 757, 87–97 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.05.05710.1016/j.jallcom.2018.05.057 ↗
41. V.K. Pandey, Y. Shadangi, V. Shivam, J. Basu, K. Chattopadhyay, B. Majumdar, B.N. Sarma, N.K. Mukhopadhyay, Synthesis, characterization and thermal stability of nanocrystalline MgAlMnFeCu low-density high-entropy alloy. Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 74, 33–44 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-020-02114-410.1007/s12666-020-02114-4 ↗
42. Y. Shadangi, K. Chattopadhyay, N.K. Mukhopadhyay, Powder metallurgical processing of Al matrix composite reinforced with AlSiCrMnFeNiCu high-entropy alloys: microstructure, thermal stability, and microhardness. J. Mater. Res. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43578-022-00866-x10.1557/s43578-022-00866-x ↗
43. V. Shivam, J. Basu, V.K. Pandey, Y. Shadangi, N.K. Mukhopadhyay, Alloying behaviour, thermal stability and phase evolution in quinary AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy. Adv. Powder Technol. 29, 2221–2230 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2018.06.00610.1016/j.apt.2018.06.006 ↗
44. L.Z. Medina, L. Riekehr, U. Jansson, Phase formation in magnetron sputtered CrMnFeCoNi high entropy alloy. Surf. Coat. Technol. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.12632310.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126323 ↗
45. G.J. Diao, A.Q. He, Y.Q. Tang, M.Y. Wu, D. Zhang, W.G. Chen, D.L. Chen, D.Y. Li, Effects of Al and Ti on microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance of TiXCrFe2Ni2 alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.14524210.1016/j.msea.2023.145242 ↗
46. X. Yang, Y. Zhang, Prediction of high-entropy stabilized solid-solution in multi-component alloys. Mater. Chem. Phys. 132, 233–238 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.11.02110.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.11.021 ↗
47. A.R. Miedema, P.F. de Châtel, F.R. de Boer, Cohesion in alloys—fundamentals of a semi-empirical model. Physica B+C 100, 1–28 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4363(80)90054-610.1016/0378-4363(80)90054-6 ↗
48. Y. Zhang, Y.J. Zhou, J.P. Lin, G.L. Chen, P.K. Liaw, Solid-solution phase formation rules for multi-component alloys. Adv. Eng. Mater. 10, 534–538 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20070024010.1002/adem.200700240 ↗
49. S. Guo, Phase selection rules for cast high entropy alloys: an overview. Mater. Sci. Technol. 31, 1223–1230 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284715y.000000001810.1179/1743284715y.0000000018 ↗
50. S. Guo, C.T. Liu, Phase stability in high entropy alloys: formation of solid-solution phase or amorphous phase. Progr. Nat. Sci. 21, 433–446 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0071(12)60080-X10.1016/S1002-0071(12)60080-X ↗
51. N.D. Stepanov, D.G. Shaysultanov, G.A. Salishchev, M.A. Tikhonovsky, E.E. Oleynik, A.S. Tortika, O.N. Senkov, Effect of v content on microstructure and mechanical properties of the CoCrFeMnNiVx high entropy alloys. J. Alloys Compd. 628, 170–185 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.12.15710.1016/j.jallcom.2014.12.157 ↗
52. S. Wu, Y. Pan, J. Lu, N. Wang, W. Dai, T. Lu, Effect of the addition of Mg Ti, Ni on the decoloration performance of AlCrFeMn high entropy alloy. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 35, 1629–1635 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2019.03.02510.1016/j.jmst.2019.03.025 ↗
53. A.D. Warren, R.L. Harniman, Z. Guo, C.M. Younes, P.E.J. Flewitt, T.B. Scott, Quantification of sigma-phase evolution in thermally aged 2205 duplex stainless steel. J. Mater. Sci. 51, 694–707 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9131-910.1007/s10853-015-9131-9 ↗
54. D.M. Escriba, E. Materna-Morris, R.L. Plaut, A.F. Padilha, Chi-phase precipitation in a duplex stainless steel. Mater Charact 60, 1214–1219 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2009.04.01310.1016/j.matchar.2009.04.013 ↗
55. B. Gwalani, A.V. Ayyagari, D. Choudhuri, T. Scharf, S. Mukherjee, M. Gibson, R. Banerjee, Microstructure and wear resistance of an intermetallic-based Al0.25Ti0.75CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy. Mater. Chem. Phys. 210, 197–206 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.06.03410.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.06.034 ↗
56. Y. Xing, C.J. Li, Y.K. Mu, Y.D. Jia, K.K. Song, J. Tan, G. Wang, Z.Q. Zhang, J.H. Yi, J. Eckert, Strengthening and deformation mechanism of high-strength CrMnFeCoNi high entropy alloy prepared by powder metallurgy. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 132, 119–131 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2022.06.00910.1016/j.jmst.2022.06.009 ↗
57. R. John, A. Karati, J. Joseph, D. Fabijanic, B.S. Murty, Microstructure and mechanical properties of a high entropy alloy with a eutectic composition AlCoCrFeNi2.1 synthesized by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. J. Alloys Compd. 835, 155424 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.15542410.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155424 ↗
58. J. Wang, B. Liu, C.T. Liu, Y. Liu, Strengthening mechanism in a high-strength carbon-containing powder metallurgical high entropy alloy. Intermetallics 102, 58–64 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2018.07.01610.1016/j.intermet.2018.07.016 ↗
59. R. Francis, G. Byrne, Duplex stainless steels—alloys for the 21st century. Metals (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/met1105083610.3390/met11050836 ↗
60. A. Azizi, H.R. Abedi, Room temperature compressive superplasticity of low-density steel. Scr. Mater. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.11475710.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.114757 ↗
61. B.H. Toby, R.B. von Dreele, GSAS-II: the genesis of a modern open-source all-purpose crystallography software package. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 46, 544–549 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1107/S002188981300353110.1107/S0021889813003531 ↗
62. H.M. Rietveld, A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2, 65–71 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1107/s002188986900655810.1107/s0021889869006558 ↗
63. Y. Shadangi, K. Chattopadhyay, V. Singh, Microstructural modification and tensile behavior of IF steel processed through surface mechanical attrition treatment. JOM 72, 4330–4339 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-020-04400-410.1007/s11837-020-04400-4 ↗
64. N.K. Mukhopadhyay, P. Paufler, Micro- and nanoindentation techniques for mechanical characterisation of materials. Int. Mater. Rev. 51, 209–245 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1179/174328006X10247510.1179/174328006X102475 ↗