Stiff and strong, lightweight bi-material sandwich plate-lattices with enhanced energy absorption
Source abstract
Abstract
Plate-based lattices are predicted to reach theoretical Hashin–Shtrikman and Suquet upper bounds on stiffness and strength. However, simultaneously attaining high energy absorption in these plate-lattices still remains elusive, which is critical for many structural applications such as shock wave absorber and protective devices. In this work, we present bi-material isotropic cubic + octet sandwich plate-lattices composed of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (stiff) skins and elastomeric (soft) core. This bi-material configuration enhances their energy absorption capability while retaining stretching-dominated behavior. We investigate their mechanical properties through an analytical model and finite element simulations. Our results show that they achieve enhanced energy absorption approximately 2–2.8 times higher than their homogeneous counterparts while marginally compromising their stiffness and strength. When compared to previously reported materials, these materials achieve superior strength-energy absorption characteristics, making them an excellent candidate for stiff and strong, lightweight energy absorbing applications.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Cellular and Composite Structures · Advanced Materials and Mechanics · Polymer composites and self-healing
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (55)
Show source-provided references
1. L.J. Gibson, M.F. Ashby, Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997)10.1017/CBO9781139878326 ↗
2. N.A. Fleck, V.S. Deshpande, M.F. Ashby, Micro-architectured materials: past, present and future. Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 466(2121), 2495 (2010)
3. V.S. Deshpande, M.F. Ashby, N.A. Fleck, Foam topology: bending versus stretching dominated architectures. Acta Mater. 49(6), 1035 (2001)10.1016/S1359-6454(00)00379-7 ↗
4. M. Ashby, The properties of foams and lattices. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 364(1838), 15 (2006)10.1098/rsta.2005.1678 ↗
5. V.S. Deshpande, N.A. Fleck, M.F. Ashby, Effective properties of the octet-truss lattice material. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 49(8), 1747 (2001)10.1016/S0022-5096(01)00010-2 ↗
6. L. Dong, V. Deshpande, H. Wadley, Mechanical response of Ti-6Al-4V octet-truss lattice structures. Int. J. Solids Struct. 60, 107 (2015)10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2015.02.020 ↗
7. P.F. Egan, V.C. Gonella, M. Engensperger, S.J. Ferguson, K. Shea, Computationally designed lattices with tuned properties for tissue engineering using 3D printing. PLoS ONE 12(8), 1 (2017)
8. J. Favre, P. Lohmuller, B. Piotrowski, S. Kenzari, P. Laheurte, F. Meraghni, A continuous crystallographic approach to generate cubic lattices and its effect on relative stiffness of architectured materials. Addit. Manuf. 21(February), 359 (2018)
9. T.A. Schaedler, A.J. Jacobsen, A. Torrents, A.E. Sorensen, J. Lian, J.R. Greer, L. Valdevit, W.B. Carter, Ultralight metallic microlattices. Science 334(6058), 962 (2011)10.1126/science.1211649 ↗
10. A.J. Jacobsen, W. Barvosa-Carter, S. Nutt, Micro-scale truss structures formed from self-propagating photopolymer waveguides. Adv. Mater. 19(22), 3892 (2007)10.1002/adma.200700797 ↗
11. A. El Elmi, D. Melancon, M. Asgari, L. Liu, D. Pasini, Experimental and numerical investigation of selective laser melting–induced defects in Ti–6Al–4V octet truss lattice material: the role of material microstructure and morphological variations. J. Mater. Res. 35(15), 1900 (2020)10.1557/jmr.2020.75 ↗
12. A. Ferrigno, F. Di Caprio, R. Borrelli, F. Auricchio, A. Vigliotti, The mechanical strength of Ti-6Al-4V columns with regular octet microstructure manufactured by electron beam melting. Materialia 5, 100232 (2019)10.1016/j.mtla.2019.100232 ↗
13. X. Zheng, W. Smith, J. Jackson, B. Moran, H. Cui, D. Chen, J. Ye, N. Fang, N. Rodriguez, T. Weisgraber, C.M. Spadaccini, Multiscale metallic metamaterials. Nat. Mater. 15(10), 1100 (2016)10.1038/nmat4694 ↗
14. L.R. Meza, G.P. Phlipot, C.M. Portela, A. Maggi, L.C. Montemayor, A. Comella, D.M. Kochmann, J.R. Greer, Reexamining the mechanical property space of three-dimensional lattice architectures. Acta Mater. 140, 424 (2017)10.1016/j.actamat.2017.08.052 ↗
15. L.R. Meza, S. Das, J.R. Greer, Strong, lightweight, and recoverable three-dimensional. Science 345(6202), 1322 (2014)10.1126/science.1255908 ↗
16. R.M. Christensen, Mechanics of cellular and other low-density materials. Int. J. Solids Struct. 37(1–2), 93 (2000)10.1016/S0020-7683(99)00080-3 ↗
17. Z. Hashin, S. Shtrikman, A variational approach to the theory of the elastic behaviour of multiphase materials. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 11(2), 127 (1963)10.1016/0022-5096(63)90060-7 ↗
18. J.B. Berger, H.N.G. Wadley, R.M. Mcmeeking, Mechanical metamaterials at the theoretical limit of isotropic elastic stiffness. Nature 1, 533–537 (2017)10.1038/nature21075 ↗
19. Y. Wang, O. Sigmund, Quasiperiodic mechanical metamaterials with extreme isotropic stiffness. Extrem. Mech. Lett. 34, 100596 (2020)10.1016/j.eml.2019.100596 ↗
20. T. Tancogne-Dejean, M. Diamantopoulou, M.B. Gorji, C. Bonatti, D. Mohr, 3D plate-lattices: an emerging class of low-density metamaterial exhibiting optimal isotropic stiffness. Adv. Mater. 30(45), 1803334 (2018)10.1002/adma.201803334 ↗
21. C. Crook, J. Bauer, A. Guell Izard, C. Santos de Oliveira, J. Martins de Souza e Silva, J.B. Berger, L. Valdevit, Plate-nanolattices at the theoretical limit of stiffness and strength. Nat. Commun. 11(1), 1 (2020)10.1038/s41467-019-13993-7 ↗
22. A. Schroer, J.M. Wheeler, R. Schwaiger, Deformation behavior and energy absorption capability of polymer and ceramic-polymer composite microlattices under cyclic loading. J. Mater. Res. 33(3), 274 (2018)10.1557/jmr.2017.485 ↗
23. M.A. Kader, P.J. Hazell, A.D. Brown, M. Tahtali, S. Ahmed, J.P. Escobedo, M. Saadatfar, Novel design of closed-cell foam structures for property enhancement. Addit. Manuf. 31, 100976 (2020)
24. G. Gao, M. Qi, Y. Li, Random equilateral Kelvin open-cell foam microstructures: cross-section shapes, compressive behavior, and isotropic characteristics. J. Cell. Plast. 54(1), 53 (2018)10.1177/0021955X16670583 ↗
25. J. Brennan-Craddock, D. Brackett, R. Wildman, R. Hague, The design of impact absorbing structures for additive manufacture. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 382, 012042 (2012)10.1088/1742-6596/382/1/012042 ↗
26. W.-Y. Jang, S. Kyriakides, A.M. Kraynik, On the compressive strength of open-cell metal foams with Kelvin and random cell structures. Int. J. Solids Struct. 47(21), 2872 (2010)10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2010.06.014 ↗
27. L. Gong, S. Kyriakides, W.-Y. Jang, Compressive response of open-cell foams. Part I: Morphology and elastic properties. Int. J. Solids Struct. 42(5–6), 1355 (2005)10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.07.023 ↗
28. A. Torrents, T.A. Schaedler, A.J. Jacobsen, W.B. Carter, L. Valdevit, Characterization of nickel-based microlattice materials with structural hierarchy from the nanometer to the millimeter scale. Acta Mater. 60(8), 3511 (2012)10.1016/j.actamat.2012.03.007 ↗
29. L. Salari-Sharif, T.A. Schaedler, L. Valdevit, Energy dissipation mechanisms in hollow metallic microlattices. J. Mater. Res. 29(16), 1755 (2014)10.1557/jmr.2014.226 ↗
30. D.R. Clarke, Interpenetrating phase composites. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 75(4), 739 (1992)10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb04138.x ↗
31. L.D. Wegner, L.J. Gibson, The mechanical behaviour of interpenetrating phase composites—I: modelling. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 42(5), 925 (2000)10.1016/S0020-7403(99)00025-9 ↗
32. J. Lee, L. Wang, M.C. Boyce, E.L. Thomas, Periodic bicontinuous composites for high specific energy absorption. Nano Letters 12, 4392–4396 (2012)10.1021/nl302234f ↗
33. Y. Zhang, M.-T. Hsieh, L. Valdevit, Mechanical performance of 3D printed interpenetrating phase composites with spinodal topologies. Compos. Struct. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.11369310.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113693 ↗
34. O. Al-Ketan, M. Adel Assad, R.K. Abu Al-Rub, Mechanical properties of periodic interpenetrating phase composites with novel architected microstructures. Compos. Struct. 176, 9 (2017)10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.05.026 ↗
35. Y. Liu, L. Wang, Enhanced stiffness, strength and energy absorption for co-continuous composites with liquid filler. Compos. Struct. 128, 274 (2015)10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.03.064 ↗
36. L. Salari-Sharif, T.A. Schaedler, L. Valdevit, Hybrid hollow microlattices with unique combination of stiffness and damping. J. Eng. Mater. Technol. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.403867210.1115/1.4038672 ↗
37. Z. Xu, C.S. Ha, R. Kadam, J. Lindahl, S. Kim, H.F. Wu, V. Kunc, X. Zheng, Additive manufacturing of two-phase lightweight, stiff and high damping carbon fiber reinforced polymer microlattices. Addit. Manuf. 32, 101106 (2020)
38. P.M. Suquet, Overall potentials and extremal surfaces of power law or ideally plastic composites. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 41(6), 981 (1993)10.1016/0022-5096(93)90051-G ↗
39. S. Chen, G. He, H. Hu, S. Jin, Y. Zhou, Y. He, S. He, F. Zhao, H. Hou, Elastic carbon foam via direct carbonization of polymer foam for flexible electrodes and organic chemical absorption. Energy Environ. Sci. 6(8), 2435 (2013)10.1039/c3ee41436a ↗
40. A.J. Jacobsen, S. Mahoney, W.B. Carter, S. Nutt, Vitreous carbon micro-lattice structures. Carbon N. Y. 49(3), 1025 (2011)10.1016/j.carbon.2010.10.059 ↗
41. M.-T. Hsieh, B. Endo, Y. Zhang, J. Bauer, L. Valdevit, The mechanical response of cellular materials with spinodal topologies. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 125, 401 (2019)10.1016/j.jmps.2019.01.002 ↗
42. C.M. Portela, A. Vidyasagar, S. Krödel, T. Weissenbach, D.W. Yee, J.R. Greer, D.M. Kochmann, Extreme mechanical resilience of self-assembled nanolabyrinthine materials. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 117(11), 5686 (2020)10.1073/pnas.1916817117 ↗
43. M.-T. Hsieh, L. Valdevit, Minisurf—a minimal surface generator for finite element modeling and additive manufacturing. Softw. Impacts 6, 100026 (2020)10.1016/j.simpa.2020.100026 ↗
44. M.-T. Hsieh, L. Valdevit, Update (2.0) to MiniSurf—a minimal surface generator for finite element modeling and additive manufacturing. Softw. Impacts 6, 100035 (2020)10.1016/j.simpa.2020.100035 ↗
45. D.W. Abueidda, M. Elhebeary, C.S. Shiang, R.K. Abu Al-Rub, I.M. Jasiuk, Compression and buckling of microarchitectured Neovius-lattice. Extrem. Mech. Lett. 37, 1006 (2020)10.1016/j.eml.2020.100688 ↗
46. J.L. Grenestedt, Effective elastic behavior of some models for perfect cellular solids. Int. J. Solids Struct. 36(10), 1471 (1999)10.1016/S0020-7683(98)00048-1 ↗
47. R. Lakes, Viscoelastic Materials (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009)10.1017/CBO9780511626722 ↗
48. L. Valdevit, S.W. Godfrey, T.A. Schaedler, A.J. Jacobsen, W.B. Carter, Compressive strength of hollow microlattices: experimental characterization, modeling, and optimal design. J. Mater. Res. 28(17), 2461 (2013)10.1557/jmr.2013.160 ↗
49. M.-T. Hsieh: Mechanics of Minimal Surface-Based Architected Materials, UC Irvine, 2020.
50. R. Hensleigh, H. Cui, Z. Xu, J. Massman, D. Yao, J. Berrigan, X. Zheng, Charge-programmed three-dimensional printing for multi-material electronic devices. Nat. Electron. 3(4), 216 (2020)10.1038/s41928-020-0391-2 ↗
51. M. Invernizzi, G. Natale, M. Levi, S. Turri, G. Griffini, UV-assisted 3D printing of glass and carbon fiber-reinforced dual-cure polymer composites. Materials (Basel) 9(7), 583 (2016)10.3390/ma9070583 ↗
52. H.L. Tekinalp, V. Kunc, G.M. Velez-Garcia, C.E. Duty, L.J. Love, A.K. Naskar, C.A. Blue, S. Ozcan, Highly oriented carbon fiber–polymer composites via additive manufacturing. Compos. Sci. Technol. 105, 144 (2014)10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.10.009 ↗
53. X. Tian, T. Liu, C. Yang, Q. Wang, D. Li, Interface and performance of 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced PLA composites. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 88, 198 (2016)10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.05.032 ↗
54. M.R. O’Masta, L. Dong, L. St-Pierre, H.N.G. Wadley, V.S. Deshpande, The fracture toughness of octet-truss lattices. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 98, 271 (2017)10.1016/j.jmps.2016.09.009 ↗
55. M.-T. Hsieh, V.S. Deshpande, L. Valdevit, A versatile numerical approach for calculating the fracture toughness and R-curves of cellular materials. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 138, 103925 (2020)10.1016/j.jmps.2020.103925 ↗