Insights of 3D bioprinting and focusing the paradigm shift towards 4D printing for biomedical applications
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a versatile technique for biomedical applications, and includes organ printing, 3D disease model development, and drug delivery. The bioprintable materials combined with live cells have been utilized as bioinks in 3D bioprinter to fabricate versatile 3D printed structures. The 3D structures developed with smart and responsive materials can change their dimension, a technique similar to self-assembly, unfolding a new branch termed as four-dimensional (4D) printing. This manuscript reviews the details of various bioprintable materials and 3D printers, the application of 3D printing in biomedicine, smart materials, and stimulations for 4D printing. Further, this article also summarizes the regulatory issues and the limitations involved with the bioprinting. The advancements in 3D and 4D printing technology have significantly contributed to the medical field, and adequate research and amalgamation of engineering and science ideas will strengthen the application of this technology and bring solution for the existing problems. Graphical abstract
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: 3D Printing in Biomedical Research · Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies · Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. C. Mota, S. Camarero-Espinosa, M.B. Baker, P. Wieringa, L. Moroni, Bioprinting: from tissue and organ development to in vitro models. Chem. Rev. 120, 10547–10607 (2020)10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00789 ↗
2. L.L. Wang, C.B. Highley, Y.C. Yeh, J.H. Galarraga, S. Uman, J.A. Burdick, Three- dimensional extrusion bioprinting of single and double network hydrogels containing dynamic covalent crosslinks. JBMR Part A. 106, 865–875 (2018)
3. J. Vanderburgh, J.A. Sterling, S.A. Guelcher, 3D printing of tissue engineered constructs for in vitro modeling of disease progression and drug screening. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 45, 164–179 (2017)10.1007/s10439-016-1640-4 ↗
4. N. Ashammakhi, S. Ahadian, C. Xu, H. Montazerian, H. Ko, R. Nasiri, N. Barros, A. Khademhosseini, Bioinks and bioprinting technologies to make heterogeneous and biomimetic tissue constructs. Mater. Today Bio. 1, 100008 (2019)10.1016/j.mtbio.2019.100008 ↗
5. T. Tatsuaki, E. Ito, R. Kida, K. Hirose, T. Noda, T. Ozeki, 3D printing of gummy drug formulations composed of gelatin and an HPMC-based hydrogel for pediatric use. Int. J. Pharm. 594, 120118 (2021)10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120118 ↗
6. W. Liu, Z. Zhong, N. Hu, Y. Zhou, L. Maggio, A.K. Miri, A. Fragasso, X. Jin, A. Khademhosseini, Y.S. Zhang, Coaxial extrusion bioprinting of 3D microfibrous constructs with cell-favorable gelatin methacryloyl microenvironments. Biofabrication. 10, 024102 (2018)10.1088/1758-5090/aa9d44 ↗
7. P.S. Gungor-Ozkerim, I. Inci, Y.S. Zhang, A. Khademhosseini, M.R. Dokmeci, Bioinks for 3D bioprinting: an overview. Biomater. Sci. 6, 915–946 (2018)10.1039/C7BM00765E ↗
8. P. Jaipan, A. Nguyen, R.J. Narayan, Gelatin-based hydrogels for biomedical applications. Mrs Commun. 7, 416–426 (2017)10.1557/mrc.2017.92 ↗
9. B. Gozde, S.G. Ozcebe, B.W. Ellis, P. Zorlutuna, Tunable human myocardium derived decellularized extracellular matrix for 3D bioprinting and cardiac tissue engineering. Gels 7, 70 (2021)10.3390/gels7020070 ↗
10. D. Chimene, K.K. Lennox, R.R. Kaunas, A.K. Gaharwar, Advanced bioinks for 3D printing: a materials science perspective. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 44, 2090–2102 (2016)10.1007/s10439-016-1638-y ↗
11. S. Anil Kumar, M. Alonzo, S.C. Allen, L. Abelseth, V. Thakur, J. Akimoto, Y. Ito, S.M. Willerth, L. Suggs, M. Chattopadhyay, B. Joddar, A visible light-cross-linkable, fibrin–gelatin-based bioprinted construct with human cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 5, 4551–4563 (2019)10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00505 ↗
12. K. Yue, G. Trujillo-de Santiago, M.M. Alvarez, A. Tamayol, N. Annabi, A. Khademhosseini, Synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels. Biomaterials 73, 254–271 (2015)10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.045 ↗
13. W. Jia, P.S. Gungor-Ozkerim, Y.S. Zhang, K. Yue, K. Zhu, W. Liu, Q. Pi, B. Byambaa, M.R. Dokmeci, S.R. Shin, A. Khademhosseini, Direct 3D bioprinting of perfusable vascular constructs using a blend bioink. Biomaterials. 106, 58–68 (2016)10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.07.038 ↗
14. G.A. Rico-Llanos, S. Borrego-González, M. Moncayo-Donoso, J. Becerra, R. Visser, Collagen type I biomaterials as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Polymers 13, 599 (2021)10.3390/polym13040599 ↗
15. B. Claire, J. Chrenek, R.L. Kirsch, N.Z. Masri, H. Richards, K. Teetzen, S.M. Willerth, Natural biomaterials and their use as bioinks for printing tissues. Bioengineering 8, 27 (2021)10.3390/bioengineering8020027 ↗
16. S. Michael, H. Sorg, C.T. Peck, L. Koch, A. Deiwick, B. Chichkov, P.M. Vogt, K. Reimers, Tissue engineered skin substitutes created by laser-assisted bioprinting form skin-like structures in the dorsal skin fold chamber in mice. PloS ONE 8, e57741 (2013)10.1371/journal.pone.0057741 ↗
17. V. Lee, G. Singh, J.P. Trasatti, C. Bjornsson, X. Xu, T.N. Tran, S.S. Yoo, G. Dai, P. Karande, Design and fabrication of human skin by three-dimensional bioprinting. Tissue Eng. Part C 20, 473–484 (2014)10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0335 ↗
18. Z. Wu, X. Su, Y. Xu, B. Kong, W. Sun, S. Mi, Bioprinting three-dimensional cell-laden tissue constructs with controllable degradation. Sci. Rep. 6, 1–10 (2016)10.1038/s41598-016-0001-8 ↗
19. X. Yang, Z. Lu, H. Wu, W. Li, L. Zheng, J. Zhao, Collagen-alginate as bioink for three-dimensional (3D) cell printing based cartilage tissue engineering. Mater. Sci. Eng., C 83, 195–201 (2018)10.1016/j.msec.2017.09.002 ↗
20. A. Francesca, X. Mu, S. Dirè, A. Motta, D.L. Kaplan, In situ 3D printing: opportunities with silk inks. Trends Biotechnol. 39, 719–730 (2021)10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.11.003 ↗
21. N. Ruth, J. Ratanavaraporn, Mh.B. Fauzi, Comprehensive review of hybrid collagen and silk fibroin for cutaneous wound healing. Materials. 13, 3097 (2020)10.3390/ma13143097 ↗
22. L.D. Koh, Y. Cheng, C.P. Teng, Y.W. Khin, X.J. Loh, S.Y. Tee, M. Low, E. Ye, H.D. Yu, Y.W. Zhang, M.Y. Han, Structures, mechanical properties and applications of silk fibroin materials. Prog. Polym. Sci. 46, 86–110 (2015)10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.02.001 ↗
23. P. Admane, A.C. Gupta, P. Jois, S. Roy, C.C. Lakshmanan, G. Kalsi, B. Bandyopadhyay, S. Ghosh, Direct 3D bioprinted full-thickness skin constructs recapitulate regulatory signaling pathways and physiology of human skin. Bioprinting. 15, e00051 (2019)10.1016/j.bprint.2019.e00051 ↗
24. A. Sharma, G. Desando, M. Petretta, S. Chawla, I. Bartolotti, C. Manferdini, F. Paolella, E. Gabusi, D. Trucco, S. Ghosh, G. Lisignoli, Investigating the role of sustained calcium release in silk-gelatin-based three-dimensional bioprinted constructs for enhancing the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 5, 1518–1533 (2019)10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01631 ↗
25. K. Al, P. Tamer, S. Losi, G. Pierozzi, Soldani, A new method for fibrin-based electrospun/sprayed scaffold fabrication. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–4 (2020)10.1038/s41598-019-56847-4 ↗
26. F. Kreimendahl, C. Kniebs, A.M.T. Sobreiro, T. Schmitz-Rode, S. Jockenhoevel, A. Thiebes, FRESH bioprinting technology for tissue engineering - the influence of printing process and bioink composition on cell behavior and vascularization. J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater. 19, 22808000211028810 (2021)
27. S. England, A. Rajaram, D.J. Schreyer, X. Chen, Bioprinted fibrin-factor XIII-hyaluronate hydrogel scaffolds with encapsulated Schwann cells and their in vitro characterization for use in nerve regeneration. Bioprinting. 5, 1–9 (2017)10.1016/j.bprint.2016.12.001 ↗
28. J. Schöneberg, F. De Lorenzi, B. Theek, A. Blaeser, D. Rommel, A.J. Kuehne, F. Kießling, H. Fischer, Engineering biofunctional in vitro vessel models using a multilayer bioprinting technique. Sci. Rep. 8, 1–13 (2018)10.1038/s41598-018-28715-0 ↗
29. Z. Wang, S.J. Lee, H.J. Cheng, J.J. Yoo, A. Atala, 3D bioprinted functional and contractile cardiac tissue constructs. Acta Biomater. 70, 48–56 (2018)10.1016/j.actbio.2018.02.007 ↗
30. E. Pelin, I. Uvak, M.A. Nazeer, S.R. Batool, Y.N. Odeh, O. Akdogan, S. Kizilel, 3D Printing of cytocompatible gelatin-cellulose-alginate blend hydrogels. Macromol. Biosci. 20, 2000106 (2020)10.1002/mabi.202000106 ↗
31. Y.J. Fan, H. Han-Yun, T. Sheng-Fang, W. Cheng-Hsuan, L. Chia-Ming, L. Yen-Ting, L. Chieh-Han, C. Shu-Wei, C. Bi-Chang, Microfluidic channel integrated with a lattice lightsheet microscopic system for continuous cell imaging. Lab Chip 21, 344–354 (2021)10.1039/D0LC01009J ↗
32. K. Christensen, C. Xu, W. Chai, Z. Zhang, J. Fu, Y. Huang, Freeform inkjet printing of cellular structures with bifurcations. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 112, 1047–1055 (2015)10.1002/bit.25501 ↗
33. J.H. Shim, J.S. Lee, J.Y. Kim, D.W. Cho, Bioprinting of a mechanically enhanced three-dimensional dual cell-laden construct for osteochondral tissue engineering using a multi-head tissue/organ building system. J. Micromech. Microeng. 22, 085014 (2012)10.1088/0960-1317/22/8/085014 ↗
34. J. Gopinathan, I. Noh, Recent trends in bioinks for 3D printing. Biomater. Res. 22, 1–15 (2018)10.1186/s40824-018-0122-1 ↗
35. C.L. Carl Schuurmans, M. Mihajlovic, C. Hiemstra, K. Ito, W.E. Hennink, T. Vermonden, Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate (meth) acrylate-based hydrogels for tissue engineering: Synthesis, characteristics and pre-clinical evaluation. Biomaterials. 268, 120602 (2021)10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120602 ↗
36. A. Gopal, S. Agiwal, A. Srivastava, Hyaluronic acid containing scaffolds ameliorate stem cell function for tissue repair and regeneration. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 165, 388–401 (2020)10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.107 ↗
37. J. Gopinathan, H.S. Shin, I.G. Kim, P. Ji, E.J. Chung, C. Lee, I. Noh, Self-crosslinking hyaluronic acid–carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel enhances multilayered 3D-printed construct shape integrity and mechanical stability for soft tissue engineering. Biofabrication 12, 045026 (2020)10.1088/1758-5090/aba2f7 ↗
38. J.Y. Park, J.C. Choi, J.H. Shim, J.S. Lee, H. Park, S.W. Kim, J. Doh, D.W. Cho, A comparative study on collagen type I and hyaluronic acid dependent cell behavior for osteochondral tissue bioprinting. Biofabrication 6, 035004 (2014)10.1088/1758-5082/6/3/035004 ↗
39. G.F. Acosta-Vélez, C.S. Linsley, T.Z. Zhu, W. Wu, B.M. Wu, Photocurable bioinks for the 3D pharming of combination therapies. Polymers 10, 1372 (2018)10.3390/polym10121372 ↗
40. B. Duan, E. Kapetanovic, L.A. Hockaday, J.T. Butcher, Three-dimensional printed trileaflet valve conduits using biological hydrogels and human valve interstitial cells. Acta Biomater. 10, 1836–1846 (2014)10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.005 ↗
41. I. Noh, N. Kim, H.N. Tran, J. Lee, C. Lee, 3D printable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel for its potential application as a bioink in tissue engineering. Biomater. Res. 23, 1–9 (2019)10.1186/s40824-018-0152-8 ↗
42. S. Li, X. Tian, J. Fan, H. Tong, Q. Ao, X. Wang, X, Chitosans for tissue repair and organ three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting. Micromachines. 10, 765 (2019)10.3390/mi10110765 ↗
43. V.B. Morris, S. Nimbalkar, M. Younesi, P. McClellan, O. Akkus, Mechanical properties, cytocompatibility and manufacturability of chitosan: PEGDA hybrid-gel scaffolds by stereolithography. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 45, 286–296 (2017)10.1007/s10439-016-1643-1 ↗
44. T.H. Ang, F.S.A. Sultana, D.W. Hutmacher, Y.S. Wong, J.Y.H. Fuh, X.M. Mo, H.T. Loh, E. Burdet, S.H. Teoh, Fabrication of 3D chitosan–hydroxyapatite scaffolds using a robotic dispensing system. Mater. Sci. Eng., C 20, 35–42 (2002)10.1016/S0928-4931(02)00010-3 ↗
45. Q. Gu, E. Tomaskovic Crook, R. Lozano, Y. Chen, R.M. Kapsa, Q. Zhou, G.G. Wallace, J.M. Crook, Functional 3D neural mini tissues from printed gel based bioink and human neural stem cells. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 5, 1429–1438 (2016)10.1002/adhm.201600095 ↗
46. D.A. Taylor, L.C. Sampaio, Z. Ferdous, A.S. Gobin, L.J. Taite, Decellularized matrices in regenerative medicine. Acta Biomater. 74, 74–89 (2018)10.1016/j.actbio.2018.04.044 ↗
47. J.P. Jung, D.B. Bhuiyan, B.M. Ogle, Solid organ fabrication: comparison of decellularization to 3D bioprinting. Biomater. Res. 20, 1–11 (2016)10.1186/s40824-016-0074-2 ↗
48. F. Pati, J. Jang, D.H. Ha, S.W. Kim, J.W. Rhie, J.H. Shim, D.H. Kim, D.W. Cho, Printing three-dimensional tissue analogues with decellularized extracellular matrix bioink. Nat. Commun. 5, 1–11 (2014)10.1038/ncomms4935 ↗
49. M. Ali, A.K. Pr, J.J. Yoo, F. Zahran, A. Atala, S.J. Lee, A photocrosslinkable kidney ECM-derived bioink accelerates renal tissue formation. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 8, 1800992 (2019)10.1002/adhm.201800992 ↗
50. B. Toprakhisar, A. Nadernezhad, E. Bakirci, N. Khani, G.A. Skvortsov, B. Koc, Development of bioink from decellularized tendon extracellular matrix for 3D bioprinting. Macromol. Biosci. 18, 1800024 (2018)10.1002/mabi.201800024 ↗
51. W. Kim, G.H. Kim, An intestinal model with a finger-like villus structure fabricated using a bioprinting process and collagen/SIS-based cell-laden bioink. Theranostics. 10, 2495 (2020)10.7150/thno.41225 ↗
52. W. Wu, A. DeConinck, J.A. Lewis, Omnidirectional printing of 3D microvascular networks. Adv. Mater. 23, H178–H183 (2011)10.1002/adma.201004625 ↗
53. E. Gioffredi, M. Boffito, S. Calzone, S.M. Giannitelli, A. Rainer, M. Trombetta, P. Mozetic, V. Chiono, Pluronic F127 hydrogel characterization and biofabrication in cellularized constructs for tissue engineering applications. Procedia Cirp. 49, 125–132 (2016)10.1016/j.procir.2015.11.001 ↗
54. M. Müller, J. Becher, M. Schnabelrauch, M. Zenobi-Wong, Nanostructured Pluronic hydrogels as bioinks for 3D bioprinting. Biofabrication. 7, 035006 (2015)10.1088/1758-5090/7/3/035006 ↗
55. L. Roseti, C. Cavallo, G. Desando, V. Parisi, M. Petretta, I. Bartolotti, B. Grigolo, Three-dimensional bioprinting of cartilage by the use of stem cells: a strategy to improve regeneration. Materials. 11, 1749 (2018)10.3390/ma11091749 ↗
56. M.J. Sawkins, P. Mistry, B.N. Brown, K.M. Shakesheff, L.J. Bonassar, J. Yang, Cell and protein compatible 3D bioprinting of mechanically strong constructs for bone repair. Biofabrication. 7, 035004 (2015)10.1088/1758-5090/7/3/035004 ↗
57. T. Guo, C.G. Lim, M. Noshin, J.P. Ringel, J.P. Fisher, 3D printing bioactive PLGA scaffolds using DMSO as a removable solvent. Bioprinting. 10, 00038 (2018)10.1016/j.bprint.2018.e00038 ↗
58. S. Zeng, J. Ye, Z. Cui, J. Si, Q. Wang, X. Wang, K. Peng, W. Chen, Surface biofunctionalization of three-dimensional porous poly (lactic acid) scaffold using chitosan/OGP coating for bone tissue engineering. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 77, 92–101 (2017)10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.220 ↗
59. Y.W. Chen, Y.F. Shen, C.C. Ho, J. Yu, Y.H.A. Wu, K. Wang, C.T. Shih, M.Y. Shie, Osteogenic and angiogenic potentials of the cell-laden hydrogel/mussel-inspired calcium silicate complex hierarchical porous scaffold fabricated by 3D bioprinting. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 91, 679–687 (2018)10.1016/j.msec.2018.06.005 ↗
60. J. Visser, F.P. Melchels, J.E. Jeon, E.M. Van Bussel, L.S. Kimpton, H.M. Byrne, W.J. Dhert, P.D. Dalton, D.W. Hutmacher, J. Malda, Reinforcement of hydrogels using three-dimensionally printed microfibres. Nat. Commun. 6, 1–10 (2015)10.1038/ncomms7933 ↗
61. W. Aljohani, M.W. Ullah, X. Zhang, G. Yang, Bioprinting and its applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 107, 261–275 (2018)10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.171 ↗
62. T.K. Merceron, M. Burt, Y.J. Seol, H.W. Kang, S.J. Lee, J.J. Yoo, A. Atala, A 3D bioprinted complex structure for engineering the muscle–tendon unit. Biofabrication 7, 035003 (2015)10.1088/1758-5090/7/3/035003 ↗
63. F.Y. Hsieh, H.H. Lin, S.H. Hsu, 3D bioprinting of neural stem cell-laden thermoresponsive biodegradable polyurethane hydrogel and potential in central nervous system repair. Biomaterials 71, 48–57 (2015)10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.028 ↗
64. H.H. Lin, F.Y. Hsieh, C.S. Tseng, S.H. Hsu, Preparation and characterization of a biodegradable polyurethane hydrogel and the hybrid gel with soy protein for 3D cell-laden bioprinting. J. Mater. Chem. B 4, 6694–6705 (2016)10.1039/C6TB01501H ↗
65. Q. Zou, B.E. Grottkau, Z. He, L. Shu, L. Yang, M. Ma, C. Ye, Biofabrication of valentine-shaped heart with a composite hydrogel and sacrificial material. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 108, 110205 (2020)10.1016/j.msec.2019.110205 ↗
66. K.S. Lim, R. Levato, P.F. Costa, M.D. Castilho, C.R. Alcala-Orozco, K.M. Van Dorenmalen, F.P. Melchels, D. Gawlitta, V.G.J. Hooper, J. Malda, T.B. Woodfield, Bio-resin for high resolution lithography-based biofabrication of complex cell-laden constructs. Biofabrication 10, 034101 (2018)10.1088/1758-5090/aac00c ↗
67. F. Yu, X. Han, K. Zhang, B. Dai, S. Shen, X. Gao, H. Teng, X. Wang, L. Li, H. Ju, W. Wang, Evaluation of a polyvinyl alcohol-alginate based hydrogel for precise 3D bioprinting. JBMR Part A. 106, 2944–2954 (2018)
68. R. Suntornnond, J. An, C.K. Chua, Bioprinting of thermoresponsive hydrogels for next generation tissue engineering: a review. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 302, 1600266 (2017)10.1002/mame.201600266 ↗
69. R. De Santis, U. D’Amora, T. Russo, A. Ronca, A. Gloria, L. Ambrosio, 3D fibre deposition and stereolithography techniques for the design of multifunctional nanocomposite magnetic scaffolds. JMSMM. 26, 1–9 (2015)
70. S. Dutta, D. Cohn, Temperature and pH responsive 3D printed scaffolds. J. Mater. Chem. B 48, 9514–9521 (2017)10.1039/C7TB02368E ↗
71. K. Sumaru, K. Ohi, T. Takagi, T. Kanamori, T. Shinbo, Photoresponsive properties of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel partly modified with spirobenzopyran. Langmuir 22, 4353–4356 (2006)10.1021/la052899+ ↗
72. F. Pati, J. Jang, J.W. Lee, D.W. Cho, Extrusion bioprinting, in Essentials of 3D biofabrication and translation. ed. by A. Atala, J.J. Yoo (Academic Press, London, 2015)
73. I. Apsite, G. Stoychev, W. Zhang, D. Jehnichen, J. Xie, L. Ionov, Porous stimuli-responsive self-folding electrospun mats for 4D biofabrication. Biomacromol 18, 3178–3184 (2017)10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00829 ↗
74. X. Liu, K. Zhao, T. Gong, J. Song, C. Bao, E. Luo, J. Weng, S. Zhou, Delivery of growth factors using a smart porous nanocomposite scaffold to repair a mandibular bone defect. Biomacromol 15, 1019–1030 (2014)10.1021/bm401911p ↗
75. D. Zhou, J. Chen, B. Liu, X. Zhang, X. Li, T. Xu, Bioinks for jet-based bioprinting. Bioprinting. 16, 00060 (2019)10.1016/j.bprint.2019.e00060 ↗
76. C. Ru, J. Luo, S. Xie, Y. Sun, A review of non-contact micro-and nano-printing technologies. J. Micromech. Microeng. 24, 053001 (2014)10.1088/0960-1317/24/5/053001 ↗
77. U. Jammalamadaka, K. Tappa, Recent advances in biomaterials for 3D printing and tissue engineering. J. Funct. Biomater. 9, 22 (2018)10.3390/jfb9010022 ↗
78. E. Tekin, P.J. Smith, U.S. Schubert, Inkjet printing as a deposition and patterning tool for polymers and inorganic particles. Soft Matter 4, 703–713 (2008)10.1039/b711984d ↗
79. S. Vijayavenkataraman, W.C. Yan, W.F. Lu, C.H. Wang, J.Y.H. Fuh, 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs for regenerative medicine. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 132, 296–332 (2018)10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.004 ↗
80. T. Xu, W. Zhao, J.M. Zhu, M.Z. Albanna, J.J. Yoo, A. Atala, Complex heterogeneous tissue constructs containing multiple cell types prepared by inkjet printing technology. Biomaterials 34, 130–139 (2013)10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.035 ↗
81. U. Demirci, G. Montesano, Single cell epitaxy by acoustic picolitre droplets. Lab Chip 7, 1139–1145 (2007)10.1039/b704965j ↗
82. W.L. Ng, J.M. Lee, W.Y. Yeong, M.W. Naing, Microvalve-based bioprinting–process, bio-inks and applications. Biomater. Sci. 5, 632–647 (2017)10.1039/C6BM00861E ↗
83. L. Horváth, Y. Umehara, C. Jud, F. Blank, A. Petri-Fink, B. Rothen-Rutishauser, Engineering an in vitro air-blood barrier by 3D bioprinting. Sci. Rep. 5, 1–8 (2015)10.1038/srep07974 ↗
84. V.K. Lee, A.M. Lanzi, H. Ngo, S.S. Yoo, P.A. Vincent, G. Dai, Generation of multi-scale vascular network system within 3D hydrogel using 3D bio-printing technology. Cell. Mol. Bioeng. 7, 460–472 (2014)10.1007/s12195-014-0340-0 ↗
85. M.S. Onses, E. Sutanto, P.M. Ferreira, A.G. Alleyne, J.A. Rogers, Mechanisms, capabilities, and applications of high resolution electrohydrodynamic jet printing. Small 11, 237–4266 (2015)
86. J.U. Park, J.H. Lee, U. Paik, Y. Lu, J.A. Rogers, Nanoscale patterns of oligonucleotides formed by electrohydrodynamic jet printing with applications in biosensing and nanomaterials assembly. Nano Lett. 8, 4210–4216 (2008)10.1021/nl801832v ↗
87. S. Vijayavenkataraman, S. Thaharah, S. Zhang, W.F. Lu, J.Y.H. Fuh, Electrohydrodynamic jet 3D-printed PCL/PAA conductive scaffolds with tunable biodegradability as nerve guide conduits (NGCs) for peripheral nerve injury repair. Mater. Des. 162, 171–184 (2019)10.1016/j.matdes.2018.11.044 ↗
88. P. Sasmal, P. Datta, Y. Wu, I.T. Ozbolat, 3D bioprinting for modelling vasculature. Microphysiol. Syst. 1, 1 (2018)10.21037/mps.2018.10.02 ↗
89. R. Bhuthalingam, P.Q. Lim, S.A. Irvine, A. Agrawal, P.S. Mhaisalkar, J. An, C.K. Chua, S. Venkatraman, A novel 3D printing method for cell alignment and differentiation. Int. J. Bioprint. (2015). https://doi.org/10.18063/IJB.2015.01.00810.18063/IJB.2015.01.008 ↗
90. F.P. Melchels, M.A. Domingos, T.J. Klein, J. Malda, P.J. Bartolo, D.W. Hutmacher, Additive manufacturing of tissues and organs. Prog. Polym. Sci. 37, 1079–1104 (2012)10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.11.007 ↗
91. S. Ji, E. Almeida, M. Guvendiren, 3D bioprinting of complex channels within cell-laden hydrogels. Acta Biomater. 95, 214–224 (2019)10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.038 ↗
92. N.T. Raveendran, C. Vaquette, C. Meinert, D.S. Ipe, S. Ivanovski, Optimization of 3D bioprinting of periodontal ligament cells. Dent. Mater. 35, 683–1694 (2019)
93. C. Mandrycky, Z. Wang, K. Kim, D.H. Kim, 3D bioprinting for engineering complex tissues. Biotechnol. Adv. 34, 422–434 (2016)10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.12.011 ↗
94. M.D. Sarker, S. Naghieh, N.K. Sharma, X. Chen, 3D biofabrication of vascular networks for tissue regeneration: a report on recent advances. J. Pharm. Anal. 8, 277–296 (2018)10.1016/j.jpha.2018.08.005 ↗
95. D. Zhang, J. Zhou, X. Chen, X. Zhang, W. Li, T. Zhao, Xu, Biomaterials based on marine resources for 3D bioprinting applications. Mar. Drugs 17, 555 (2019)10.3390/md17100555 ↗
96. J.R. Tumbleston, D. Shirvanyants, N. Ermoshkin, R. Janusziewicz, A.R. Johnson, D. Kelly, K. Chen, R. Pinschmidt, J.P. Rolland, A. Ermoshkin, E.T. Samulski, Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects. Science 347, 1349–1352 (2015)10.1126/science.aaa2397 ↗
97. C. Yu, X. Ma, W. Zhu, P. Wang, K.L. Miller, J. Stupin, A. Koroleva-Maharajh, A. Hairabedian, S. Chen, Scanningless and continuous 3D bioprinting of human tissues with decellularized extracellular matrix. Biomaterials 194, 1–13 (2019)10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.12.009 ↗
98. Y. Zhang, Y. Yu, I.T. Ozbolat, Direct bioprinting of vessel-like tubular microfluidic channels. J. Nanotechnol. Eng. Med. 4, 020902 (2013)10.1115/1.4024398 ↗
99. J. Schöneberg, F. De Lorenzi, B. Theek, A. Blaeser, D. Rommel, A.J. Kuehne, F. Kießling, H. Fischer, Engineering biofunctional in vitro vessel models using a multilayer bioprinting technique. Sci. Rep. 8, 1–13 (2018)10.1038/s41598-018-28715-0 ↗
100. Y. Nishiyama, M. Nakamura, C. Henmi, K. Yamaguchi, S. Mochizuki, H. Nakagawa, K. Takiura, Development of a three-dimensional bioprinter: construction of cell supporting structures using hydrogel and state-of-the-art inkjet technology. J. Biomech. Eng. 131, 035001 (2009)10.1115/1.3002759 ↗