Dislocation–grain boundary interactions: recent advances on the underlying mechanisms studied via nanoindentation testing
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract To comprehend the mechanical behavior of a polycrystalline material, an in-depth analysis of individual grain boundary (GB) and dislocation interactions is of prime importance. In the past decade, nanoindentation emerged as a powerful tool to study the local mechanical response in the vicinity of the GB. The improved instrumentation and test protocols allow to capture various GB–dislocation interactions during the nanoindentation in the form of strain bursts on the load–displacement curve. Moreover, the interaction of the plastic zone with the GB provides important insight into the dislocation transmission effects of distinct grain boundaries. Of great importance for the analysis and interpretation of the observed effects are microstructural investigations and computational approaches. This review paper focused on recent advances in the dislocation–GB interactions and underlying mechanisms studied via nanoindentation, which includes GB pop-in phenomenon, localized grain movement under ambient conditions, and an analysis of the slip transfer mechanism using theoretical treatments and simulations. Graphical abstract
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Microstructure and mechanical properties · Metal and Thin Film Mechanics · Metal Alloys Wear and Properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. J.P. Hirth, The influence of grain boundaries on mechanical properties. Metall. Trans. 3(12), 3047 (1972)10.1007/BF02661312 ↗
2. E.O. Hall, The deformation and ageing of mild steel. II. Characteristics of the Lüders deformation. Proc. Phys. Soc. Sect. B 64(9), 742 (1951)10.1088/0370-1301/64/9/302 ↗
3. S. Kondo, T. Mitsuma, N. Shibata, Y. Ikuhara, Direct observation of individual dislocation interaction processes with grain boundaries. Sci. Adv. 2(11), e1501926 (2016)10.1126/sciadv.1501926 ↗
4. S.J. Fensin, S.M. Valone, E.K. Cerreta, G.T. Gray, Influence of grain boundary properties on spall strength: grain boundary energy and excess volume. J. Appl. Phys. 112(8), 083529 (2012)10.1063/1.4761816 ↗
5. A. Ma, F. Roters, D. Raabe, On the consideration of interactions between dislocations and grain boundaries in crystal plasticity finite element modeling—theory, experiments, and simulations. Acta Mater. 54(8), 2181 (2006)10.1016/j.actamat.2006.01.004 ↗
6. P.R.M. Van Beers, V.G. Kouznetsova, M.G.D. Geers, M.A. Tschopp, D.L. McDowell, A multiscale model of grain boundary structure and energy: From atomistics to a continuum description. Acta Mater. 82, 513 (2015)10.1016/j.actamat.2014.08.045 ↗
7. S. Chen, Q. Yu, The role of low angle grain boundary in deformation of titanium and its size effect. Scr. Mater. 163, 148 (2019)10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.10.054 ↗
8. M. Stricker, J. Gagel, S. Schmitt, K. Schulz, D. Weygand, P. Gumbsch, On slip transmission and grain boundary yielding. Meccanica 51(2), 271 (2016)10.1007/s11012-015-0192-2 ↗
9. F. Javaid, K. Durst, Stress-driven grain boundary movement during nanoindentation in tungsten at room temperature. Materialia 1, 99 (2018)10.1016/j.mtla.2018.04.002 ↗
10. M. Hamid, H. Lyu, B.J. Schuessler, P.C. Wo, H.M. Zbib, modeling and characterization of grain boundaries and slip transmission in dislocation density-based crystal plasticity. Crystals 7(6), 152 (2017)10.3390/cryst7060152 ↗
11. P.J. Imrich, C. Kirchlechner, C. Motz, G. Dehm, Differences in deformation behavior of bicrystalline Cu micropillars containing a twin boundary or a large-angle grain boundary. Acta Mater. 73, 240 (2014)10.1016/j.actamat.2014.04.022 ↗
12. J.R. Greer, J.T.M. De Hosson, Plasticity in small-sized metallic systems: Intrinsic versus extrinsic size effect. Prog. Mater. Sci. 56(6), 654 (2011)10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.01.005 ↗
13. N. Kheradmand, H. Vehoff, Orientation gradients at boundaries in micron-sized bicrystals. Adv. Eng. Mater. 14(3), 153 (2012)10.1002/adem.201100242 ↗
14. J. Kacher, B.P. Eftink, B. Cui, I.M. Robertson, Dislocation interactions with grain boundaries. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 18(4), 227 (2014)10.1016/j.cossms.2014.05.004 ↗
15. E. Bayerschen, A.T. McBride, B.D. Reddy, T. Böhlke, Review on slip transmission criteria in experiments and crystal plasticity models. J. Mater. Sci. 51(5), 2243 (2016)10.1007/s10853-015-9553-4 ↗
16. L.C. Lim, R. Raj, Continuity of slip screw and mixed crystal dislocations across bicrystals of nickel at 573 K. Acta Metall. 33(8), 1577 (1985)10.1016/0001-6160(85)90057-4 ↗
17. Z. Shen, R.H. Wagoner, W.A.T. Clark, Dislocation and grain boundary interactions in metals. Acta Metall. 36(12), 3231 (1988)10.1016/0001-6160(88)90058-2 ↗
18. S. Zghal, A. Couret, Transmission of the deformation through γ-γ interfaces in a polysynthetically twinned TiAl alloy II. Twin interfaces (180° rotational). Philos. Mag. A Phys. Condens. Matter, Struct. Defects Mech. Prop. 81(2), 365 (2001)
19. A. Gemperle, N. Zárubová, J. Gemperlová, Reactions of slip dislocations with twin boundary in Fe-Si bicrystals. J. Mater. Sci. 40(12), 3247 (2005)10.1007/s10853-005-2693-1 ↗
20. R.C. Pond, D.L. Medlin, A. Serra, A study of the accommodation of coherency strain by interfacial defects at a grain boundary in gold. Philos. Mag. 86(29–31), 4667 (2006)10.1080/14786430600698864 ↗
21. M.P. Miller, P.R. Dawson, Understanding local deformation in metallic polycrystals using high energy X-rays and finite elements. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 18(5), 286 (2014)10.1016/j.cossms.2014.09.001 ↗
22. H. Pouriayevali, B.-X. Xu, Decomposition of dislocation densities at grain boundary in a finite-deformation gradient crystal-plasticity framework. Int. J. Plasticity 96, 36 (2017)10.1016/j.ijplas.2017.04.010 ↗
23. I. Özdemir, T. Yalçinkaya, Modeling of dislocation-grain boundary interactions in a strain gradient crystal plasticity framework. Comput. Mech. 54(2), 255 (2014)10.1007/s00466-014-0982-8 ↗
24. D.E. Spearot, M.D. Sangid, Insights on slip transmission at grain boundaries from atomistic simulations. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 18(4), 188 (2014)10.1016/j.cossms.2014.04.001 ↗
25. L. Zhang, C. Lu, K. Tieu, A review on atomistic simulation of grain boundary behaviors in face-centered cubic metals. Comput. Mater. Sci. 118, 180 (2016)10.1016/j.commatsci.2016.03.021 ↗
26. B. Liu, P. Eisenlohr, F. Roters, D. Raabe, Simulation of dislocation penetration through a general low-angle grain boundary. Acta Mater. 60(13–14), 5380 (2012)10.1016/j.actamat.2012.05.002 ↗
27. S. Xu, L. Xiong, Y. Chen, D.L. McDowell, Sequential slip transfer of mixed-character dislocations across Σ3 coherent twin boundary in FCC metals: a concurrent atomistic-continuum study. NPJ Comput. Mater. 2(1), 15016 (2016)10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.16 ↗
28. J.D. Livingston, B. Chalmers, Multiple slip in bicrystal deformation. Acta Metall. 5(6), 322 (1957)10.1016/0001-6160(57)90044-5 ↗
29. Z. Shen, R.H. Wagoner, W.A.T. Clark, Dislocation pile-up and grain boundary interactions in 304 stainless steel. Scr. Metall. 20(6), 921 (1986)10.1016/0036-9748(86)90467-9 ↗
30. T.C. Lee, I.M. Robertson, H.K. Birnbaum, Prediction of slip transfer mechanisms across grain boundaries. Scr. Metall. 23(5), 799 (1989)10.1016/0036-9748(89)90534-6 ↗
31. T.C. Lee, I.M. Robertson, H.K. Birnbaum, AnIn Situ transmission electron microscope deformation study of the slip transfer mechanisms in metals. Metall. Trans. A 21(9), 2437 (1990)10.1007/BF02646988 ↗
32. S. Wulfinghoff, E. Bayerschen, T. Böhlke, A gradient plasticity grain boundary yield theory. Int. J. Plasticity 51, 33 (2013)10.1016/j.ijplas.2013.07.001 ↗
33. S. Bargmann, M. Ekh, K. Runesson, B. Svendsen, Modeling of polycrystals with gradient crystal plasticity: a comparison of strategies. Philos. Mag. 90(10), 1263 (2010)10.1080/14786430903334332 ↗
34. C.J. Bayley, W.A.M. Brekelmans, M.G.D. Geers, A three-dimensional dislocation field crystal plasticity approach applied to miniaturized structures. Philos. Mag. 87(8–9), 1361 (2007)10.1080/14786430600965107 ↗
35. A. Ma, F. Roters, D. Raabe, A dislocation density based constitutive model for crystal plasticity FEM including geometrically necessary dislocations. Acta Mater. 54(8), 2169 (2006)10.1016/j.actamat.2006.01.005 ↗
36. Z. Budrovic, Plastic deformation with reversible peak broadening in nanocrystalline nickel. Science (80–) 304(5668), 273 (2004)10.1126/science.1095071 ↗
37. S. Van Petegem, L. Li, P.M. Anderson, H. Van Swygenhoven, Deformation mechanisms in nanocrystalline metals: insights from in-situ diffraction and crystal plasticity modelling. Thin Solid Films 530, 20 (2013)10.1016/j.tsf.2012.03.053 ↗
38. H. Van Swygenhoven, S. Van Petegem, In-situ mechanical testing during X-ray diffraction. Mater. Charact. 78, 47 (2013)10.1016/j.matchar.2012.12.010 ↗
39. E.A. West, G.S. Was, Strain incompatibilities and their role in intergranular cracking of irradiated 316L stainless steel. J. Nucl. Mater. 441(1–3), 623 (2013)10.1016/j.jnucmat.2012.10.021 ↗
40. M.A. Haque, M.T.A. Saif, In-situ tensile testing of nano-scale specimens in SEM and TEM. Exp. Mech. 42(1), 123 (2002)10.1007/BF02411059 ↗
41. D. Zhang, J.M. Breguet, R. Clavel, L. Phillippe, I. Utke, J. Michler, In situ tensile testing of individual Co nanowires inside a scanning electron microscope. Nanotechnology 20(36), 365706 (2009)10.1088/0957-4484/20/36/365706 ↗
42. M.B.H. Slama, N. Maloufi, J. Guyon, S. Bahi, L. Weiss, A. Guitton, In situ macroscopic tensile testing in SEM and electron channeling contrast imaging: pencil glide evidenced in a bulk β-Ti21S polycrystal. Materials (Basel). 12(15), 2479 (2019)10.3390/ma12152479 ↗
43. M.D. McMurtrey, G.S. Was, B. Cui, I. Robertson, L. Smith, D. Farkas, Strain localization at dislocation channel-grain boundary intersections in irradiated stainless steel. Int. J. Plasticity 56, 219 (2014)10.1016/j.ijplas.2014.01.001 ↗
44. L. Patriarca, W. Abuzaid, H. Sehitoglu, H.J. Maier, Slip transmission in bcc FeCr polycrystal. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 588, 308 (2013)10.1016/j.msea.2013.08.050 ↗
45. W.Z. Abuzaid, M.D. Sangid, J.D. Carroll, H. Sehitoglu, J. Lambros, Slip transfer and plastic strain accumulation across grain boundaries in Hastelloy X. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 60(6), 1201 (2012)10.1016/j.jmps.2012.02.001 ↗
46. A.J. Wilkinson, E.E. Clarke, T.B. Britton, P. Littlewood, P.S. Karamched, High-resolution electron backscatter diffraction: an emerging tool for studying local deformation. J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des. 45(5), 365 (2010)10.1243/03093247JSA587 ↗
47. L. Wang, Y. Yang, P. Eisenlohr, T.R. Bieler, M.A. Crimp, D.E. Mason, Twin nucleation by slip transfer across grain boundaries in commercial purity titanium. Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. 41(2), 421 (2010)10.1007/s11661-009-0097-6 ↗
48. C. Zambaldi, D. Raabe, Plastic anisotropy of γ-TiAl revealed by axisymmetric indentation. Acta Mater. 58(9), 3516 (2010)10.1016/j.actamat.2010.02.025 ↗
49. L. Wang, J. Teng, P. Liu, A. Hirata, E. Ma, Z. Zhang, M. Chen, X. Han, Grain rotation mediated by grain boundary dislocations in nanocrystalline platinum. Nat. Commun. 5, 1 (2014)
50. Z. Zhang, É. Ódor, D. Farkas, B. Jóni, G. Ribárik, G. Tichy, S.H. Nandam, J. Ivanisenko, M. Preuss, T. Ungár, Dislocations in grain boundary regions: the origin of heterogeneous microstrains in nanocrystalline materials. Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. 51(1), 513 (2020)10.1007/s11661-019-05492-7 ↗
51. Q. Lin, X. An, H. Liu, Q. Tang, P. Dai, X. Liao, In-situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy investigation of grain boundary dislocation activities in a nanocrystalline CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy. J. Alloys Compd. 709, 802 (2017)10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.03.194 ↗
52. G. Dehm, Miniaturized single-crystalline fcc metals deformed in tension: new insights in size-dependent plasticity. Prog. Mater. Sci. 54(6), 664 (2009)10.1016/j.pmatsci.2009.03.005 ↗
53. M.D. Uchic, D.M. Dimiduk, A methodology to investigate size scale effects in crystalline plasticity using uniaxial compression testing. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 400–401(1–2 SUPPL.), 268 (2005)10.1016/j.msea.2005.03.082 ↗
54. A. Kunz, S. Pathak, J.R. Greer, Size effects in Al nanopillars: single crystalline vs. bicrystalline. Acta Mater. 59(11), 4416 (2011)10.1016/j.actamat.2011.03.065 ↗
55. C.A. Volkert, E.T. Lilleodden, Size effects in the deformation of sub-micron Au columns. Philos. Mag. 86(33–35), 5567 (2006)10.1080/14786430600567739 ↗
56. R. Soler, J.M. Molina-Aldareguia, J. Segurado, J. Llorca, R.I. Merino, V.M. Orera, Micropillar compression of LiF [111] single crystals: effect of size, ion irradiation and misorientation. Int. J. Plasticity 36, 50 (2012)10.1016/j.ijplas.2012.03.005 ↗
57. M.D. Uchic, P.A. Shade, D.M. Dimiduk, Plasticity of micrometer-scale single crystals in compression. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 39, 361 (2009)10.1146/annurev-matsci-082908-145422 ↗
58. K.S. Ng, A.H.W. Ngan, Deformation of micron-sized aluminium bi-crystal pillars. Philos. Mag. 89(33), 3013 (2009)10.1080/14786430903164614 ↗
59. N. Takata, S. Takeyasu, H. Li, A. Suzuki, M. Kobashi, Anomalous size-dependent strength in micropillar compression deformation of commercial-purity aluminum single-crystals. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 772, 138710 (2020)10.1016/j.msea.2019.138710 ↗
60. W. Ludwig, J.Y. Buffière, S. Savelli, P. Cloetens, Study of the interaction of a short fatigue crack with grain boundaries in a cast Al alloy using X-ray microtomography. Acta Mater. 51(3), 585 (2003)10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00320-8 ↗
61. N. Kheradmand, J. Dake, A. Barnoush, H. Vehoff, Novel methods for micromechanical examination of hydrogen and grain boundary effects on dislocations. Philos. Mag. 92(25–27), 3216 (2012)10.1080/14786435.2012.690939 ↗
62. J.S. Weaver, N. Li, N.A. Mara, D.R. Jones, H. Cho, C.A. Bronkhorst, S.J. Fensin, G.T. Gray, Slip transmission of high angle grain boundaries in body-centered cubic metals: micropillar compression of pure Ta single and bi-crystals. Acta Mater. 156, 356 (2018)10.1016/j.actamat.2018.06.046 ↗
63. C. Minnert, W.C. Oliver, K. Durst, New ultra-high temperature nanoindentation system for operating at up to 1100 °C. Mater. Des. 192, 108727 (2020)10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108727 ↗
64. K. Durst, V. Maier, Dynamic nanoindentation testing for studying thermally activated processes from single to nanocrystalline metals. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 19(6), 340 (2015)10.1016/j.cossms.2015.02.001 ↗
65. V. Maier, K. Durst, J. Mueller, B. Backes, H.W. Höppel, M. Göken, Nanoindentation strain-rate jump tests for determining the local strain-rate sensitivity in nanocrystalline Ni and ultrafine-grained Al. J. Mater. Res. 26(11), 1421 (2011)10.1557/jmr.2011.156 ↗
66. P.S. Phani, W.C. Oliver, G.M. Pharr, Understanding and modeling plasticity error during nanoindentation with continuous stiffness measurement. Mater. Des. 194, 108923 (2020)10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108923 ↗
67. M.G. Wang, A.H.W. Ngan, Indentation strain burst phenomenon induced by grain boundaries in niobium. J. Mater. Res. 19(8), 2478 (2004)10.1557/JMR.2004.0316 ↗
68. T.B.B. Britton, D. Randman, A.J. Wilkinson, Nanoindentation study of slip transfer phenomenon at grain boundaries. J. Mater. Res. 24(03), 607 (2009)10.1557/jmr.2009.0088 ↗
69. W.A. Soer, J.T.M. De Hosson, Detection of grain-boundary resistance to slip transfer using nanoindentation. Mater. Lett. 59(24–25), 3192 (2005)10.1016/j.matlet.2005.03.075 ↗
70. F. Javaid, Y. Xu, K. Durst, Local analysis on dislocation structure and hardening during grain boundary pop-ins in tungsten. J. Mater. Sci. 55(22), 9597 (2020)10.1007/s10853-020-04655-x ↗
71. L. Chang, L. Zhang, Mechanical behaviour characterisation of silicon and effect of loading rate on pop-in: a nanoindentation study under ultra-low loads. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 506(1–2), 125 (2009)10.1016/j.msea.2008.11.021 ↗
72. T.-H. Ahn, C.-S. Oh, D.H. Kim, K.H. Oh, H. Bei, E.P. George, H.N. Han, Investigation of strain-induced martensitic transformation in metastable austenite using nanoindentation. Scr. Mater. 63(5), 540 (2010)10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.05.024 ↗
73. N. de la Rosa-Fox, V. Morales-Flórez, J.A. Toledo-Fernández, M. Piñero, R. Mendoza-Serna, L. Esquivias, Nanoindentation on hybrid organic/inorganic silica aerogels. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 27(11), 3311 (2007)10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.02.209 ↗
74. F. Javaid, E. Bruder, K. Durst, Indentation size effect and dislocation structure evolution in (001) oriented SrTiO3 Berkovich indentations: HR-EBSD and etch-pit analysis. Acta Mater. 139, 1 (2017)10.1016/j.actamat.2017.07.055 ↗
75. F. Javaid, K.E. Johanns, E.A. Patterson, K. Durst, Temperature dependence of indentation size effect, dislocation pile-ups, and lattice friction in (001) strontium titanate. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 101(1), 356 (2018)10.1111/jace.15182 ↗
76. F. Javaid, A. Stukowski, K. Durst, 3D Dislocation structure evolution in strontium titanate: Spherical indentation experiments and MD simulations. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 100(3), 1134 (2017)10.1111/jace.14626 ↗
77. W.D. Nix, H. Gao, Indentation size effects in crystalline materials: a law for strain gradient plasticity. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 46(3), 411 (1998)10.1016/S0022-5096(97)00086-0 ↗
78. K. Durst, B. Backes, M. Göken, Indentation size effect in metallic materials: correcting for the size of the plastic zone. Scr. Mater. 52(11), 1093 (2005)10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.02.009 ↗
79. A. Montagne, V. Audurier, C. Tromas, Influence of pre-existing dislocations on the pop-in phenomenon during nanoindentation in MgO. Acta Mater. 61(13), 4778 (2013)10.1016/j.actamat.2013.05.004 ↗
80. P. Sadrabadi, K. Durst, M. Göken, Study on the indentation size effect in CaF2: dislocation structure and hardness. Acta Mater. 57(4), 1281 (2009)10.1016/j.actamat.2008.11.015 ↗
81. F. Javaid, Y. Xu, E. Bruder, K. Durst, Indentation size effect in tungsten: quantification of geometrically necessary dislocations underneath the indentations using HR-EBSD. Mater. Charact. 142, 39–42 (2018)10.1016/j.matchar.2018.05.016 ↗
82. S. Jakob, A. Leitner, A. Lorich, M. Eidenberger-Schober, W. Knabl, R. Pippan, H. Clemens, V. Maier-Kiener, Influence of crystal orientation and Berkovich tip rotation on the mechanical characterization of grain boundaries in molybdenum. Mater. Des. 182, 107998 (2019)10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107998 ↗
83. A.M. Minor, E.T. Lilleodden, E.A. Stach, J.W. Morris, Direct observations of incipient plasticity during nanoindentation of Al. J. Mater. Res. 19(01), 176 (2004)10.1557/jmr.2004.19.1.176 ↗
84. Y. Gaillard, C. Tromas, J. Woirgard, Pop-in phenomenon in MgO and LiF: observation of dislocation structures. Philos. Mag. Lett. 83(9), 553 (2003)10.1080/09500830310001594273 ↗
85. K.J. Van Vliet, J. Li, T. Zhu, S. Yip, S. Suresh, Quantifying the early stages of plasticity through nanoscale experiments and simulations. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 67(10), 104105 (2003)10.1103/PhysRevB.67.104105 ↗
86. L. Zhang, T. Ohmura, Plasticity initiation and evolution during nanoindentation of an iron-3% silicon crystal. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112(14), 1 (2014)10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.145504 ↗
87. S. Shim, H. Bei, E.P. George, G.M. Pharr, A different type of indentation size effect. Scr. Mater. 59(10), 1095 (2008)10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.07.026 ↗
88. T. Ohmura, K. Tsuzaki, F. Yin, Nanoindentation-induced deformation behavior in the vicinity of single grain boundary of interstitial-free steel. Mater. Trans. 46(9), 2026 (2005)10.2320/matertrans.46.2026 ↗
89. W.A. Soer, K.E. Aifantis, J.T.M. De Hosson, Incipient plasticity during nanoindentation at grain boundaries in body-centered cubic metals. Acta Mater. 53(17), 4665 (2005)10.1016/j.actamat.2005.07.001 ↗
90. K.E. Aifantis, W.A. Soer, J.T.M. De Hosson, J.R. Willis, Interfaces within strain gradient plasticity: theory and experiments. Acta Mater. 54(19), 5077 (2006)10.1016/j.actamat.2006.06.040 ↗
91. T. Eliash, M. Kazakevich, V.N. Semenov, E. Rabkin, Nanohardness of molybdenum in the vicinity of grain boundaries and triple junctions. Acta Mater. 56(19), 5640 (2008)10.1016/j.actamat.2008.07.036 ↗
92. P.C. Wo, A.H.W. Ngan, Investigation of slip transmission behavior across grain boundaries in polycrystalline Ni3Al using nanoindentation. J. Mater. Res. 19(01), 189 (2004)10.1557/jmr.2004.19.1.189 ↗
93. B. Lagow, I. Robertson, M. Jouiad, D. Lassila, T. Lee, H. Birnbaum, Observation of dislocation dynamics in the electron microscope. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 309–310, 445 (2001)10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01699-3 ↗
94. D. Faghihi, G.Z. Voyiadjis, Determination of nanoindentation size effects and variable material intrinsic length scale for body-centered cubic metals. Mech. Mater. 44, 189 (2012)10.1016/j.mechmat.2011.07.002 ↗
95. F. Javaid, Indentation size effect: analysis of underlying mechanisms in (001) oriented strontium titanate single crystal via chemical etching and EBSD. PhD Thesis (2017). https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/6762/
96. M. Jin, A.M. Minor, E.A. Stach, J.W. Morris, Direct observation of deformation-induced grain growth during the nanoindentation of ultrafine-grained Al at room temperature. Acta Mater. 52(18), 5381 (2004)10.1016/j.actamat.2004.07.044 ↗
97. M. Jin, A.M. Minor, J.W. Morris, Strain-induced coarsening in nano-grained films. Thin Solid Films 515(6), 3202 (2007)10.1016/j.tsf.2006.01.052 ↗
98. K. Zhang, J.R. Weertman, J.A. Eastman, Rapid stress-driven grain coarsening in nanocrystalline Cu at ambient and cryogenic temperatures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(6), 1 (2005)10.1063/1.2008377 ↗
99. T.J. Rupert, D.S. Gianola, Y. Gan, K.J. Hemker, Experimental observations of stress-driven grain boundary migration. Science 326(December), 1686 (2009)10.1126/science.1178226 ↗
100. M. Legros, D.S. Gianola, K.J. Hemker, In situ TEM observations of fast grain-boundary motion in stressed nanocrystalline aluminum films. Acta Mater. 56(14), 3380 (2008)10.1016/j.actamat.2008.03.032 ↗