Review on recent progress in Al–Mg–Si 6xxx conductor alloys
Source abstract
Abstract
The mechanical strength and electrical conductivity (EC) in Al–Mg–Si 6xxx conductor alloys are key characteristics but mutually exclusive properties. This review paper critically elaborates the methods to enhance the mechanical strength and electrical conductivity. These methods include an optimization of the main alloying elements (Mg and Si), the addition of the other alloying elements, melt treatment, applying the modified thermomechanical treatments, and maximizing the area reduction (severe plastic deformation) in the wire drawing. Besides, the impact of the various microstructural features on the mechanical and electrical properties is addressed in detail using strength and electrical resistivity models. A principal conclusion drawn in this review is that the strength ought to be enhanced by creating barriers (such as sessile dislocations and precipitates) for dislocation movement while having a less detrimental effect on the electrical conductivity. Considering the potential of Al–Mg–Si conductor alloys, future directions are outlined.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Aluminum Alloy Microstructure Properties · Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties · Microstructure and mechanical properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. L. Pan, K. Liu, F. Breton, X.G. Chen, Effect of Fe on microstructure and properties of 8xxx aluminum conductor alloys. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 25(12), 5201 (2016)10.1007/s11665-016-2373-0 ↗
2. L. Pan, F.A. Mirza, K. Liu, X.G. Chen, Effect of Fe-rich particles and solutes on the creep behaviour of 8xxx alloys. Mater. Sci. Technol. 33(9), 1130 (2016)10.1080/02670836.2016.1258156 ↗
3. L. Pan, K. Liu, F. Breton, X.G. Chen, Effects of minor Cu and Mg additions on microstructure and material properties of 8xxx aluminum conductor alloys. J. Mater. Res. 32(06), 1094 (2017)10.1557/jmr.2017.56 ↗
4. R.B. Kalombo, J.M.G. Martínez, J.L.A. Ferreira, C.R.M. da Silva, J.A. Araujo, Comparative fatigue resistance of overhead conductors made of aluminium and aluminium alloy: tests and analysis. Procedia Eng. 133, 223 (2015)10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.662 ↗
5. S. Karabay, Influence of AlB2 compound on elimination of incoherent precipitation in artificial aging of wires drawn from redraw rod extruded from billets cast of alloy AA-6101 by vertical direct chill casting. Mater. Des. 29(7), 1364 (2008)10.1016/j.matdes.2007.06.004 ↗
6. S. Karabay, Modification of AA-6201 alloy for manufacturing of high conductivity and extra high conductivity wires with property of high tensile stress after artificial aging heat treatment for all-aluminium alloy conductors. Mater. Des. 27(10), 821 (2006)10.1016/j.matdes.2005.06.005 ↗
7. E. Cervantes, M. Guerrero, J.A. Ramos, S.A. Montes, Influence of natural aging and cold deformation on the mechanical and electrical properties of 6201–T81 aluminum alloy wires. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 3, 14 (2010)
8. R.B. Kalombo, T.B. Miranda, P.H.C. Rocha, J.L.A. Ferreira, C.R.M. da Silva, J.A. Araujo, Fatigue performance of overhead conductors tested under the same value of H/w parameter. Procedia Eng. 213, 346 (2018)10.1016/j.proeng.2018.02.035 ↗
9. M. Iraizoz, N. Rossello, M. Amado, Influence of Solution Heat Treatment Temperature in the Final Properties of AA6201 Drawn Wire, Light Metals 2015 (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2016)
10. E. Rhaiem, T. Bouraoui and F. Elhalouani, Anticorrosive solution of 6201 aluminum alloy used in STEG company's overhead transmission lines, In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 13, 012038 (2010)10.1088/1757-899X/13/1/012038 ↗
11. A. Laurino, E. Andrieu, J.-P. Harouard, J. Lacaze, M.-C. Lafont, G. Odemer, C. Blanc, Corrosion behavior of 6101 aluminum alloy strands for automotive wires. J. Electrochem. Soc. 160(11), C569 (2013)10.1149/2.080311jes ↗
12. F.U. Flores, D.N. Seidman, D.C. Dunand, N.Q. Vo, Development of high-strength and high-electrical-conductivity aluminum alloys for power transmission conductors. Light Metals 247, 15 (2018)
13. B. Smyrak, T. Knych, A. Mamala, K. Korzeń, P. Osuch, A Study of the Influence of Strain Hardening and Precipitation Hardening Sequence on Mechanical Properties of AlMgSi Conductor Alloys (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2016)
14. Q. Zhao, Z. Qian, X. Cui, Y. Wu, X. Liu, Influences of Fe, Si and homogenization on electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of dilute Al–Mg–Si alloy. J Alloys Compd. 666, 50 (2016)10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.01.110 ↗
15. Y. Han, D. Shao, B.A. Chen, Z. Peng, Z.X. Zhu, Q. Zhang, X. Chen, G. Liu, X.M. Li, Effect of Mg/Si ratio on the microstructure and hardness–conductivity relationship of ultrafine-grained Al–Mg–Si alloys. J. Mater. Sci. 52(8), 4445 (2016)10.1007/s10853-016-0691-0 ↗
16. R.Z. Valiev, M.Y. Murashkin, I. Sabirov, A nanostructural design to produce high-strength Al alloys with enhanced electrical conductivity. Scr. Mater. 76, 13 (2014)10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.12.002 ↗
17. G.E. Totten, D.S. MacKenzie, Handbook of Aluminum: Physical Metallurgy and Processes (CRC Press, New York, 2003)10.1201/9780429223259 ↗
18. X. Sauvage, E.V. Bobruk, M.Y. Murashkin, Y. Nasedkina, N.A. Enikeev, R.Z. Valiev, Optimization of electrical conductivity and strength combination by structure design at the nanoscale in Al–Mg–Si alloys. Acta Mater. 98, 355 (2015)10.1016/j.actamat.2015.07.039 ↗
19. C.H. Liu, J. Chen, Y.X. Lai, D.H. Zhu, Y. Gu, J.H. Chen, Enhancing electrical conductivity and strength in Al alloys by modification of conventional thermo-mechanical process. Mater. Des. 87, 1 (2015)10.1016/j.matdes.2015.07.133 ↗
20. E. Standard: EN 50183. Conductors for overhead lines, aluminium magnesium silicon alloy wires, (2000)
21. ASTM, Annual Book of ASTM Standards: Electrical Conductors (2002)
22. ASTM: Annual Book of ASTM standards: nonferrous metal products. Aluminum and magnesium alloys. Section 2. Volume 02 (2003)
23. S. Karabay, E. Feyzullahoglu, Determination of early failure sources and mechanisms for Al 997% and Al–Mg–Si alloy bare conductors used in aerial transmission lines. Eng. Fail. Anal. 38, 1 (2014)10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.12.002 ↗
24. X. Xu, Z. Yang, Y. Ye, G. Wang, X. He, Effects of various Mg/Si ratios on microstructure and performance property of Al-Mg-Si alloy cables. Mater. Charact. 119, 114 (2016)10.1016/j.matchar.2016.07.011 ↗
25. S. Jiang, R. Wang, Grain size-dependent Mg/Si ratio effect on the microstructure and mechanical/electrical properties of Al-Mg-Si-Sc alloys. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 35(7), 1354 (2019)10.1016/j.jmst.2019.03.011 ↗
26. S.N. Khangholi, M. Javidani, A. Maltais, X.G. Chen, Optimization of mechanical properties and electrical conductivity in Al–Mg–Si 6201 alloys with different Mg/Si ratios. J Mater Res. 35(20), 2765 (2020)10.1557/jmr.2020.249 ↗
27. S.N. Khangholi, M. Javidani, A. Maltais, X.G. Chen, Investigation on electrical conductivity and hardness of 6xxx aluminum conductor alloys with different Si levels. MATEC Web Conf. 326, 1 (2020)10.1051/matecconf/202032600001 ↗
28. M.H. Mulazimoglu, A. Zaluska, F. Paray, J.E. Gruzleski, The effect of strontium on the Mg2Si precipitation process in 6201 aluminum alloy. Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 28(6), 1289 (1997)10.1007/s11661-997-0265-5 ↗
29. X. Cui, Y. Wu, G. Zhang, Y. Liu, X. Liu, Study on the improvement of electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of low alloying electrical aluminum alloys. Compos. B. Eng. 110, 381 (2017)10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.11.042 ↗
30. G. Lin, Z. Zhang, H. Wang, K. Zhou, Y. Wei, Enhanced strength and electrical conductivity of Al–Mg–Si alloy by thermo-mechanical treatment. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 650, 210 (2016)10.1016/j.msea.2015.10.050 ↗
31. C. Bunte, M. Glassel, C. Medina, D. Zalcman, Proposed solution for random characteristics of aluminium alloy wire rods due to the natural aging. Procedia Mater. Sci. 9, 97 (2015)10.1016/j.mspro.2015.04.012 ↗
32. J.P. Hou, Q. Wang, Z.J. Zhang, Y.Z. Tian, X.M. Wu, H.J. Yang, X.W. Li, Z.F. Zhang, Nano-scale precipitates: the key to high strength and high conductivity in Al alloy wire. Mater. Des. 132, 148 (2017)10.1016/j.matdes.2017.06.062 ↗
33. K. Majchrowicz, Z. Pakieła, W. Chrominski, M. Kulczyk, Enhanced strength and electrical conductivity of ultrafine-grained Al-Mg-Si alloy processed by hydrostatic extrusion. Mater Charact. 135, 104 (2018)10.1016/j.matchar.2017.11.023 ↗
34. M.Y. Murashkin, I. Sabirov, V.U. Kazykhanov, E.V. Bobruk, A.A. Dubravina, R.Z. Valiev, Enhanced mechanical properties and electrical conductivity in ultrafine-grained Al alloy processed via ECAP-PC. J. Mater. Sci. 48(13), 4501 (2013)10.1007/s10853-013-7279-8 ↗
35. M. Murashkin, A. Medvedev, V. Kazykhanov, A. Krokhin, G. Raab, N. Enikeev, R. Valiev, Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Electrical Conductivity in Ultrafine-Grained Al 6101 Alloy Processed via ECAP-Conform. Metals. 5(4), 2148 (2015)10.3390/met5042148 ↗
36. X. Ji, H. Zhang, S. Luo, F. Jiang, D. Fu, Microstructures and properties of Al–Mg–SI alloy overhead conductor by horizontal continuous casting and continuous extrusion forming process. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 649, 128 (2016)10.1016/j.msea.2015.09.114 ↗
37. S.N. Khangholi, M. Javidani, A. Maltais, X.G. Chen, Effects of natural aging and pre-aging on the strength and electrical conductivity in Al-Mg-Si AA6201 conductor alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 820, 1 (2021)10.1016/j.msea.2021.141538 ↗
38. D. Lindholm, S. Akhtar, D. Mortensen, Numerical simulation of wire rod casting of AA1370 and AA6101 alloys. Light Metals 50, 1032 (2020)
39. R.M. Mustafa, Production of aluminium-silicon-magnesium wrought alloy rod with application in the manufacture of extra-high conductivity AAAC for overhead electrical transmission lines. Light Metals 613, 15 (2008)
40. ASM Handbook: Casting. Volume 15, ASM International (1998)
41. T.G. Zhou, Z.Y. Jiang, J.L. Wen, H. Li, A.K. Tieu, Semi-solid continuous casting–extrusion of AA6201 feed rods. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 485(1–2), 108 (2008)10.1016/j.msea.2007.07.092 ↗
42. G.A. Edwards, K. Stiller, G.L. Dunlop, M.J. Couper, The precipitation sequence in Al–Mg–Si alloys. Acta Mater. 46(11), 3893 (1998)10.1016/S1359-6454(98)00059-7 ↗
43. J. Buha, R.N. Lumley, A.G. Crosky, K. Hono, Secondary precipitation in an Al–Mg–Si–Cu alloy. Acta Mater. 55(9), 3015 (2007)10.1016/j.actamat.2007.01.006 ↗
44. S.J. Andersen, H.W. Zandbergen, J. Jansen, C. Traeholt, U. Tundal, O. Reiso, The crystal structure of the β″ phase in Al–Mg–Si alloys. Acta Mater. 3283, 3283–3298 (1998)10.1016/S1359-6454(97)00493-X ↗
45. K. Teichmann, C.D. Marioara, S.J. Andersen, K.O. Pedersen, S. Gulbrandsen-Dahl, M. Kolar, R. Holmestad, K. Marthinsen, HRTEM study of the effect of deformation on the early precipitation behaviour in an AA6060 Al–Mg–Si alloy. Philos. Mag. 91(28), 3744 (2011)10.1080/14786435.2011.593577 ↗
46. R.S. Yassar, D.P. Field, H. Weiland, The effect of predeformation on the β″ and β′ precipitates and the role of Q′ phase in an Al–Mg–Si alloy; AA6022. Scr. Mater. 53(3), 299 (2005)10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.04.013 ↗
47. H. Nemour, D.M. Ibrahim, A. Triki, The effect of heavy cold plastic deformation on the non-isothermal kinetics and the precipitation sequence of metastable phases in an Al–Mg–Si alloy. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 123(1), 19 (2015)10.1007/s10973-015-4915-3 ↗
48. G. Sha, H. Moller, W.E. Stumpf, J.H. Xia, G. Govender, S.P. Ringer, Solute nanotructures and their strengthening effects in Al–7Si–06Mg alloy F357. Acta Mater. 60(2), 692 (2012)10.1016/j.actamat.2011.10.029 ↗
49. J.H. Chen, E. Costan, M.A. van Huis, Q. Xu, H.W. Zandbergen, Atomic pillar-based nanoprecipitates strengthen AlMgSi alloys. Science 312(5772), 416 (2006)10.1126/science.1124199 ↗
50. H.S. Hasting, A.G. Froseth, S.J. Andersen, R. Vissers, J.C. Walmsley, C.D. Marioara, F. Danoix, W. Lefebvre, R. Holmestad, Composition of β″ precipitates in Al–Mg–Si alloys by atom probe tomography and first principles calculations. J. Appl. Phys. 106(12), 123527 (2009)10.1063/1.3269714 ↗
51. H.W. Zandbergen, S.J. Andersen, J. Jansen, Structure determination of Mg5Si6 particles in Al by dynamic electron diffraction studies. Science 277, 1221 (1997)10.1126/science.277.5330.1221 ↗
52. ASM Handbook: Properties and Selections Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, 507 (1990)
53. A.K. Gupta, D.J. Lloyd, S.A. Court, Precipitation hardening in Al–Mg–Si alloys with and without excess Si. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 316(1), 11 (2001)10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01247-3 ↗
54. Y. Weng, Z. Jia, L. Ding, Y. Pan, Y. Liu, Q. Liu, Effect of Ag and Cu additions on natural aging and precipitation hardening behavior in Al-Mg-Si alloys. J Alloys Compd. 695, 2444 (2017)10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.11.140 ↗
55. C.D. Marioara, S.J. Andersen, H.W. Zandbergen, R. Holmestad, The influence of alloy composition on precipitates of the Al-Mg-Si system. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 36(3), 691 (2005)10.1007/s11661-005-0185-1 ↗
56. C.D. Marioara, S.J. Andersen, T.N. Stene, H. Hasting, J. Walmsley, A.T.J. Van Helvoort, R. Holmestad, The effect of Cu on precipitation in Al–Mg–Si alloys. Philos. Mag. 87(23), 3385 (2007)10.1080/14786430701287377 ↗
57. K. Li, A. Beche, M. Song, G. Sha, X. Lu, K. Zhang, Y. Du, S.P. Ringer, D. Schryvers, Atomistic structure of Cu-containing β ″precipitates in an Al–Mg–Si–Cu alloy. Scr. Mater. 75, 86 (2014)10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.11.030 ↗
58. M. Murayama, K. Hono, Pre-precipitate clusters and precipitation processes in Al–Mg–Si alloys. Acta Mater. 47(5), 1537 (1999)10.1016/S1359-6454(99)00033-6 ↗
59. L. Ding, Z. Jia, Y. Liu, Y. Weng, Q. Liu, The influence of Cu addition and pre-straining on the natural aging and bake hardening response of Al-Mg-Si alloys. J Alloys Compd. 688, 362 (2016)10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.07.066 ↗
60. L.-X. Cui, Z.-X. Liu, X.-G. Zhao, J.-G. Tang, K. Liu, X.-X. Liu, C. Qian, Precipitation of metastable phases and its effect on electrical resistivity of Al-096Mg2Si alloy during aging. Nonferr Metal. Soc. 24(7), 2266 (2014)10.1016/S1003-6326(14)63343-4 ↗
61. B. Smyrak, B. Jurkiewicz, M. Zasadzinska, M. Gniełczyk, P. Jałowy, The effect of Al-Mg-Si wire rod heat treatment on its electrical conductivity and strength. Metals. 10(8), 1027 (2020)10.3390/met10081027 ↗
62. W. Yuan, Z. Liang, Effect of Zr addition on properties of Al–Mg–Si aluminum alloy used for all aluminum alloy conductor. Mater. Des. 32(8–9), 4195 (2011)10.1016/j.matdes.2011.04.034 ↗
63. T. Ikeda, T. Muto, K. Morimoto, Effects of zirconium addition and solute iron concentration on the softening behavior of 6101 aluminum conductor alloy. Mater Sci Forum. 331–337, 595 (2000)10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.331-337.595 ↗
64. W. Yuan, Z. Liang, C. Zhang, L. Wei, Effects of La addition on the mechanical properties and thermal-resistant properties of Al–Mg–Si–Zr alloys based on AA 6201. Mater. Des. 34, 788 (2012)10.1016/j.matdes.2011.07.003 ↗
65. M. Hosseinifar, D.V. Malakhov, The sequence of intermetallics formation during the solidification of an Al-Mg-Si Alloy containing La. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 42(3), 825 (2010)10.1007/s11661-010-0453-6 ↗
66. M.H. Mulazimoglu, A. Zaluska, J.E. Gruzleski, F. Paray, Electron microscope study of Al-Fe-Si intermetallics in 6201 aluminum alloy. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 27(4), 929 (1996)10.1007/BF02649760 ↗
67. H.C. Liao, Y. Liu, C.L. Lu, Q.G. Wang, Effect of Ce addition on castability, mechanical properties and electric conductivity of Al–03Si–02Mg alloy. Int. J. Cast. Met. Res. 28(4), 213 (2015)10.1179/1743133615Y.0000000002 ↗
68. D.G. Eskin, Physical Metallurgy of Direct Chill Casting of Aluminum Alloys (Taylor & Francis, New York, 2008)10.1201/9781420062823 ↗
69. S. Wang, K. Matsuda, T. Kawabata, Y. Zou, T. Yamazaki, S. Ikeno, Effect of TM-addition on the aging behaviour of Al-Mg-Si alloys. Mater. Trans. 52(2), 229 (2011)10.2320/matertrans.M2010370 ↗
70. L. Backerud, E. Krol and J. Tamminen: solidification characteristics of aluminum alloys: wrought alloys (1986).
71. Y. Weng, Z. Jia, L. Ding, S. Muraishi, Q. Liu, Clustering behavior during natural aging and artificial aging in Al-Mg-Si alloys with different Ag and Cu addition. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 732, 273 (2018)10.1016/j.msea.2018.07.018 ↗
72. T. Saito, E.A. Mortsell, S. Wenner, C.D. Marioara, S.J. Andersen, J. Friis, K. Matsuda, R. Holmestad, Atomic structures of precipitates in Al-Mg-Si alloys with small additions of other elements. Adv. Eng. Mater. 20(7), 24 (2018)10.1002/adem.201800125 ↗
73. S. Karabay, E.A. Guven, A.T. Erturk, Enhancement on Al–Mg–Si alloys against failure due to lightning arc occurred in energy transmission lines. Eng. Fail. Anal. 31, 153 (2013)10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.02.005 ↗
74. X. Cui, Y. Wu, X. Liu, Q. Zhao, G. Zhang, Effects of grain refinement and boron treatment on electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of AA1070 aluminum. Mater. Des. 86, 397 (2015)10.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.149 ↗
75. M. Kolar, K.O. Pedersen, S. Gulbrandsen-Dahl, K. Marthinsen, Combined effect of deformation and artificial aging on mechanical properties of Al–Mg–Si Alloy. Nonferr Metal Soc. 22(8), 1824 (2012)10.1016/S1003-6326(11)61393-9 ↗
76. M. Kolar, K.O. Pedersen, S. Gulbrandsen-Dahl, K. Teichmann, K. Marthinsen, Effect of pre-deformation on mechanical response of an artificially aged Al-Mg-Si Alloy. Mater. Trans. 52(7), 1356 (2011)10.2320/matertrans.L-MZ201127 ↗
77. M. Li, H. Li, Z. Zhang, W. Shi, J. Liu, Y. Hu, Y. Wu, Effect of precipitates on properties of cold-rolled Al–Mg–Si–Sc–Zr alloy with higher temperature aging. Mater. Sci. Technol. 34(10), 1246 (2018)10.1080/02670836.2018.1444922 ↗
78. Z.H. Zhao, Q.Q. Chen, Q.F. Zhu, W.Q. Liu, G.S. Wang, Study on the ageing process of the 6xxx series aluminum alloy wires for overhead conductors. Mater Sci Forum. 877, 347 (2016)10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.877.347 ↗
79. P.A. Rometsch, Z. Xu, H. Zhong, H. Yang, L. Ju, X.H. Wu, Strength and electrical conductivity relationships in Al-Mg-Si and Al-Sc alloys. Mater Sci Forum. 794–796, 827 (2014)10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.794-796.827 ↗
80. Y. Aruga, S. Kim, M. Kozuka, E. Kobayashi, T. Sato, Effects of cluster characteristics on two-step aging behavior in Al-Mg-Si alloys with different Mg/Si ratios and natural aging periods. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 718, 371 (2018)10.1016/j.msea.2018.01.086 ↗
81. G.H. Tao, C.H. Liu, J.H. Chen, Y.X. Lai, P.P. Ma, L.M. Liu, The influence of Mg/Si ratio on the negative natural aging effect in Al–Mg–Si–Cu alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 642, 241 (2015)10.1016/j.msea.2015.06.090 ↗
82. M.C. Lentz, M. Rengel, K. Stray, O. Engler, A modified processing route for high strength Al-Mg-Si aluminum conductors based on twin-roll cast strip. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 278, 116463 (2020)10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.116463 ↗
83. Z.P. Martinova: Pre-aging effects in thermo mechanically treated 6201 aluminium alloy. Proceedings of 3rd BMC-2003-Ohrid, R. Macedonia, 161 (2003)
84. H. Li, M. Qingzhong, Z. Wang, F. Miao, B. Fang, R. Song, Z. Zheng, Simultaneously enhancing the tensile properties and intergranular corrosion resistance of Al–Mg–Si–Cu alloys by a thermo-mechanical treatment. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 617, 165 (2014)10.1016/j.msea.2014.08.045 ↗
85. Z. Wang, H. Li, F. Miao, B. Fang, R. Song, Z. Zheng, Improving the strength and ductility of Al–Mg–Si–Cu alloys by a novel thermo-mechanical treatment. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 607, 313 (2014)10.1016/j.msea.2014.04.009 ↗
86. X. Sauvage, M.Y. Murashkin, R.Z. Valiev, Atomic scale investigation of dynamic precipitation and grain boundary segregation in a 6061 aluminium alloy nanostructured by ECAP. Kovove Mater. 49, 11 (2011)
87. M. Murayama, Z. Horita, K. Hono, Microstructure of two-phase Al–17 at% Cu alloy deformed by equal-channel angular pressing. Acta Mater. 49(1), 21 (2001)10.1016/S1359-6454(00)00308-6 ↗
88. L.M. Cheng, W.J. Poole, J.D. Embury, D.J. Lloyd, The influence of precipitation on the work-hardening behavior of the aluminum alloys AA6111 and AA7030. Metall Mater. Trans. A 34(11), 2473 (2003)10.1007/s11661-003-0007-2 ↗
89. J.K. Sunde, C.D. Marioara, S. Wenner, R. Holmestad, On the microstructural origins of improvements in conductivity by heavy deformation and ageing of Al-Mg-Si alloy 6101. Mater. Charact. 176, 1 (2021)10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111073 ↗
90. W. Yuna, Z. Jianfeng, L. Hengcheng, W. Yongjin, W. Yuping, Effect of homogenization temperature on microstructure and conductivity of Al-Mg-Si-Ce alloy. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 25(7), 2720 (2016)10.1007/s11665-016-2121-5 ↗
91. S. Karabay, M. Yilmaz, M. Zeren, Investigation of extrusion ratio effect on mechanical behaviour of extruded alloy AA-6101 from the billets homogenised-rapid quenched and as-cast conditions. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 160(2), 138 (2005)10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.05.025 ↗
92. H. Liao, Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Microstructure Evolution of Al-035%Si-02%Mg-03%Ce Alloy During Hot Extrusion and Its Contributions to Performances. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 24(6), 2503 (2015)10.1007/s11665-015-1485-2 ↗
93. M. Javidani, D. Larouche, Application of cast Al–Si alloys in internal combustion engine components. Int. Mater. Rev. 59(3), 132 (2014)10.1179/1743280413Y.0000000027 ↗
94. Y. Wu, H. Liao, J. Zhang, Effect of intermediate annealing temperature and aging on the mechanical properties and conductivity of Al–02Mg–035Si–03Ce wire rod. High Perform. Struct. Mater. 139, 40 (2018)
95. J. Zhang, M. Ma, F. Shen, D. Yi, B. Wang, Influence of deformation and annealing on electrical conductivity, mechanical properties and texture of Al-Mg-Si alloy cables. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 710, 27 (2018)10.1016/j.msea.2017.10.065 ↗
96. P. Osuch, M. Walkowicz, T. Knych, S. Dymek, Impact of the direct ageing procedure on the age hardening response of Al-Mg-Si 6101 alloy. Materials (Basel). 11(7), 1239 (2018)10.3390/ma11071239 ↗
97. V.D. Sitdikov, M.Y. Murashkin and R.Z. Valiev: Precipitates studies in ultrafine-grained Al alloys with enhanced strength and conductivity. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 194, (2017)10.1088/1757-899X/194/1/012034 ↗
98. M.Y. Murashkin, I. Sabirov, X. Sauvage, R.Z. Valiev, Nanostructured Al and Cu alloys with superior strength and electrical conductivity. J. Mater. Sci. 51(1), 33 (2015)10.1007/s10853-015-9354-9 ↗
99. A. Medvedev, M.Y. Murashkin, V. Kazykhanov, R.Z. Valiev, A.E. Medvedev, P.D. Hodgson, R. Lapovok, Enhancement of mechanical and electrical properties in Al 6101 alloy by severe shear strain under hydrostatic pressure. Adv Eng Mater. 20(11), 1800695 (2018)10.1002/adem.201800695 ↗
100. O. Engler, C.D. Marioara, Y. Aruga, M. Kozuka, O.R. Myhr, Effect of natural ageing or pre-ageing on the evolution of precipitate structure and strength during age hardening of Al–Mg–Si alloy AA 6016. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 759, 520 (2019)10.1016/j.msea.2019.05.073 ↗