Temperature-Induced Effect of Climate Change on Natural Carbonation of Concrete Structures

1. Abas, N., and Khan, N., 2014, “Carbon Conundrum, Climate Change, CO2 Capture and Consumptions,” Journal of CO2 Utilization, pp. 39-48. 10.1016/j.jcou.2014.06.00510.1016/j.jcou.2014.06.005 ↗

2. Castro-Borges, P., and Mendoza-Rangel, J. M., 2010, “Influence of Climate Change on Concrete Durability in Yucatan Peninsula,” Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, V. 45, No. 1, pp. 61-69. doi: 10.1179/147842209X1248956771966210.1179/147842209X12489567719662 ↗

3. Churkina, G., 2016, “The Role of Urbanization in the Global Carbon Cycle,” Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, V. 3. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2015.0014410.3389/fevo.2015.00144 ↗

4. Climate Atlas of Canada, 2021, November 2021, https://climateatlas.ca/why-climates-change. (last accessed Jan. 16, 2023)

5. “Climate Central: A Science & News Organization,” 2019, Climatecentral.org, https://www.climatecentral.org/. (last accessed Jan. 24, 2023)

6. “Create a Map,” 2018, Mapcustomizer.com, https://www.mapcustomizer.com/. (last accessed Jan. 16, 2023)

7. DEA, 2013, “Long-Term Adaptation Scenarios Flagship Research Programme (LTAS) for South Africa: Full Technical Report on Climate Trends and Scenarios for South Africa,” Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria, South Africa, 125 pp.

8. DuraCrete, 2000, “Statistical Quantification of the Variables in the Limit State Functions,” Contract BRPR-CT95-0132, Project BE95-1347/R9, The EU – Brite EuRam III, 130 pp.

9. Ekolu, S. O., 2016, “A Review on Effects of Curing, Sheltering, and CO2 Concentration Upon Natural Carbonation of Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 127, pp. 306-320. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.05610.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.056 ↗

10. Ekolu, S. O., 2018, “Model for Practical Prediction of Natural Carbonation in Reinforced Concrete: Part 1-Formulation,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 86, pp. 40-56. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.10.00610.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.10.006 ↗

11. Ekolu, S. O., 2020a, “Implications of Global CO2 Emissions on Natural Carbonation and Service Lifespan of Concrete Infrastructures – Reliability Analysis,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 114, November, p. 103744. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.10374410.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103744 ↗

12. Ekolu, S.O., 2020b, “Model for Natural Carbonation Prediction (NCP): Practical Application Worldwide to Real Life Functioning Concrete Structures,” Engineering Structures, V. 224, p. 111126. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.11112610.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111126 ↗

13. Ekolu, S. O., and Solomon, F., 2021, “A Case Study on Practical Prediction of Natural Carbonation for Concretes Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials,” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, V. 26, No. 3, pp. 1163-1176. doi: 10.1007/s12205-021-1770-610.1007/s12205-021-1770-6 ↗

14. Emilsson, T., and Ode Sang, Å., 2017, “Impacts of Climate Change on Urban Areas and Nature-Based Solutions for Adaptation,” N. Kabisch, H. Korn, J. Stadler, A. Bonn, eds., Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas, Springer, Cham. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-56091-5_210.1007/978-3-319-56091-5_2 ↗

15. EN 1990, 2002, “Eurocode – Basis of Structural Design,” European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium, 120 pp.

16. Etheridge, D. M.; Steele, L. P.; Langenfelds, R. L.; Francey, R. J.; Barnola, J.-M.; and Morgan, V. I., 1998, “Historical CO2 Records from the Law Dome DE08, DE08-2, and DSS Ice Cores,” Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/co2/lawdome.html. (last accessed Jan. 24, 2023)10.3334/CDIAC/atg.011 ↗

17. fib Bulletin 34, 2006, “Model Code for Service-Life Design,” Federation International du Beton, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2006, 126 pp.

18. fib Model Code 2010, “Model Code 2010 Final Draft,” Federation International du Beton, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2012.

19. IIASA, 2020, “RCP Database Ver. 2.0,” International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis

20. Ikotun, J. O., and Ekolu, S. O., 2012, “Essential Parameters for Strength-Based Service Life Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Structures – A Review,” Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (ICCRRR), Cape Town, South Africa, pp. 433-438.

21. IPCC, 2013, “Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

22. IPCC, 2018, “Summary for Policymakers: In Global Warming Of 1.5°C, an IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C Above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty,” World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 32 pp.

23. Ji, Y.; Yuan, Y.; Shen, J.; Ma, Y.; and Lai, S., 2010, “Comparison of Concrete Carbonation Process Under Natural Condition and High CO2 Concentration Environments,” Journal of Wuhan University of Technology – Materials Science Edition, V. 25, No. 3, pp. 515-522. doi: 10.1007/s11595-030-0034-y10.1007/s11595-030-0034-y ↗

24. Luthi, D. M.; Le Floch, B.; Bereiter, T.; Blunier, J.-M.; Barnola, U.; Siegenthaler, D.; Raynaud, J.; Jouzel, H.; Fischer, K.; Kawamura, and T.F. Stocker, 2008, “High-Resolution Carbon Dioxide Concentration Record 650,000-800,000 Years Before Present,” Nature, V. 453, pp. 379-382. doi: 10.1038/nature0694910.1038/nature06949 ↗

25. Mohajerani, A.; Bakaric, J.; and Jeffrey-Bailey, T., 2017, “The Urban Heat Island Effect, its Causes, and Mitigation, with Reference to the Thermal Properties of Asphalt Concrete,” Journal of Environmental Management, V. 197, pp. 522-538. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.09510.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.095 ↗

26. NASA, 2018, “Sea Level | Vital Signs,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC, https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/sea-level/. (last accessed Jan. 16, 2023)

27. NASA, 2022, “Carbon Dioxide | Vital Signs,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC, https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/carbon-dioxide/. (last accessed Jan. 16, 2023)

28. Neves, R.; Branco, F.; and de Brito, J., 2013, “Field Assessment of the Relationship Between Natural and Accelerated Concrete Carbonation Resistance,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 41, pp. 9-15. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.04.00610.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.04.006 ↗

29. Peng, J.; Tang, H.; Zhang, J.; and Cai, S. C. S., 2018, “Numerical Simulation on Carbonation Depth of Concrete Structures Considering Time- and Temperature-Dependent Carbonation Process,” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, V. 2018, pp. 1-16. doi: 10.1155/2018/232601710.1155/2018/2326017 ↗

30. Peng, L., and Stewart, M. G., 2016, “Climate Change and Corrosion Damage Risks for Reinforced Concrete Infrastructure in China,” Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, V. 12, No. 4, pp. 499-516. doi: 10.1080/15732479.2013.85827010.1080/15732479.2013.858270 ↗

31. Riedy, C., 2016, “Climate Change,” The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, G. Ritzer, ed., Blackwell Publishers.10.1002/9781405165518.wbeos0737 ↗

32. Stewart, M. G.; Wang, X.; and Nguyen, M. N., 2011, “Climate Change Impact and Risks of Concrete Infrastructure Deterioration,” Engineering Structures, V. 33, No. 4, pp. 1326-1337. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.01.01010.1016/j.engstruct.2011.01.010 ↗

33. Talukdar, S.; Banthia, N.; and Grace, J. R., 2012a, “Carbonation in Concrete Infrastructure in the Context of Global Climate Change – Part 1: Experimental Results and Model Development,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 34, No. 8, pp. 924-930. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.04.01110.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.04.011 ↗

34. Talukdar, S.; Banthia, N.; Grace, J. R.; and Cohen, S., 2012b, “Carbonation in Concrete Infrastructure in the Context of Global Climate Change: Part 2 – Canadian Urban Simulations,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 34, No. 8, pp. 931-935. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.04.01210.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.04.012 ↗

35. UNEP, 2021, “Cities and Climate Change,” UN Environmental Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/resource-efficiency/what-we-do/cities/cities-and-climate-change. (last accessed Jan. 16, 2023)

36. US EPA OAR, 2015, “Overview of Greenhouse Gases.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases_.html. (last accessed Jan. 16, 2023)

37. Zeleňáková, M.; Purcz, P.; Hlavatá, H.; and Blistan, P., 2015, “Climate Change in Urban Versus Rural Areas,” Procedia Engineering, V. 119, pp. 1171-1180. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.96810.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.968 ↗