Performance Criteria for Concrete Resistant to Chloride Ion Penetration

1. AASHTO PP 84-17, 2017, “Standard Practice for Developing Performance Engineered Concrete Pavement Mixtures,” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 67 pp.

2. AASHTO T 358-17, 2017, “Standard Method of Test for Surface Resistivity Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration,” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 10 pp.

3. AASHTO TP 119-15, 2017, “Standard Method of Test for Electrical Resistivity of a Concrete Cylinder Tested in a Uniaxial Resistance Test,” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 12 pp.

4. ACI Committee 301, 2016, “Specifications for Structural Concrete (ACI 301-16),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2016, 64 pp.

5. ACI Committee 318, 2014, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 519 pp.

6. ACI Committee 365, 2000, “Service-Life Prediction (ACI 365.1R-00),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 44 pp.

7. Archie, G. E., 1942, “The Electrical Resistivity Log as an Aid in Determining Some Reservoir Characteristics,” Transactions of the AIME, Society of Petroleum Engineers, V. 146, No. 1, pp. 54-62.10.2118/942054-G ↗

8. ASTM C1202-12, 2012, “Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 7 pp.

9. ASTM C1556-11a, 2011, “Standard Test Method for Determining the Apparent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient of Cementitious Mixtures by Bulk Diffusion,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 7 pp.

10. ASTM C1760-12, 2012, “Standard Test Method for Bulk Electrical Conductivity of Hardened Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 5 pp.

11. Bentz, D. P., 2007, “A Virtual Rapid Chloride Permeability Test,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 29, No. 10, pp. 723-731. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.06.00610.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.06.006 ↗

12. Life-365, 2013, www.life-365.org/download.html. (last accessed Aug. 2, 2019)

13. Liu, Z., and Beaudoin, J. J., 2000, “The Permeability of Cement Systems to Chloride Ingress and Related Test Methods,” Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, V. 22, No. 1, pp. 16-23. doi: 10.1520/CCA10458J10.1520/CCA10458J ↗

14. NIST, 2018, “Estimation of Pore Solution Conductivity,” National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, https://www.nist.gov/el/materials-and-structural-systems-division-73100/inorganic-materials-group-73103/estimation-pore. (last accessed Aug. 2, 2019)

15. Obla, K.; Hong, R.; Sherman, S.; Bentz, D. P.; and Jones, S. Z., 2018, “Relating the Electrical Resistance of Fresh Concrete to Mixture Proportions,” Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, V. 7, No. 1, pp. 71-86. doi: 10.1520/ACEM2017012610.1520/ACEM20170126 ↗

16. Obla, K. H., and Hong, R. J., 2018, “2017 Quality Benchmarking Survey,” Concrete in Focus, V. 17, No. 2, pp. 22-23.

17. Obla, K. H., and Lobo, C. L., 2007, “Acceptance Criteria for Durability Tests,” Concrete International, V. 29, No. 5, May, pp. 43-48.

18. Obla, K. H.; Lobo, C. L.; and Kim, H., 2015, “An Evaluation of Performance-Based Alternatives to the Durability Provisions of the ACI 318 Building Code,” RMC Research and Education Foundation, Silver Spring, MD, 123 pp.

19. Obla, K. H.; Lobo, C. L.; and Kim, H., 2016, “Tests and Criteria for Chloride Ion Penetration,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 113, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., pp. 621-631. doi: 10.14359/5168910710.14359/51689107 ↗

20. Schafer, E., and Meng, B., 2001, “Influence of Cement and Additions on the Quantity of Alkalis Available for an Alkali-Silica Reaction,” Beton, pp. 577-584.

21. Shi, C.; Stegemann, J. A.; and Caldwell, R. J., 1998, “Effect of Supplementary Cementing Materials on the Specific Conductivity of Pore Solution and its Implications on the Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (AASHTO T 277 and ASTM C1202) Results,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 101, No. 4, July-Aug., pp. 389-394.

22. Snyder, K. A., 2001, “The Relationship between the Formation Factor and the Diffusion Coefficient of Porous Materials Saturated with Concentrated Electrolytes: Theoretical and Experimental Considerations,” Concrete Science and Engineering, V. 3, No. 12, pp. 216-224.

23. Snyder, K. A.; Feng, X.; Keen, B. D.; and Mason, T. O., 2003, “Estimating the Electrical Conductivity of Cement Paste Pore Solutions from OH–, K+ and Na+ Concentrations,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 33, No. 6, pp. 793-798. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)01068-210.1016/S0008-8846(02)01068-2 ↗

24. Spragg, R.; Jones, S.; Bu, Y.; Bentz, D.; Snyder, K.; and Weiss, J., 2017, “Leaching of Conductive Species: Implications to Measurements of Electrical Resistivity,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 79, No. 5, pp. 94-105. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.02.00310.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.02.003 ↗

25. Weiss, J. W.; Spragg, R.; Isgor, O. B.; Ley, T. M.; and Van Dam, T., 2017, “Toward Performance Specifications for Concrete: Linking Resistivity, RCPT and Diffusion Predictions Using the Formation Factor for Use in Specifications,” fib Symposium 2017, Maastricht, the Netherlands.10.1007/978-3-319-59471-2_235 ↗

26. Weiss, W. J.; Barrett, T. J.; Qiao, C.; and Todak, H., 2016, “Toward a Specification for Transport Properties of Concrete Based on the Formation Factor of a Sealed Specimen,” Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, V. 5, No. 1, p. 20160004 doi: 10.1520/ACEM2016000410.1520/ACEM20160004 ↗