Mobility of Chloride in Concrete Subjected to Electrochemical Treatment

1. Manning, D. G., “Cathodic Protection of Concrete Highway Bridges,” in: Page C.L., Treadaway K.W.J., Bamforth P.B. (Eds.), Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete, Elsevier Applied Science, London UK, 1990, pp. 486-497.

2. Broomfield, J. P.; Langfor, P. E.; and Mcanoy, R., “Cathodic Protection for Reinforced Concrete: Its Application to Buildings and Marine Structures,” in: Virmani P. (Ed.), Corrosion of Metals in Concrete, NACE, Houston, TX, USA, 1987, pp. 222-235.10.5006/C1987-87142 ↗

3. Pruckner, F.; Theiner, J.; Eri, J.; and Nauer, G. E., “In-Situ Monitoring of The Efficiency of The Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy,” Electrochimica Acta, V. 41, No. 7-8, 1996, pp. 1233-1238. doi: 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00475-010.1016/0013-4686(95)00475-0 ↗

4. Slater, J. E.; Lankard, D. R.; and Moreland, P. L., “Electrochemical Removal of Chlorides from Concrete Bridge Decks,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 604, 1976, pp. 6-15.10.5006/C1976-76020 ↗

5. Orellan, J. C.; Escadeillas, G.; and Arliguie, G., “Electrochemical Chloride Extraction: Efficiency and Side Effects,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 34, No. 2, 2004, pp. 227-234. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.07.00110.1016/j.cemconres.2003.07.001 ↗

6. Perez, A.; Climent, M. A.; and Garces, P., “Electrochemical Extraction of Chlorides from Reinforced Concrete Using A Conductive Cement Paste as The Anode,” Corrosion Science, V. 52, No. 5, 2010, pp. 1576-1581. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2010.01.01610.1016/j.corsci.2010.01.016 ↗

7. Canon, A.; Garces, P.; Climent, M. A.; Carmona, J.; and Zornoza, E., “Feasibility of Electrochemical Chloride Extraction from Structural Reinforced Concrete Using A Sprayed Conductive Graphite Powder-Cement Paste as Anode,” Corrosion Science, V. 77, No. 12, 2013, pp. 128-134. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2013.07.03510.1016/j.corsci.2013.07.035 ↗

8. Elsener, B., and Angst, U., “Mechanism of Electrochemical Chloride Removal,” Corrosion Science, V. 49, No. 12, 2007, pp. 4504-4522. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2007.05.01910.1016/j.corsci.2007.05.019 ↗

9. Martinez, I.; Rozas, F.; Ramos-Cillan, S.; Gonzalez, M.; and Castellote, M., “Chloride Electroremediation In Reinforced Structures: Preliminary Electrochemical Tests to Detect the Steel Repassivation During the Treatment,” Electrochimica Acta, V. 181, No. 1, 2015, pp. 288-300. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.06.00510.1016/j.electacta.2015.06.005 ↗

10. Kim, K. B.; Hwang, J. P.; and Ann, K. Y., “Influence of Cementitious Binder on Chloride Removal Under Electrochemical Treatment in Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 104, No. 1, 2016, pp. 191-197. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.05210.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.052 ↗

11. Mietz, J., “Electrochemical Rehabilitation Methods for Reinforced Concrete Structures. A State-of-the-Art Report,” European Federation of Corrosion Publication, No. 24, IOM Communications Ltd., London, UK, 1998.

12. Song, H. W.; Jung, M. S.; Lee, C. H.; Kim, S. H.; and Ann, K. Y., “Influence of Chemistry of Chloride Ions in Cement Matrix on Corrosion of Steel,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 107, No. 4, July-Aug. 2010, pp. 332-339.10.14359/51663858 ↗

13. Chu, H. Q.; Zhang, B. Q.; Zhao, S. J.; Guo, M. Z.; Liang, Y. C.; Jiang, L. H.; and Song, Z. J., “Effect of Electric Current on The Stability of Bound Chloride,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 103, 2019, pp. 71-79. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.04.01510.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.04.015 ↗

14. Geng, J.; Easterbrook, D.; Li, L. Y.; and Mo, L. W., “The Stability of Bound Chlorides in Cement Paste with Sulfate Attack,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 68, 2015, pp. 211-222. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.11.01010.1016/j.cemconres.2014.11.010 ↗

15. Shafikhani, M., and Chidiac, S. E., “Quantification of Concrete Chloride Diffusion Coefficient—A Critical Review,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 99, 2019, pp. 225-250. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.03.01110.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.03.011 ↗

16. Shakouri, M.; Vaddey, N. P.; and Trejo, D., “Effect of Admixed and External Chlorides on Transport of Chlorides in Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 116, No. 5, Sept. 2019, pp. 119-128. doi: 10.14359/5171683310.14359/51716833 ↗

17. Glass, G. K.; Hassanein, A. M.; and Buenfeld, N. R., “Cathodic Protection Afforded by An Intermittent Current Applied to Reinforced Concrete,” Corrosion Science, V. 43, No. 6, 2001, pp. 1111-1131. doi: 10.1016/S0010-938X(00)00133-510.1016/S0010-938X(00)00133-5 ↗

18. Ann, K. Y.; Jung, M. S.; Shim, H. B.; and Shin, M. C., “Effect of Electrochemical Treatment in Inhibiting Corrosion of Steel in Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 108, No. 5, Jan.-Feb. 2011, pp. 485-492.10.14359/51683257 ↗

19. Buenfeld, N. R., and Glass, G., Kevin.; Reddy, B.; and Viles, R.F., “Process for The Protection of Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete,” World Intellectual Property Organization, 2004.

20. Ribeiro, M. S.; Lage, J.; and Goncalves, A., “Chloride Assessment in Structures. Influences of Sampling and Test Location,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 117, 2019, pp. 82-90. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.01.00210.1016/j.cemconres.2019.01.002 ↗

21. Arya, C.; Buenfeld, N. R.; and Newman, J. B., “Assessment of Simple Methods of Determining the Free Chloride Content of Cement Paste,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 17, No. 6, 1987, pp. 907-918. doi: 10.1016/0008-8846(87)90079-210.1016/0008-8846(87)90079-2 ↗

22. British Standard 8110: Part 1, “Structural Use of Concrete—Code of Practice for Design and Construction,” British Standards Institute, London, UK, 1985.

23. ACI Committee 201, “Guide to Durable Concrete, Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 1 (ACI 201.2R-16),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1994, 7 pp.

24. ACI Committee 357, “Guide for Design and Construction of Fixed Off-Shore Concrete Structures, Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 4 (ACI(space)357R-84),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1994.

25. ACI Committee 222, “Corrosion of Metals in Concrete, Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 3 (ACI 201.2R-16),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1994.

26. Broomfield, J. P.; Rodriguez, J.; Ortega, L. M.; and Garcia, A. M., “Corrosion Rate Measurement and Life Prediction for Reinforced Concrete Structures,” Proceedings of the Structural Faults and Repair, V. 2, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 1993, pp. 155-164.

27. Chen, J. J.; Sorelli, L.; Vandamme, M.; Ulm, F. J.; and Chanvillard, G., “A Coupled Nanoindentation/Sem‐Eds Study On Low Water/Cement Ratio Portland Cement Paste: Evidence For C–S–H/Ca(Oh)2 Nanocomposites,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, V. 93, No. 5, 2010,10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03599.x ↗

28. 1484-1493. doi: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03599.x10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03599.x ↗

29. Ann, K. Y., “Enhancing the Chloride Threshold Level for Steel Corrosion in Concrete,” PhD thesis, University of London, London, UK, 2005.

30. Song, H. W.; Lee, C. H.; Jung, M. S.; and Ann, K. Y., “Development of Chloride Binding Capacity in Cement Pastes and Influence of The PH of Hydration Products,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, V. 35, No. 12, 2008, pp. 1427-1434. doi: 10.1139/L08-08910.1139/L08-089 ↗

31. Gonzalez, J. A., and Andrade, C., “Effect of Carbonation, Chlorides and Relative Ambient Humidity on The Corrosion of Galvanized Rebars Embedded In Concrete,” British Corrosion Journal, V. 17, No. 1, 1982, pp. 21-28. doi: 10.1179/00070598279827458910.1179/000705982798274589 ↗

32. Glass, G. K.; Reddy, B.; and Buenfeld, N. R., “The Participation of Bound Chloride in Passive Film Breakdown on Steel in Concrete,” Corrosion Science, V. 42, No. 11, 2000, pp. 2013-2021. doi: 10.1016/S0010-938X(00)00040-810.1016/S0010-938X(00)00040-8 ↗

33. Ryou, J. S., and Ann, K. Y., “Variation in The Chloride Threshold Level for Steel Corrosion in Concrete Arising from Different Chloride Sources,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 60, No. 3, 2008, pp. 177-187. doi: 10.1680/macr.2008.60.3.17710.1680/macr.2008.60.3.177 ↗

34. Elsener, B.; Molina, M.; and Böhni, H., “The Electrochemical Removal of Chlorides from Reinforced Concrete,” Corrosion Science, V. 35, No. 5-8, 1993, pp. 1563-1570. doi: 10.1016/0010-938X(93)90385-T10.1016/0010-938X(93)90385-T ↗

35. Miranda, J. M.; Gonzalez, J. A.; Cobo, A.; and Otero, E., “Several Questions About Electrochemical Rehabilitation Methods for Reinforced Concrete Structures,” Corrosion Science, V. 48, No. 8, 2006, pp. 2172-2188. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2005.08.01410.1016/j.corsci.2005.08.014 ↗

36. Sanchez, M. J.; Garces, P.; and Climent, M. A., “Electrochemical Extraction of Chlorides from Reinforced Concrete: Variables Affecting Treatment Efficiency,” Materiales de Construcción, V. 56, No. 284, 2006, pp. 17-26. doi: 10.3989/mc.2006.v56.i284.1510.3989/mc.2006.v56.i284.15 ↗

37. Toumi, A.; Francois, R.; and Alvarado, O., “Experimental and Numerical Study of Electrochemical Chloride Removal from Brick and Concrete Specimens,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 37, No. 1, 2007, pp. 54-62. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.09.01210.1016/j.cemconres.2006.09.012 ↗

38. ASTM C876-09, “Standard Test Method for Half-Cell Potentials of Uncoated Reinforcing Steel in Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2009.

39. Revie, R. W., Uhlig's Corrosion Handbook, John Wiley & Sons, 2011.10.1002/9780470872864 ↗

40. Ihekwaba, N. M.; Hope, B. B.; and Hansson, C. M., “Pull-Out and Bond Degradation of Steel Reinforcing Bars in ECE Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 26, No. 2, 1996, pp. 267-282. doi: 10.1016/0008-8846(95)00210-310.1016/0008-8846(95)00210-3 ↗

41. Buenfeld, N. R., and Broomfield, J. P., “Influence of Electrochemical Chloride Extraction on The Bond Between Steel and Concrete,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 52, No. 2, 2000, pp. 79-91. doi: 10.1680/macr.2000.52.2.7910.1680/macr.2000.52.2.79 ↗