journal article·2023-08

Mechanical Behavior and Physical Properties of Mg Binary Alloys via Y-doping: Molecular Dynamic Study

Feng Gao, Qi Yang, Jiguang Du, Gang Jiang

Publisher page

Abstract

The effects of doping concentration and doping models of yttrium (Y) on mechanical behaviors are researched by using molecular dynamics and the second nearest-neighbor modified embedded-atom method (2NN-MEAM) formalism for nano Mg-Y alloy systems. The results confirm the effect of Y-doping on the mechanical properties and the polycrystalline structure of Mg-Y alloys. When the content of Y atoms is about 7-8%, the models of pristine doping and grain boundaries (GBs) doping have the highest Young`s modulus, and the strength also increases obviously. Doping Y atoms at GBs can enhance the stability of GBs and significantly improve the elastic modulus and strength of nano Mg alloys. And the smaller the grain size is, the more obvious the strengthening effect is. As the grain size decreases to the critical value, Young`s modulus of the nano Mg-Y alloys decreases, and the strengthening effect weakens. These results have important guiding significance for the design and improvement of mechanical properties of Mg-Y alloys and will provide references for preparing high strength nano Mg alloys materials by controlling impurity atoms doping.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Magnesium Alloys: Properties and Applications · Hydrogen Storage and Materials · Metal and Thin Film Mechanics

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (92)

Show source-provided references
1. V.M. Miller, T.D. Berman, I.J. Beyerlein, J.W. Jones, and T.M. Pollock, Prediction of the Plastic Anisotropy of Magnesium Alloys with Synthetic Textures and Implications for the Effect of Texture on Formability, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 675, p 345–360.10.1016/j.msea.2016.08.063 ↗
2. H. Friedrich and S. Schumann, Research for a “New Age of Magnesium” in the Automotive Industry, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2001, 117, p 276–281.10.1016/S0924-0136(01)00780-4 ↗
3. B.L. Mordike and T. Ebert, Magnesium-Properties-Applications-Potential, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2001, 302, p 37–45.10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01351-4 ↗
4. M.K. Kulekci, Magnesium and its Alloys Applications in Automotive Industry, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2009, 39, p 851–865.10.1007/s00170-007-1279-2 ↗
5. M.P. Staiger, A.M. Pietak, and J. Huadmai, Magnesium and its Alloys as Orthopedic Biomaterials: A Review, Biomaterials, 2006, 27, p 1728–1734.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.10.003 ↗
6. J.W. Christian and S. Mahajan, Deformation Twinning, Prog. Mater. Sci., 1995, 39, p 1.10.1016/0079-6425(94)00007-7 ↗
7. X. Chen, L. Liu, J. Liu, and F. Pan, Microstructure, Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness and Mechanical Properties of Mg-Zn-Y-Zr Alloys, Mater. Des., 2015, 65, p 360–369.10.1016/j.matdes.2014.09.034 ↗
8. J. Koike, T. Kobayashi, and T. Mukai, The Activity of Non-basal Slip Systems and Dynamic Recovery at Room Temperature in Fine-Grained AZ31B Magnesium Alloys, Acta Mater., 2003, 51, p 2055–2065.10.1016/S1359-6454(03)00005-3 ↗
9. B.J. Wang, J.Y. Luan, D.K. Xu, J. Sun, C.Q. Li, and E.H. Han, Research Progress on the Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium-Lithium-Based Alloys: A Review, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.), 2019, 32, p 1–9.10.1007/s40195-018-0847-9 ↗
10. Q. Zhao, Y.J. Wu, W. Rong, K. Wang, L.Y. Yuan, and X.W. Heng, Effect of Applied Pressure on Microstructures of Squeeze Cast Mg-15Gd-1Zn-0.4Zr Alloy, J. Magnes. Alloys, 2018, 6, p 197–204.10.1016/j.jma.2018.04.001 ↗
11. A. Jain, O. Duygulu, D.W. Brown, C.N. Tomé, and S.R. Agnew, Grain Size Effects on Tensile Properties and Deformation Mechanisms of a Magnesium Alloy, AZ31B sheet, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 486, p 545–555.10.1016/j.msea.2007.09.069 ↗
12. D.H. Kang, D.W. Kim, S. Kim, G.T. Bae, K.H. Kim, and N. Kim, Relationship between Stretch Formability and Work-Hardening Capacity of Twin-Roll Cast Mg Alloys at Room Temperature, J. Scr. Mater., 2009, 61, p 768–771.10.1016/j.scriptamat.2009.06.026 ↗
13. K.H. Kim, B.C. Suh, J.H. Bae, M.S. Shim, and S. Kim, Microstructure and Texture Evolution of Mg Alloys during Twin-Roll Casting and Subsequent Hot Rolling, Scr. Mater., 2010, 63, p 716–720.10.1016/j.scriptamat.2009.12.010 ↗
14. K. Maruyama, M. Suzuki, and H. Sato, Creep Strength of Magnesium-Based Alloys, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2002, 33, p 875.10.1007/s11661-002-0157-7 ↗
15. A.A. Luo, Recent Magnesium Alloy Development for Automotive Powertrain Applications, Mater. Sci. Forum, 2003, 419–422, p 57–66.10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.419-422.57 ↗
16. T. Mukai, M. Yamanoi, H. Watanabe and K. Higashi, Ductility Enhancement in AZ31 Magnesium Alloy by Controlling its Grain Structure, Scr. Mater., 2001, 45, p 89–94.10.1016/S1359-6462(01)00996-4 ↗
17. S.R. Agnew, J.A. Horton, T.M. Lillo, and D.W. Brown, Enhanced Ductility in Strongly Textured Magnesium Produced by Equal Channel Angular Processing, Scr. Mater., 2004, 50, p 377–381.10.1016/j.scriptamat.2003.10.006 ↗
18. S.M. He, X.Q. Zeng, L.M. Peng, X. Gao, J.F. Nie, and W.J. Ding, Microstructure and Strengthening Mechanism of High Strength Mg-10Gd-2Y-0.5Zr Alloy, J. Alloys Compd., 2007, 427, p 316–323.10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.03.015 ↗
19. E.O. Hall, The Deformation and Ageing of Mild Steel: II Characteristics of the Lüders Deformation, Proc. Phys. Soc. Sect. B, 1951, 64, p 742–747.10.1088/0370-1301/64/9/302 ↗
20. N. Petch, The Cleavage Strengh of Polycrystals, J. Iron Steel Inst., 1953, 174, p 25–28.
21. Y.F. Chai, B. Jiang, J.F. Song, Q.H. Wang, and J.J. He, Role of Al Content on the Microstructure, Texture and Mechanical Properties of Mg-3.5Ca Based Alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, 730, p 303–316.10.1016/j.msea.2018.06.011 ↗
22. R. Maaß, S.V. Petegem, D.C. Ma, J. Zimmermann, D. Grolimund, F. Roters, and H.V. Swygenhoven, Smaller is Stronger: The Effect of Strain Hardening, Acta Mater., 2009, 57, p 5996–6005.10.1016/j.actamat.2009.08.024 ↗
23. M.A. Meyers, A. Mishra, and D.J. Benson, Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline Materials, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2006, 51, p 427–556.10.1016/j.pmatsci.2005.08.003 ↗
24. A.J. Detor and C.A. Schuh, Tailoring and Patterning the Grain Size of Nanocrystalline Alloys, Acta Mater., 2007, 55, p 371–379.10.1016/j.actamat.2006.08.032 ↗
25. J. Weissmüller, Alloy Effects in Nanostructures, Nanostruct. Mater., 1993, 3, p 261–272.10.1016/0965-9773(93)90088-S ↗
26. J. Weissmüller, Alloy Thermodynamics in Nanostructures, J. Mater. Res., 1994, 9, p 4–7.10.1557/JMR.1994.0004 ↗
27. P.C. Millett, R.P. Selvam, and A. Saxena, Stabilizing Nanocrystalline Materials with Dopants, Acta Mater., 2007, 55, p 2329–2336.10.1016/j.actamat.2006.11.028 ↗
28. G.D. Li, U. Aydemir, S.I. Morozov, and M. Wood, Superstrengthening Bi2Te3 through Nanotwinning, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2017, 119, p 085501.10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.085501 ↗
29. G.D. Li, S.I. Morozov, Q. Zhang, Q. An, P.C. Zhai, and G.J. Snyder, Enhanced Strength through Nanotwinning in the Thermoelectric Semiconductor InSb, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2017, 119, p 215503.10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.215503 ↗
30. S. Pal, M. Meraj, and C. Deng, Effect of Zr Addition on Creep Properties of Ultra-Fine Grained Nanocrystalline Ni Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2017, 126, p 382–392.10.1016/j.commatsci.2016.10.013 ↗
31. Q. Li, J. Zhang, and H. Tang, Regulating the Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline Nickel via Molybdenum Segregation: An Atomistic Study, Nanotechnology, 2019, 30, p 275702.10.1088/1361-6528/ab0cce ↗
32. J.J. Zhou, J.C. Shen, F.A. Essa, and J.G. Yu, Twins and Grain Boundaries-Dominated the Reverse Bauschinger Effect and Tension-Compression Asymmetry, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2022, 18, p 15–28.10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.02.080 ↗
33. X.H. Tu, A. Ray, and S. Ghosh, A Coupled Crystal Plasticity FEM and Phase-Field Model for Crack Evolution in Microstructures of 7000 Series Aluminum Alloys, Eng. Fract. Mech., 2020, 230, p 106970.10.1016/j.engfracmech.2020.106970 ↗
34. L. Li, L. Shen, and G. Proust, A Texture-Based Representative Volume Element Crystal Plasticity Model for Predicting Bauschinger Effect during Cyclic Loading, Mat. Sci. Eng. A Struct., 2014, 608, p 174–183.10.1016/j.msea.2014.04.067 ↗
35. D.B. Liu, Y.M. He, D.J. Dunstan, B. Zhang, Z. Gan, P. Hu, and H.M. Ding, Anomalous Plasticity in the Cyclic Torsion of Micron Scale Metallic Wires, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2013, 110, p 244301.10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.244301 ↗
36. Y.C. Lee, A.K. Dahle, and D.H. Stjohn, The Role of Solute in Grain Refinement of Magnesium, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2000, 31, p 2895–2906.10.1007/BF02830349 ↗
37. S.R. Agnew, M.H. Yoo, and C.N. Tomé, Application of Texture Simulation to Understanding Mechanical Behavior of Mg and Solid Solution Alloys Containing Li or Y, Acta Mater., 2001, 49, p 4277–4289.10.1016/S1359-6454(01)00297-X ↗
38. J. Bohlen, M.R. Nürnberg, and J.W. Senn, The Texture and Anisotropy of Magnesium-Zinc-Rare Earth Alloy Sheets, Acta Mater., 2007, 55, p 2101.10.1016/j.actamat.2006.11.013 ↗
39. Y. Chino, M. Kado, and M. Mabuchi, Compressive Deformation Behavior at Room Temperature-773 K in Mg-0.2 mass%(0.035 at.%)Ce Alloy, Acta Mater., 2008, 56, p 387–394.10.1016/j.actamat.2007.09.036 ↗
40. N. Stanford, D. Atwell, and A. Beer, Effect of Microalloying with Rare-Earth Elements on the Texture of Extruded Magnesium-Based Alloys, Scr. Mater., 2008, 59, p 772–775.10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.06.008 ↗
41. K. Hantzsche, J. Bohlen, J. Wendt, K.U. Kainer, and S.B. Yi, Effect of Rare Earth Additions on Microstructure and Texture Development of Magnesium Alloy Sheets, Scr. Mater., 2010, 63, p 725–730.10.1016/j.scriptamat.2009.12.033 ↗
42. S. Sandlöbes, S. Zaefferer, and I. Schestakow, On the Role of Non-Basal Deformation Mechanisms for the Ductility of Mg and Mg-Y Alloys, Acta Mater., 2011, 59, p 429–439.10.1016/j.actamat.2010.08.031 ↗
43. S. Sandlöbes, M. Friák, S. Zaefferer, A. Dick, S. Yi, D. Letzig, and Z. Pei, The Relation between Ductility and Stacking Fault Energies in Mg and Mg-Y Alloys, Acta Mater., 2012, 60, p 3011–3021.10.1016/j.actamat.2012.02.006 ↗
44. S. Sandlöbes, Z. Pei, M. Friák, L.F. Zhu, F. Wang, and S. Zaefferer, Ductility Improvement of Mg Alloys by Solid Solution: ab Initio Modeling, Synthesis and Mechanical Properties, Acta Mater., 2014, 70, p 92–104.10.1016/j.actamat.2014.02.011 ↗
45. S. Tighiouaret, R. Lachhab, and H. Abdelkader, Thermal Stability of an Mg-Nd Alloy Processed by High-Pressure Torsion, Adv. Eng. Mater., 2019, 21, p 1900801.10.1002/adem.201900801 ↗
46. E.L.S. Solomon, A.R. Natarajan, and A.M. Roy, Stability and Strain-Driven Evolution of β′ Precipitate in Mg-Y Alloys, Acta Mater., 2019, 166, p 148–157.10.1016/j.actamat.2018.12.026 ↗
47. N. Stanford and M.R. Barnett, The Origin of “rare Earth” Texture Development in Extruded Mg-Based Alloys and its Effect on Tensile Ductility, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 496, p 399–408.10.1016/j.msea.2008.05.045 ↗
48. Z. Huang, J.E. Allison, and A. Misra, Interaction of Glide Dislocations with Extended Precipitates in Mg-Nd alloys, Sci. Rep., 2018, 8, p 3570.10.1038/s41598-018-20629-1 ↗
49. B.Z. Sun, J. Tan, and H.X. Zhang, Atomic Scale Investigation of a Novel Metastable Structure in Aged Mg-Nd Alloys, Scripta Mater., 2019, 161, p 6–12.10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.10.005 ↗
50. A. Kula, X. Jia, R.K. Mishra, and M. Niewczas, Flow Stress and Work Hardening of Mg-Y Alloys, Int. J. Plast., 2017, 92, p 96–121.10.1016/j.ijplas.2017.01.012 ↗
51. K. Wei, L. Xiao, and B. Gao, Enhancing the Strain Hardening and Ductility of Mg-Y Alloy by Introducing Stacking Faults, J. Magnes. Alloys, 2020, 8, p 1221–1227.10.1016/j.jma.2019.09.015 ↗
52. Z. Huang, V. Turlo, and X. Wang, Dislocation-Induced Y Segregation at Basal-Prismatic Interfaces in Mg, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2020, 188, p 110241.10.1016/j.commatsci.2020.110241 ↗
53. Y. Dou, H. Luo, and J. Zhang, The Effects of Yttrium on the {10-12} Twinning Behaviour in Magnesium Alloys: A Molecular Dynamics Study, Philos. Mag. Lett., 2020, 100, p 1–11.
54. G.H. Huang, D.D. Yin, and J.W. Lu, Microstructure, Texture and Mechanical Properties Evolution of Extruded Fine-Grained Mg-Y Sheets during Annealing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, 720, p 24–35.10.1016/j.msea.2018.02.045 ↗
55. Y. Zhang, W. Rong, and Y. Wu, A Comparative Study of the Role of Ag in Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Mg-Gd and Mg-Y Alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, 731, p 609–622.10.1016/j.msea.2018.06.084 ↗
56. T. Tsuru, Y. Udagawa, M. Yamaguchi, M. Itakura, H. Kaburaki, and Y. Kaji, Solution Softening in Magnesium Alloys: The Effect of Solid Solutions on the Dislocation Core Structure and Nonbasal Slip, J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 2013, 25, p 022202.10.1088/0953-8984/25/2/022202 ↗
57. J.A. Yasi, T. Nogaret, D.R. Trinkle, Y. Qi, L.G. Hector, and W.A. Curtin, Basal and Prism Dislocation Cores in Magnesium: Comparison of First-Principles and Embedded-Atom-Potential Methods Predictions, Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2009, 17, p 055012.10.1088/0965-0393/17/5/055012 ↗
58. T. Tsuru and D.C. Chrzan, Effect of Solute Atoms on Dislocation Motion in Mg: An Electronic Structure Perspective, Sci. Rep., 2015, 5, p 8793.10.1038/srep08793 ↗
59. J.A. Yasi, L.G. Hector, and D.R. Trinkle, First-Principles Data for Solid-Solution Strengthening of Magnesium: From Geometry and Chemistry to Properties, Acta Mater., 2010, 58, p 5704–5713.10.1016/j.actamat.2010.06.045 ↗
60. T. Tsuru, H. Somekawa, and D.C. Chrzan, Interfacial Segregation and Fracture in Mg-Based Binary Alloys: Experimental and First-Principles Perspective, Acta Mater., 2018, 151, p 78–86.10.1016/j.actamat.2018.03.061 ↗
61. M.I. Baskes, Modified Embedded-Atom Potentials for Cubic Materials and Impurities, Phys. Rev. B, 1992, 46, p 2727–2742.10.1103/PhysRevB.46.2727 ↗
62. B.J. Lee and M. Baskes, Second Nearest-Neighbor Modified Embedded-Atom-Method Potential, Phys. Rev. B, 2000, 62, p 8564–8567.
63. B.J. Lee, and M.I. Baskes, Second Nearest-Neighbor Modified Embedded Atom Method Potentials for bcc Transition Metals, Phys. Rev. B, 2001, 64, p 184102.10.1103/PhysRevB.64.184102 ↗
64. B.J. Lee, J.H. Shim, and M.I. Baskes, Semiempirical Atomic Potentials for the fcc Metals Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Al, and Pb Based on First and Second Nearest-Neighbor Modified Embedded Atom Method, Phys. Rev. B, 2003, 68, p 144112.10.1103/PhysRevB.68.144112 ↗
65. S. Plimpton, Fast Parallel Algorithms for Short-Range Molecular Dynamics, J. Comput. Phys., 1995, 117, p 1–19.10.1006/jcph.1995.1039 ↗
66. K.H. Kim, J.B. Jeon, and B.J. Lee, Modified Embedded-Atom Method Interatomic Potentials for Mg-X (X = Y, Sn, Ca) Binary Systems, Calphad, 2015, 48, p 27–34.10.1016/j.calphad.2014.10.001 ↗
67. P. Hirel, Atomsk: A Tool for Manipulating and Converting Atomic Data Files, Comput. Phys. Commun., 2015, 197, p 212–219.10.1016/j.cpc.2015.07.012 ↗
68. T.J. Rupert, Strain Localization in a Nanocrystalline Metal: Atomic Mechanisms and the Effect of Testing Conditions, J. Appl. Phys., 2013, 114, p 033527.10.1063/1.4815965 ↗
69. J. Li, Basic molecular dynamics. In Handbook of Materials Modeling (2005) pp. 565–588.10.1007/978-1-4020-3286-8_29 ↗
70. A. Stukowski, Visualization and Analysis of Atomistic Simulation Data with OVITO-the Open Visualization Tool, Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2010, 18, p 015012.10.1088/0965-0393/18/1/015012 ↗
71. J.D. Honeycutt and H.C. Andersen, Molecular Dynamics Study of Melting and Freezing of Small Lennard-Jones Clusters, J. Phys. Chem., 1987, 91, p 4950–4963.10.1021/j100303a014 ↗
72. D.J. Evans and B.L. Holian, The Nose–Hoover Thermostat, J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 83, p 4069–4074.10.1063/1.449071 ↗
73. M. Parrinello and A. Rahman, Polymorphic Transitions in Single Crystals: A New Molecular Dynamics Method, J. Appl. Phys., 1998, 52, p 7182–7190.10.1063/1.328693 ↗
74. M. Zhou, A New Look at the Atomic Level Virial Stress: On Continuum-Molecular System Equivalence, Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys., 2003, 459, p 2347–2392.10.1098/rspa.2003.1127 ↗
75. F. Gao, Q. Yang, J.G. Du, and G. Jiang, Atomistic Investigation on Effect of Ca Doping Ratio on Mechanical Behaviors of Nanocrystalline Mg-Ca Alloys, J. Mol. Model., 2020, 26, p 103.10.1007/s00894-020-04361-0 ↗
76. J. Lan, J.J. Jonas, and A.A. Luo, Twinning-Induced Softening in Polycrystalline AM30 Mg Alloy at Moderate Temperatures, Scr. Mater., 2006, 54, p 771–775.10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.11.029 ↗
77. N.V. Dudamell, I. Ulacia, and F. Gálvez, Twinning and Grain Subdivision during Dynamic Deformation of a Mg AZ31 Sheet Alloy at Room Temperature, Acta Mater., 2011, 59, p 6949–6962.10.1016/j.actamat.2011.07.047 ↗
78. P. Sharma and S. Ganti, On the Grain-Size-Dependent Elastic Modulus of Nanocrystalline Materials with and Without Grain-Boundary Sliding, J. Mater. Res., 2003, 18, p 1823–1826.10.1557/JMR.2003.0253 ↗
79. A. Latapie and D. Farkas, Effect of Grain Size on the Elastic Properties of Nanocrystalline α-iron, Scr. Mater., 2003, 48, p 611–615.10.1016/S1359-6462(02)00467-0 ↗
80. Y. Zhou, U. Erb, K.T. Aust, and G. Palumbo, Young’s Modulus in Nanostructured Metals, Z. Metall., 2013, 94, p 1157–1161.10.3139/146.031157 ↗
81. A.S. Clarke and H. Jonsson, Structural Changes Accompanying Densification of Random Hard-Sphere Packings, Phys. Rev. E, 1993, 47, p 3975–3984.10.1103/PhysRevE.47.3975 ↗
82. H. Jonsson and H.C. Andersen, Icosahedral Ordering in the Lennard-Jones Liquid and Glass, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1988, 60, p 2295–2298.10.1103/PhysRevLett.60.2295 ↗
83. M.K. Nahhas and S. Groh, Atomistic Modeling of Grain Boundary Behavior under Shear Conditions in Magnesium and Magnesium-Based Binary Alloys, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 2017, 113, p 108–118.10.1016/j.jpcs.2017.10.017 ↗
84. C. Barret and T.B. Massalski, Structure of Metals, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980.
85. M.I. Baskes and R.A. Johnson, Modified Embedded Atom Potentials for HCP Metals, Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng., 1994, 2, p 147–163.10.1088/0965-0393/2/1/011 ↗
86. F. Cleri and V. Rosato, Tight Binding Potentials for Transition Metal Alloys, Phys. Rev. B, 1993, 48, p 22–33.10.1103/PhysRevB.48.22 ↗
87. J.F. Smith, D.M. Bailey, and D.B. Novotny, Thermodynamics of Formation of Yttrium-Magnesium Intermediate Phases, Acta Metall., 1965, 13, p 889–895.10.1016/0001-6160(65)90080-5 ↗
88. H. Zhang, S. Shang, J.E. Saal, A. Saengdeejing, and Y. Wang, Enthalpies of Formation of Magnesium Compounds from First-Principles Calculations, Intermetallics, 2009, 17, p 878–885.10.1016/j.intermet.2009.03.017 ↗
89. G. Simmons and H. Wang, Single Crystal Elastic Constants and Calculated Aggregate Properties, J. Grad. Res. Cent., 1971, 34, p 1.
90. S. Ganeshan, S.L. Shang, and H. Zhang, Elastic Constants of Binary Mg Compounds from First-Principles Calculations, Intermetallics, 2009, 17, p 313–318.10.1016/j.intermet.2008.11.005 ↗
91. F. Cardarelli, Materials Handbook: A Concise Desktop Reference, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag, London, 2008.
92. Z. Pei, L.F. Zhu, and M. Friák, Ab initio and Atomistic Study of Generalized Stacking Fault Energies in Mg and Mg-Y Alloys, New J. Phys., 2013, 15, p 043020.10.1088/1367-2630/15/4/043020 ↗