Influence of Aluminum on Scratch Resistance in Fe-Mn-Al-C Steels
Source abstract
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of Al on the scratch resistance of two families of Fe-Mn-Al-C steels: Fe-18Mn-xAl-0.7C and Fe-25-Mn-yAl-0.7C, where x = 0, 3, 6, and 9 (wt.%) and y = 0, 3, 6, and 11 (wt.%). The groove morphology was examined using SEM and non-contact profilometry to determine the scratch width for each condition and characterize microstructural changes. Archard’s empirical law was employed to determine the wear coefficient (K) and to compare the present results with those available in the literature for other alloys. The lowest K values were observed for the Fe-Mn-Al-C steels with high Al content, specifically 0.0258 for Fe25Mn11Al and 0.0289 for Fe18Mn9Al. Conversely, higher K values were noted for steels with low Al content, specifically 0.0493 for Fe25Mn0Al and 0.0535 for Fe18Mn3Al. Furthermore, the Fe-Mn-Al-C steels with the lowest Al content (and thus the lowest stacking fault energy) exhibited the highest scratch-hardening despite having the lowest scratch hardness number, specifically Fe18Mn0Al and Fe25Mn0Al steels with values of 0.23 and 0.18, respectively. On the other hand, steels with the highest Al content (and thus high stacking fault energy) displayed the lowest scratch-hardening and the highest scratch hardness number, specifically Fe18Mn9Al and Fe25Mn11Al steels with values of 0.09 and 0.11, respectively. In other words, plastic deformation mechanisms such as TRIP, TWIP, and MBIP in Fe-Mn-Al-C steels play a significant role in scratch resistance up to a critical Al content value; beyond that point, solid solution strengthening becomes the predominant factor.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Metal Alloys Wear and Properties · Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels · Metal and Thin Film Mechanics
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (69)
Show source-provided references
1. K. Holmberg and A. Erdemir, Influence of Tribology on Global Energy Consumption, Costs and Emissions, Friction, 2017, 5, p 263–284.10.1007/s40544-017-0183-5 ↗
2. A. Ball, On the Importance of Work Hardening in the Design of Wear-Resistant Materials, Wear, 1983, 91, p 201–207.10.1016/0043-1648(83)90254-5 ↗
3. O.A. Zambrano, A General Perspective of Fe-Mn-Al-C Steels, J. Mater. Sci., 2018, 53, p 14003–14062.10.1007/s10853-018-2551-6 ↗
4. S. Chen, R. Rana, A. Haldar, and R.K. Ray, Current State of Fe-Mn-Al-C Low Density Steels, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2017, 89, p 345–391.10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.05.002 ↗
5. B.C. De Cooman, L. Chen, H.S. Kim, Y. Estrin, S.K. Kim, and H. Voswinckel, State-of-the-Science of High Manganese TWIP Steels for Automotive Applications, Microstruct. Text. Steels, 2009, 2009, p 165–183.10.1007/978-1-84882-454-6_10 ↗
6. Z. Wang, W. Lu, F. An, M. Song, D. Ponge, D. Raabe et al., High Stress Twinning in a Compositionally Complex Steel of Very High Stacking Fault Energy, Nat. Commun., 2022, 13, p 3598.10.1038/s41467-022-31315-2 ↗
7. J.F. Durán, G.A. Pérez, J.S. Rodríguez, Y. Aguilar, R.E. Logé, and O.A. Zambrano, Microstructural Evolution Study of Fe–Mn–Al–C Steels Through Variable Thermomechanical Treatments, Metall. and Mater. Trans. A., 2021, 52, p 4785–4799.10.1007/s11661-021-06424-0 ↗
8. J.S. Rodríguez, J.F. Duran, Y. Aguilar, G.A. Pérez, R.M. Souza, and O.A. Zambrano, Effect of Aluminum Content on the Dynamic Recrystallization of Fe18MnxAl0.74C Steels During Hot-Forging Treatments, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2022, 53, p 2961–2976.10.1007/s11661-022-06717-y ↗
9. O.A. Zambrano and R.E. Logé, Dynamic Recrystallization Study of a Fe-Mn-Si Based Shape Memory Alloy in Constant and Variable Thermomechanical Conditions, Mater Charact, 2019, 152, p 151–161.10.1016/j.matchar.2019.04.016 ↗
10. O.A. Zambrano, J. Valdés, Y. Aguilar, J. Coronado, S. Rodríguez, and R.E. Logé, Hot Deformation of a Fe-Mn-Al-C Steel Susceptible of κ-Carbide Precipitation, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 689, p 269–285.10.1016/j.msea.2017.02.060 ↗
11. D.R. Steinmetz, T. Jäpel, B. Wietbrock, P. Eisenlohr, I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, A. Saeed-Akbari et al., Revealing the Strain-Hardening Behavior of Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steels: Theory, simulations, experiments, Acta Mater., 2013, 61, p 494–510.10.1016/j.actamat.2012.09.064 ↗
12. E. Welsch, D. Ponge, S.M.H. Haghighat, S. Sandlöbes, P. Choi, M. Herbig et al., Strain Hardening by Dynamic Slip Band Refinement in a High-Mn Lightweight Steel, Acta Mater., 2016, 116, p 188–199.10.1016/j.actamat.2016.06.037 ↗
13. Y. Ma, W. Song, and W. Bleck, Investigation of the Microstructure Evolution in a Fe-17Mn-1.5 Al-0.3 C Steel via In Situ Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction during a Tensile Test, Materials, 2017, 10, p 1129.10.3390/ma10101129 ↗
14. J.H. Choi, M.C. Jo, H. Lee, A. Zargaran, T. Song, S.S. Sohn et al., Cu addition Effects on TRIP to TWIP Transition and Tensile Property Improvement of Ultra-High-Strength Austenitic High-Mn Steels, Acta Mater., 2019, 166, p 246–260.10.1016/j.actamat.2018.12.044 ↗
15. O.A. Zambrano, Y. Aguilar, J. Valdés, S.A. Rodríguez, and J.J. Coronado, Effect of Normal Load on Abrasive Wear Resistance and Wear Micromechanisms in FeMnAlC Alloy and Other Austenitic Steels, Wear, 2016, 348–349, p 61–68.10.1016/j.wear.2015.11.019 ↗
16. J.S. Rodríguez, J.F. Duran, Y. Aguilar, G.A.P. Alcazar, A. Toro, and O.A. Zambrano, Effect of Al Content on the Low-Stress Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Fe-18Mn-xAl-0.7 C Alloys, Tribol. Int., 2023, 2023, p 108286.10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108286 ↗
17. X. Xu, S. van der Zwaag, and W. Xu, A Novel Multi-pass Dual-Indenter Scratch test to Unravel Abrasion Damage Formation in Construction Steels, Wear, 2015, 322, p 51–60.10.1016/j.wear.2014.10.011 ↗
18. I. Kalashnikov, O. Acselrad, A. Shalkevich, and L.C. Pereira, Chemical Composition Optimization for Austenitic Steels of the Fe-Mn-Al-C System, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2000, 9, p 597–602.10.1361/105994900770345430 ↗
19. J.A. Castañeda, O.A. Zambrano, G.A. Alcázar, S.A. Rodríguez, and J.J. Coronado, Stacking Fault Energy Determination in Fe-Mn-Al-C Austenitic Steels by X-ray Diffraction, Metals, 2021, 11, p 1701–1721.10.3390/met11111701 ↗
20. O.A. Zambrano, Stacking Fault Energy Maps of Fe–Mn–Al–C–Si Steels: Effect of Temperature, Grain Size, and Variations in Compositions, J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 2016, 138, 041010.10.1115/1.4033632 ↗
21. A. Standard, "E18-12: Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials," ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012.
22. A. Astm, G171 Standard Test Method for Scratch Hardness of Materials Using a Diamond Stylus, ASTM Stand, 2009, 3, p 1–7.
23. E. Standard, Standard Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens, Annu. B. ASTM Stand., 2004, 3, p 1–12.
24. I.-C. Jung and B.C. De Cooman, Temperature Dependence of the Flow Stress of Fe–18Mn–0.6 C–xAl Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steel, Acta Mater., 2013, 61, p 6724–6735.10.1016/j.actamat.2013.07.042 ↗
25. D. Raabe, H. Springer, I. Gutiérrez-Urrutia, F. Roters, M. Bausch, J.-B. Seol et al., Alloy Design, Combinatorial Synthesis, and Microstructure-Property Relations for Low-Density Fe-Mn-Al-C Austenitic Steels, Jom, 2014, 66, p 1845–1856.10.1007/s11837-014-1032-x ↗
26. Y. Sutou, N. Kamiya, R. Umino, I. Ohnuma, and K. Ishida, High-Strength Fe–20Mn–Al–C-Based Alloys with Low Density, ISIJ Int., 2010, 50, p 893–899.10.2355/isijinternational.50.893 ↗
27. K.-T. Park, K.G. Jin, S.H. Han, S.W. Hwang, K. Choi, and C.S. Lee, Stacking Fault Energy and Plastic Deformation of Fully Austenitic High Manganese Steels: Effect of Al Addition, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 527, p 3651–3661.10.1016/j.msea.2010.02.058 ↗
28. R. Stoltz and A. Pineau, Dislocation-Precipitate Interaction and Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior of a γ′ Strengthened Superalloy, Mater. Sci. Eng., 1978, 34, p 275–284.10.1016/0025-5416(78)90060-5 ↗
29. P. Machado, J. Pereira, and A. Sinatora, Subsurface Microstructural Dynamic Recrystallization in Multiscale Abrasive Wear, Wear, 2021, 486, 204111.
30. D. Lychagin, A. Filippov, O. Novitskaya, Y. Chumlyakov, E. Kolubaev, and L. Lychagina, Deformation of Hadfield Steel Single Crystals by Dry Sliding Friction with the Normal Load/Friction Force Orientations $$\left[ {\bar{1}\bar{1}0} \right]/\left[ {\bar{1}10} \right]$$ and $$\left[ {\bar{1}\bar{1}0} \right]/\left[ {001} \right]$$, Tribol. Int., 2020, 147, 106284.10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106284 ↗
31. C. Brookes, P. Green, P. Harrison, and B. Moxley, Some Observations on Scratch and Indentation Hardness Measurements, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 1972, 5, p 1284.10.1088/0022-3727/5/7/313 ↗
32. F.P. Bowden and C. Brookes, Frictional Anisotropy in Nonmetallic Crystals, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A. Math. Phys. Sci., 1966, 295, p 244–258.
33. J.M. Bailey and A.T. Gwathmey, Friction and Surface Deformation During Sliding on a Single Crystal of Copper, ASLE Trans., 1962, 5, p 45–56.10.1080/05698196208972452 ↗
34. W. Xia, G. Dehm, and S. Brinckmann, Insight Into Indentation-Induced Plastic flow in Austenitic Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Sci., 2020, 55, p 9095–9108.10.1007/s10853-020-04646-y ↗
35. O. Bouaziz, S. Allain, C. Scott, P. Cugy, and D. Barbier, High Manganese Austenitic Twinning Induced Plasticity Steels: A Review of the Microstructure Properties Relationships, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 2011, 15, p 141–168.10.1016/j.cossms.2011.04.002 ↗
36. A. Brown, Surface Effects in Plastic Deformation of Metals, Adv. Phys., 1952, 1, p 427–479.10.1080/00018735200101241 ↗
37. K. Goretta, R. Arroyo, C.-T. Wu, and J. Routbort, Erosion of Work-Hardened Copper, Nickel, and 304 Stainless Steel, Wear, 1991, 147, p 145–154.10.1016/0043-1648(91)90125-E ↗
38. W. Wang, R. Song, S. Peng, and Z. Pei, Multiphase Steel with Improved Impact-Abrasive wear Resistance in Comparison with Conventional Hadfield Steel, Mater. Des., 2016, 105, p 96–105.10.1016/j.matdes.2016.05.056 ↗
39. M. Abbasi, S. Kheirandish, Y. Kharrazi, and J. Hejazi, On the Comparison of the Abrasive Wear Behavior of Aluminum Alloyed and Standard Hadfield Steels, Wear, 2010, 268, p 202–207.10.1016/j.wear.2009.07.010 ↗
40. I. Mejía, A. Bedolla-Jacuinde, and J. Pablo, Sliding Wear Behavior of a High-Mn Austenitic Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel Microalloyed with Nb, Wear, 2013, 301, p 590–597.10.1016/j.wear.2013.01.054 ↗
41. M.K. El Fawkhry, Modified Hadfield Steel for Castings of High and Low Gouging Applications, Int. J. Metalcast., 2021, 15, p 613–624.10.1007/s40962-020-00492-5 ↗
42. O.A. Zambrano, G. Tressia, and R.M. Souza, Failure Analysis of a Crossing Rail made of Hadfield steel After Severe Plastic Deformation Induced by Wheel-Rail Interaction, Eng. Fail. Anal., 2020, 115, p 104621–104645.10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104621 ↗
43. D. Li, A New Type of Wear-Resistant Material: Pseudo-Elastic TiNi Alloy, Wear, 1998, 221, p 116–123.10.1016/S0043-1648(98)00269-5 ↗
44. M. Abedini, H. Ghasemi, M. Nili Ahmadabadi, and R. Mahmudi, "Effect of Phase Transformation on the Wear Behavior of NiTi Alloy," 2010.10.1115/1.4001593 ↗
45. B. Zuidema, D. Subramanyam, and W. Leslie, The Effect of Aluminum on the Work Hardening and Wear Resistance of Hadfield Manganese Steel, Metall. Trans. A, 1987, 18, p 1629–1639.10.1007/BF02646146 ↗
46. M. Bambach, L. Conrads, M. Daamen, O. Güvenç, and G. Hirt, Enhancing the Crashworthiness of High-Manganese Steel by Strain-Hardening Engineering, and Tailored Folding by Local Heat-Treatment, Mater. Des., 2016, 110, p 157–168.10.1016/j.matdes.2016.07.065 ↗
47. Q. Ba, R. Song, N. Zhou, Z. Pei, Y. Feng, and R. Song, Revealing Working Hardening Behavior and Substructure Evolutions of Ultrahigh Strength and Enhanced Wear Resistance Fe–25Mn–7Al–1C Steel Treated by Explosion Processing, J. Mater. Sci., 2020, 55, p 1256–1268.10.1007/s10853-019-04021-6 ↗
48. R. Dalai, S. Das, and K. Das, Effect of Thermo-Mechanical Processing on the Low Impact Abrasion and Low Stress Sliding Wear Resistance of Austenitic High Manganese Steels, Wear, 2019, 420, p 176–183.10.1016/j.wear.2018.10.013 ↗
49. S.-G. Peng, R.-B. Song, Z.-D. Tan, C.-H. Cai, K. Guo, and Z.-H. Wang, Abrasive Wear Behaviors of Light-weight Austenitic Fe-24Mn-7Al-1C Steel and Mn13Cr2 Steel, J. Iron. Steel Res. Int., 2016, 23, p 857–866.10.1016/S1006-706X(16)30131-5 ↗
50. P. Machado, J. Pereira, J.J. Penagos, T. Yonamine, and A. Sinatora, The Effect of in-Service Work Hardening and Crystallographic Orientation on the Micro-Scratch Wear of Hadfield Steel, Wear, 2017, 376, p 1064–1073.10.1016/j.wear.2016.12.057 ↗
51. J. Pereira, G. Tressia, P. Machado, A. Sinatora, and R. Souza, Multi-Pass Scratch Test on Pearlitic Steel: Phase Identification and Crystallographic Orientation Analysis of the Sub-surface Layers, Wear, 2021, 472, 203625.
52. J. Pereira, G. Tressia, P. Machado, L. Franco, and A. Sinatora, Scratch Test of Pearlitic Steels: Influence of Normal Load and Number of Passes on the Sub-superficial Layer Formation, Tribol. Int., 2018, 128, p 337–348.10.1016/j.triboint.2018.07.040 ↗
53. A. De Gee, Comments on “Resistance of Pure Metals to Low Stress Abrasive Wear,” Wear, 1982, 81, p 373–374.10.1016/0043-1648(82)90284-8 ↗
54. I. Hutchings and P. Shipway, Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2017.
55. W. Da Silva, H. Costa, and J. De Mello, Transitions in Abrasive Wear Mechanisms: Effect of the Superimposition of Interactions, Wear, 2011, 271, p 977–986.10.1016/j.wear.2011.04.010 ↗
56. L.B. Bergami, A.O. Lima, B.N. Venturelli, I.F. Machado, E. Albertin, and R.M. Souza, Effect of Carbide Orientation During Single Scratch Test in Directionally Solidified and Heat-Treated High Chromium Cast Irons, Wear, 2023, 523, 204823.10.1016/j.wear.2023.204823 ↗
57. W. Da Silva and J. De Mello, Using Parallel Scratches to Simulate Abrasive Wear, Wear, 2009, 267, p 1987–1997.10.1016/j.wear.2009.06.005 ↗
58. M. Ngqase and X. Pan, An Overview on Types of White Cast Irons and High Chromium White Cast Irons, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2020, 2020, p 012023.10.1088/1742-6596/1495/1/012023 ↗
59. O.A. Zambrano, D.S. García, S.A. Rodríguez, and J.J. Coronado, The Mild-Severe Wear Transition In Erosion Wear, Tribol. Lett., 2018, 66, p 95.10.1007/s11249-018-1046-6 ↗
60. O. Zambrano, K.Y. Tufa, and J. Jiang, Slurry Jet Erosion Resistance of VC-Containing Tool Steels: the Role of the Carbide Volume Fraction, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2023, 32, p 1–20.10.1007/s11665-023-08762-z ↗
61. O.A. Zambrano and J. Jiang, The Effect of VC Content on the Scouring Erosion Resistance of Tool Steels, Wear, 2023, 520, p 204669.10.1016/j.wear.2023.204669 ↗
62. O.A. Zambrano, J. Valdés, L.A. Rodriguez, D. Reyes, E. Snoeck, S.A. Rodríguez et al., Elucidating the Role of κ-Carbides in FeMnAlC Alloys on Abrasion Wear, Tribol. Int., 2019, 135, p 421–431.10.1016/j.triboint.2019.03.002 ↗
63. O.A. Zambrano, E.C. Muñoz, S.A. Rodríguez, and J.J. Coronado, Running-in Period for the Abrasive Wear of Austenitic Steels, Wear, 2020, 452–453, 203298.
64. O.A. Zambrano, J.J. Coronado, and S.A. Rodríguez, Tempering Temperature Effect on Sliding Wear at High Temperatures in Mottled Cast Iron, Tribol. Lett., 2015, 57, p 19.10.1007/s11249-014-0462-5 ↗
65. O.A. Zambrano, J.A. Gómez, J.J. Coronado, and S.A. Rodríguez, The Sliding Wear Behaviour of Steels with the Same Hardness, Wear, 2019, 418, p 201–207.10.1016/j.wear.2018.12.002 ↗
66. A. Ghaderi, G. Saha, T. Guo, D. Fabijanic, and M.R. Barnett, Material Wear Map for Ground-Engaging Steels Based on Scratch Tests, Wear, 2018, 404, p 153–165.10.1016/j.wear.2018.03.017 ↗
67. T. Kayaba, K. Hokkirigawa, and K. Kato, Analysis of the Abrasive Wear Mechanism by Successive Observations of Wear Processes in a Scanning Electron Microscope, Wear, 1986, 110, p 419–430.10.1016/0043-1648(86)90115-8 ↗
68. L. Fang, Q. Cen, K. Sun, W. Liu, X. Zhang, and Z. Huang, FEM Computation of Groove Ridge and Monte Carlo Simulation in Two-Body Abrasive Wear, Wear, 2005, 258, p 265–274.10.1016/j.wear.2004.09.024 ↗
69. K. Hokkirigawa, K. Kato, and Z. Li, The Effect of Hardness on the Transition of the Abrasive Wear Mechanism of Steels, Wear, 1988, 123, p 241–251.10.1016/0043-1648(88)90102-0 ↗