Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Bending Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Parts Produced by Additive Metal Laser Sintering
Source abstract
Abstract
In this study, the bending strength characteristic of test specimens manufactured by the direct metal laser sintering method was investigated for different values of additive manufacturing (AM) parameters. The effect of heat treatment on bending strength was also researched by applying annealing and recrystallization annealing to the Ti-6Al-4V parts after the AM. The difference of bending strength values mainly resulting from the heat treatment processes has been explained by microstructural examinations of the specimens manufactured with default AM parameters set. The completed bending tests were verified by finite element analysis models. Moreover, the comparison of the specimen properties was made by material characterizations and density measurements. As a result of the bending tests, the usage of 180 µm instead of 140 µm which is the standard hatch spacing value of the additive machine provided the same level of bending strength with a shorter manufacturing period of time. In addition, higher bending strengths were obtained when the lower-cost annealing heat treatment was applied after the AM. Furthermore, the bending strength values of the specimens verified by the finite element method with a difference of 11.6%.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies · Manufacturing Process and Optimization
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (30)
Show source-provided references
1. Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies, ASTM F2792-12a, ASTM International, 2012
2. J.P. Kruth, B. Vandenbroucke, J. Van Vaerenbergh, I. Naert, Rapid Manufacturing of Dental Prostheses by means of Selective Laser Sintering/Melting, in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advanced Research in Virtual and Rapid Prototyping, 2005 (Leiria, Portugal)
3. L.S. Bertol, W.K. Júnior, F.P. da Silva and C. Aumund-Kopp, Medical Design: Direct Metal Laser Sintering of Ti–6Al–4V, Mater. Des., 2010, 31, p 3982–3988. (in English)10.1016/j.matdes.2010.02.050 ↗
4. L. Du, G. Qian, L. Zheng and Y. Hong, Influence of Processing Parameters of Selective Laser Melting on High-Cycle and Very-High-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V, Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct., 2021, 44, p 240–256. (in English)10.1111/ffe.13361 ↗
5. M. Saunders, How Process Parameters Drive Successful Metal AM Part Production, Met. Addit. Manuf., 2018, 4(2), p 127–135.
6. D. Clymer, J. Beuth, J. Cagan, Additive Manufacturing Process Design, Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 2016 (Austin, USA), p 1976–1984
7. R.K. Rhein, Q. Shi, S. Arjun Tekalur, J. Wayne Jones and J.W. Carroll, Effect of Direct Metal Laser Sintering Build Parameters on Defects and Ultrasonic Fatigue Performance of Additively Manufactured AlSi10Mg, Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct., 2021, 44, p 295–305. ((in English))10.1111/ffe.13355 ↗
8. T.M. Mower and M.J. Long, Mechanical Behavior of Additive Manufactured, Powder-Bed Laser-Fused Materials, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 651, p 198–213. ((in English))10.1016/j.msea.2015.10.068 ↗
9. P. Promoppatum, R. Onler and S.C. Yao, Numerical and Experimental Investigations of Micro and Macrocharacteristics of Direct Metal Laser Sintered Ti-6Al-4V Products, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2017, 240, p 262–273. (in English)10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.10.005 ↗
10. B. AlMangour, D. Grzesiak, J. Cheng and Y. Ertas, Thermal Behavior of the Molten Pool, Microstructural Evolution, and Tribological Performance During Selective Laser Melting of TiC/316L Stainless Steel Nanocomposites: Experimental and Simulation Methods, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2018, 257, p 288–301. (in English)10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.01.028 ↗
11. P. Xie, H. Ouyang, Y. Deng, Y. Yang, J. Xu and W. Huang, Comparison of Conventional Reconstruction Plate Versus Direct Metal Laser Sintering Plate: An In Vitro Mechanical Characteristics Study, J. Orthop. Surg. Res., 2017, 12, p 128. (in English)10.1186/s13018-017-0628-6 ↗
12. D.M. Cesarone and J.A. Disegi, Techniques in the application of ISO 9585 test method for the determination of bone plate bending properties, ASTM Spec. Techn. Publ., 1993, 7, p 1.
13. “Standard Specification for Wrought Titanium-6Aluminum-4Vanadium Alloy for Surgical Implant Applications (UNS R56400)”, ASTM F1472-14, ASTM International, 2014
14. “Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Titanium-6 Aluminum-4 Vanadium with Powder Bed Fusion”, ASTM F2924-14, ASTM International, 2014
15. C.C. Murgau, “Microstructure Model for Ti-6Al-4V used in Simulation of Additive Manufacturing, ” Ph.D. Thesis, Luleå Unıversıty Of Technology, 2016
16. “Volume 4 Heat Treating”, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1991
17. “Standard Test Methods for Bend Testing of Material for Ductility”, ASTM E290-14, ASTM International, 2014
18. “Standard Test Method for Real Density of Calcined Petroleum Coke by Helium Pycnometer”, ASTM D2638-10(2015)e1, ASTM International, 2015
19. “Standard Test Method for Density of Solid Pitch (Helium Pycnometer Method)”, ASTM D4892-89(2009), ASTM International, 2009
20. “Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials”, ASTM E18-19, ASTM International, 2019
21. “Standard Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys”, ASTM E407-07(2015)e1, ASTM International, 2015
22. “Standard Practice for Reporting Data for Test Specimens Prepared by Additive Manufacturing”, ASTM F2971-13, ASTM International, 2013
23. “Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials”, ASTM E8/E8M-16a, ASTM International, 2016
24. P.A. Kobryn and S.L. Semiatin, Microstructure and Texture Evolution During Solidification Processing of Ti–6Al–4V, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2003, 135, p 330–339. (in English)10.1016/S0924-0136(02)00865-8 ↗
25. M. Thöne, S. Leuders, A. Riemer, T. Tröster, H.A. Richard, Influence of heat-treatment on Selective Laser Melting products – e.g. Ti6Al4V, in Proceedings of the 23th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 2012 (Austin, USA), p 492–498
26. “Volume 2 Properties and selection: nonferrous alloys and special-purpose materials”, Metals Handbook, 10th Edition, American Society for Metals, 1990
27. “Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size”, ASTM E112-13, ASTM International, 2013
28. Z.A. Mierzejewska, S.L. Hudák and J. Sidun, Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of DMLS Ti6Al4V Alloy Dedicated to Biomedical Applications, Materials, 2019, 12(1), p 176. ((in English))10.3390/ma12010176 ↗
29. “Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Titanium-6 Aluminum-4 Vanadium ELI (Extra Low Interstitial) with Powder Bed Fusion”, ASTM F3001-14, ASTM International, 2014
30. N.S. Gokhale, S.S. Deshpande, S.V. Bedekar, A.N. Thite, Practical Finite Element Analysis, 1st edition, Finite To Infinite, 2008