Hot Deformation Behavior of EN30B Forged Steels in the Presence of Non-metallic Inclusions
Source abstract
Abstract
The hot deformation behavior of EN30B steel in the presence of inclusion has been studied using the Gleeble® simulator 3800. The processing maps are developed to identify the range of parameters (temperature, strain, and strain rate) for a safe deformation zone. Safe deformation zones are identified at various strain levels. The safe zone is found to lie in the high temperatures (1110 to 1150 °C) and high strain rates (6 to 10 s−1) at lower deformation (true strain = 0.4), which subsequently moves to low strain rates (0.1 to 0.8/s) and wide temperature regime (1000 to 1150 °C) at higher strain labels (0.6 to 1.2). With the shear band generation, there is a competition between favorable and unfavorable microstructural evolution, which shifts the safe zone at various strain levels. The evolution of inclusions and cracks at different strain rates and temperatures is examined using SEM and correlated with the processing maps. Cracks were initiated at compound inclusions and propagated in the lower temperatures and higher strain rate regimes, identified as the unstable plastic deformation zone in the processing map. An estimated higher volume fraction of the dynamically recrystallized grains in the safe deformation zone attributed to arresting the cracks.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Metallurgy and Material Forming · Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels · Microstructure and mechanical properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (43)
Show source-provided references
1. C. Wu, and S. Han, Mechanical and Microstructure Properties of the Ni-Cr-Mo Modified Steel By Heat Treatment Process, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 2018, 359, p 012027 (1–7).10.1088/1757-899X/359/1/012027 ↗
2. Y.C. Lin, M.S. Chen and J. Zhong, Numerical Simulation For Stress/Strain Distribution and Microstructural Evolution in 42CrMo Steel During Hot Upsetting Process, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2008, 43(4), p 1117–1122.10.1016/j.commatsci.2008.03.010 ↗
3. Y.C. Lin, M.S. Chen and J. Zhong, Constitutive Modelling For Elevated Temperature Flow Behaviour of 42CrMo Steel, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2008, 42, p 470–477.10.1016/j.commatsci.2007.08.011 ↗
4. K. Chadha, D. Shahriari and M. Jahazi, Constitutive Modelling of Ingot Breakdown Process of Low Alloy Steels, La Metallurgia Italiana Modellazione, 2016, 4, p 5–12.
5. Y.C. Lin and G. Liu, Effects of Strain on the Workability of a High Strength Low Alloy Steel in Hot Compression, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2009, 523, p 139–144.10.1016/j.msea.2009.05.056 ↗
6. M.S. Chen, Y.C. Lin and X.S. Ma, The Kinetics of Dynamic Recrystallization of 42CrMo Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2012, 556, p 260–266.10.1016/j.msea.2012.06.084 ↗
7. G.Z. Quan, Y. Wang, Y.Y. Liu and J. Zhou, Effect of Temperatures and Strain Rates on the Average Size of Grains Refined by Dynamic Recrystallization for As-Extruded 42CrMo Steel, Mater. Res., 2013, 16(5), p 1092–1105.10.1590/S1516-14392013005000091 ↗
8. S. V. Sajadi Far, M. Ketabchi, and M.R. Nourani, Hot Deformation Characteristics of 34CrMo4 Steel. J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 2010, 17(12), p 65–69.10.1016/S1006-706X(10)60199-9 ↗
9. S.V. Sajadifar, M. Ketabchi and M. Nourani, Mathematical modeling for 34CrMo4 steel during hot compression, Metall. Mater. Eng., 2012, 18(1), p 9–17.
10. Z. Xiao, Y. Huang and Y. Liu, Plastic Deformation Behaviour and Processing Maps of 35CrMo Steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2016, 25, p 1219–1227.10.1007/s11665-016-1933-7 ↗
11. M.I. Mehta, B.P. Kashyap and R.K.P. Singh, Study on Flow Properties of Rotor Grade Steel, Journal of Metallurgy and Materials Science, 2016, 58(4), p 221–229.
12. A. Momeni, S.M. Abbasi and H. Badri, Hot Deformation Behavior and Constitutive Modeling of VCN200 Low Alloy Steel, Appl. Math. Model., 2012, 36, p 5624–5632.10.1016/j.apm.2012.01.008 ↗
13. M. Mirzaee, H. Keshmiri, G.R. Ebrahimi and A. Momeni, Dynamic Recrystallization and Precipitation in Low Carbon Low Alloy Steel 26NiCrMoV 14–5, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2012, 551, p 25–31.10.1016/j.msea.2012.04.063 ↗
14. M.R.G. Ferdowsi, D. Nakhaie, P.H. Benhangi and G.R. Ebrahimi, Modeling the High Temperature Flow Behavior and Dynamic Recrystallization Kinetics of a Medium Carbon Microalloyed Steel, JMEPEG, 2014, 23, p 1077–1087.10.1007/s11665-013-0815-5 ↗
15. F. Zhang, Y. Yang, Q. Shan, Z. Li, J. Bi, and R. Zhou, Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of 0.4C-Si-Mn-Cr Steel during High Temperature Deformation, 2020, Materials, 13, 172, p 1–11.10.3390/ma13010172 ↗
16. G.-L. Wu, Y.-J. Zhang and S.-W. Wu, Characterization of Hot Deformation Behaviour of Nb-Ti Microalloyed High Strength Steel, The Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2019, 119, p 503–508.10.17159/2411-9717/17/380/2019 ↗
17. M. Sadeghi, M. Hadi, O. Bayat and H. Karimi, Hot Deformation of the Mn-Ni-Cr Alloy During Compression, Iran. J. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2020, 17(1), p 102–108.
18. S.V. Sajadifar, M. Ketabchi and B. Bemanizadeh, Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior and Hot Deformation Characteristics in 4340 Steel, Metallurgist, 2012, 56(3–4), p 310–320.10.1007/s11015-012-9577-9 ↗
19. X. Yang, H. Guo, Z. Yao and S. Yuan, Flow Behaviour and Dynamic Recrystallization of BT25y Titanium Alloy During Hot Deformation, High Temp. Mater. Process., 2018, 37(2), p 181–192.10.1515/htmp-2016-0100 ↗
20. S. Jian, L. Jinghui, P. Wang and Z. Huang, Hot Deformation Behaviour, Dynamic Recrystallization and Processing Map of Fe–30Mn–10Al–1C Low-Density Steel, Trans. Indian Inst. Met., 2021, 75, p 699–716.
21. Y.C. Lin, X Y Wua, X. M. Chen, J. Chen, D. X. Wena, J L Zhang, and L.T Li, EBSD Study of a Hot Deformed Nickel-Based Superalloy, J. Alloys Comp., 2015, 640, p 101–113.10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.04.008 ↗
22. M.S. Chen, Y.C. Lin and K.K. Li, Dynamic Recrystallization Behaviors of Typical Solution-Treated and Aged Ni- Based Superalloy Under Steeped Strain Rates, Procedia Engineering, 2017, 207, p 2125–2130.10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.1108 ↗
23. Z. Chen, Y.C. Lin, D. G. H, Y. M. Lou, and M S Chen, A Unified Dislocation Density-Based Model for an Aged Polycrystalline Ni-Based Superalloy Considering the Coupled Effects of Complicate Deformation Mechanisms and Initial δ Phase, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2021, 827, 142062.10.1016/j.msea.2021.142062 ↗
24. W.L. Zhao, Q.X. Ma and S.L. Zha, Mechanism for Development of Faults Originating from Compound Inclusions in the Forging Process of 30Cr2Ni4MoV Heavy Ingots, Mater. Trans., 2014, 55(8), p 1324–1331.10.2320/matertrans.M2014118 ↗
25. Z. Xiao, Y. Huang, H. Liu and S. Wang, Hot Tensile and Fracture Behavior of 35CrMo Steel at Elevated Temperature and Strain Rate, Metals, 2016, 6(210), p 1–11.
26. N.K. Kanoje, S.C. Sharma and S.P. Harsha, Subsurface Crack Propagation with Different Inclusions Under a Wheel Flat LEFM Analysis, Int. J. Vehicle Noise and Vibration., 2015, 11(1), p 1–17.10.1504/IJVNV.2015.067982 ↗
27. R.S. Qi, M. Jin, X.G. Liu and B.F. Guo, Formation Mechanism of Inclusion Defects in Large Forged Pieces, J. Iron and Steel Res. Int., 2016, 23(6), p 531–538.10.1016/S1006-706X(16)30084-X ↗
28. V. Singh, R. Khan, B. Bandi, G.G. Roy and P. Srirangam, Effect of Non-metallic Inclusions (NMI) on Crack Formation in Forged Steel, Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021, 41, p 1096–1102.
29. Y. Huo, B. Wang, J. Lin, Q. Bai, J. Hongchao and T. Xuefeng, Hot Compression Deformation Behaviour and Microstructure Evolution Rule of a High-Speed Railway Axle Steel, Indian J. Eng. and Mater. Sci., 2017, 24(6), p 447–454.
30. K.W. Andrews, Empirical Formulae for the Calculation of Some Transformation Temperatures, J. Iron Steel Inst., 1965, 203(7), p 721–727.
31. C. Ouchi, T. Sampei and I. Kozasu, The Effect of Hot Rolling Condition and Chemical Composition on the Onset Temperature of γ-α Transformation after Hot Rolling, Trans. Iron and Steel Inst. Japan., 1982, 22(3), p 214–222.10.2355/isijinternational1966.22.214 ↗
32. F. Boratto, R. Barbosa, S. Yue, and J. J. Jonas, Proc. of the 1st Conf. on Physical Metallurgy of Thermomechanical Processing of Steels and Other Metals (THERMEC-88), ISIJ. Tokyo, 1, 1988, p 383–390.
33. F. Yin, L. Hua, H. Mao, X. Han, D. Qian and R. Zhang, Microstructural Modeling and Simulation for GCr15 Steel During Elevated Temperature Deformation Mater, Des., 2014, 55, p 560–573.
34. A. Chatterjee, D. Chakrabarti, A. Moitra, R. Mitra and A.K. Bhaduri, Effect of Deformation Temperature on the Ductile–Brittle Transition Behavior of a Modified 9Cr–1Mo Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2015, 630, p 58–70.10.1016/j.msea.2015.01.076 ↗
35. Dieter, and E. George, Mechanical Metallurgy, SI Metric ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., London, 1988, p 520–521.
36. E.I. Poliak and J.J. Jonass, A One-Parameter Approach to Determining the Critical Conditions for the Initiation of Dynamic Recrystallization, Acta Mater., 1996, 44(1), p 127–136.10.1016/1359-6454(95)00146-7 ↗
37. W. Yang, K. Peng, L. Zhang and Q. Ren, Deformation and Fracture of Non-metallic Inclusions in Steel at Different Temperatures, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2020, 9(6), p 15016–15022.10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.10.066 ↗
38. Prasad. Y. V. R. K, Rao. K. P, Sasidhara. S, Hot Working Guide, 2nd edition, ASM International, Ohio. USA. 2015, p 6–12.
39. Xiaoqing Shang, Cui. Zhenshan, and M.W. Fu, Dynamic Recrystallization Based Ductile Fracture Modeling in Hot Working Of Metallic Materials, Int. J. Plast., 2017, 95, p 105–122.10.1016/j.ijplas.2017.04.002 ↗
40. C. Wang, X. Liu, J. Gui, Z. Du, Z. Xu, and B. F. Guo, Effect of MnS Inclusions on Plastic Deformation and Fracture Behavior of the Steel Matrix at High Temperature, Vacuum, 2020, 174, p 109209 (1–11).10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109209 ↗
41. M. Goudarzi, F. Corso, D. Bigoni and A. Simone, Dispersion of Rigid Line Inclusions as Stiffeners and Shear Band Instability Triggers, Int. J. Solids Struct., 2021, 210, p 255–272.10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2020.11.006 ↗
42. Y. Wang, L. Zhang, Y. Ren, L. Zushu and C. Slater, Effect of Compression Temperature on Deformation of CaO–CaS–Al2O3–MgO Inclusions in Pipeline Steel, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2021, 11, p 1220–1231.10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.01.107 ↗
43. Z. Xianyan, S. Zhutao, T. Famin, H. Christopher, and Jiang. Jun, Microstructural Effects on Central Crack Formation in Hot Cross-Wedge-Rolled High-Strength Steel Parts, J. Mater. Sci., 2020, 55(22), p 9608–9622.10.1007/s10853-020-04677-5 ↗