A Comparison of Fatigue Properties of Austempered Versus Quenched and Tempered 4340 Steel
Source abstract
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine if austempered 4340 steel had different fatigue resistance compared to quench and tempered (Q&T) 4340 steel with an identical hardness of nominally 45 HRC and an identical yield strength of nominally 1340 MPa (194 ksi). Strain-life and stress-life fatigue testing was conducted at room temperature under identical test conditions. The standard array of strain-life and stress-life regression constants was obtained. The two heat treatments produced virtually identical total strain-life curves and fatigue limits at 5 million cycles. However, the two materials exhibited different trends in the elastic and plastic strain regimes. The austempered steel exhibited greater high cycle fatigue (finite) lives than the Q&T samples at comparable elastic strain amplitudes in strain-life fatigue testing and at comparable stress amplitudes in stress-life fatigue testing. However, the Q&T samples exhibited greater low cycle fatigue lives than the austempered samples at comparable plastic strain amplitudes in strain-life testing. Although both materials generally exhibited similar fatigue fracture characteristics, the overload regions of the Q&T samples were composed entirely of dimple rupture, whereas the austempered samples exhibited both dimple rupture and quasicleavage.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Fatigue and fracture mechanics · Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels · Surface Treatment and Residual Stress
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (38)
Show source-provided references
1. K. Brandenberg, K. Hayrynen, and J.R. Keough, Austempered Gears and Shafts: Tough Solutions, Gear Technol., 2001, 18(2), p 42–50
2. ASM Handbook: Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys. Notch Toughness of Steels, 10th Ed., Vol. 1, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, p 748, which cites the original paper: R.F. Hehemann, V.J. Luhan, and A.R. Troiano: “The Influence of Bainite on Mechanical Properties,” Transactions of American Society for Metals (ASM), Vol. 49, 1957, p 409–426
3. J.M. Tartaglia, K.A. Lazzari, G.P. Hui, and K.L. Hayrynen, A Comparison of Mechanical Properties and Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance of Austempered versus Quenched & Tempered 4340 Steel, Metall. Mater. Trans., 2008, 39A(3), p 559–57610.1007/s11661-007-9451-8 ↗
4. L.F. Reynolds and M.P. Hayes, Factors Affecting Delayed Failure in Electroplated Carbon Spring Steels, Trans. Inst. Met. Finish, 1987, 65(2), p 50–5710.1080/00202967.1987.11870770 ↗
5. J.-R. Hwang, K.-P. Peng, and C.-C. Wang, Effect of Second Phase on the Fatigue Crack Growth in AISI, 4340 Steel, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1996, 15(3), p 192–19610.1007/BF00274448 ↗
6. Y. Tomita, F. Kijima, and K. Morioka, Modified Austempering Effect on Bending Fatigue Properties of Fe-0.6C-1.5Si-0.8Mn Ateel, Mater. Res. Adv. Tech., 2000, 91(1), p 43–46 (in German)
7. H. Hengerer, Raising the Fatigue Strength of High-Duty Steels by Austempering, Sulzer Tech. Rev., 1969, 51(2), p 72–79
8. L. Ban, W. Hui, Q. Yong, Y. Weng, and H. Dong, High Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Medium-Carbon Trip Steel at Different Tensile Strength Levels, Chin. J. Mater. Res., 2008, 22(6), p 629–633 (in Chinese)
9. S. Zheng, B. Tian, L. Wu, and Q. Dong, Influence of Tempering Temperature on the Properties of B/M Duplex Structure in Steel LM-2, Heat Treat. Met., 1993, 2, p 3–8 (in Chinese)
10. P. Raviazz and C. Giometto, Fatigue Behavior of Structural Steels After Quenching and Tempering or After Bainitic Quenching (Austempering), Rev. Met., 1970, 67(6), p 531–53810.1051/metal/197067060531 ↗
11. M.T. Yu, T.H. Topper, and L. Wang, Effect of Microstructure on the Mechanical Behaviour of a Low Carbon, Low Alloy Steel, Int. J. Fatigue, 1988, 10(4), p 249–25510.1016/0142-1123(88)90006-0 ↗
12. J.M. Tartaglia, The Effects of Martensite Content on the Mechanical Properties of Quenched and Tempered 0.2%C-Ni-Cr-Mo Steels, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2010, 19, p 572–584, online: July 15, 2009, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-009-9503-x10.1007/s11665-009-9503-x ↗
13. Y. Li, Fatigue Fracture Behavior of Low Carbon Martensite and Martensite/Bainite Duplex Structure in Steel, Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci., 1992, 5A(3), p 212–217 (in Chinese)
14. S.M. Safi and M.K. Besharati, A New Modified Austempering to Increase Strength and Ductility Simultaneously for UHS Steels, Defect and Diffusion Forum in Diffusion in Solids and Liquids, 2010, 297–301, p 1109–111510.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.297-301.1109 ↗
15. SAE Information Report J1099, Technical Report on Low Cycle Fatigue Properties: Ferrous and Nonferrous Steels, SAE, Warrendale, PA, August 2002
16. M. Ogasawara, Crack Initiation at Notches in Low Cycle Fatigue, Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Symposium Proceedings, August 21–23, 1973, Kyoto, Japan, 1974, p 159–176
17. D.L. Turner, F.J. Worzala, Austempered Steel Mower Blades—The Effect of Heat Treatment on Structure and Properties, Proceedings of International Symposium for Testing and Failure Analysis (ISFTA), 1985, p 352–356
18. American Iron and Steel Institute’s Bar Steel Fatigue Database, http://www.autosteel.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Steel_Bar_and_Rod1
19. Surface Chemical Analysis—Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry (GD-OES)—Introduction to Use, ISO14707:2000E, First Edition (2000-18-15), ISO
20. “Standard Test Methods for Determination of Carbon, Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Oxygen in Steel, Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys by Various Combustion and Fusion Techniques,” E1019-08, ASTM International
21. “Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials,” E18-08b, ASTM International
22. “Standard Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens,” E3-01 (2007)ε1, ASTM International
23. “Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials1,” E8/E8M-09, ASTM International
24. “Standard Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus,” E111-07, ASTM International
25. “Standard Test Method for Tensile Strain-Hardening Exponents (n-Values) of Metallic Sheet Materials1,” E646-07, ASTM International
26. “Standard Practice for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing,” E606-04ε1, ASTM International
27. “Standard Practice for Stress-Controlled Fatigue Testing,” E466-07, ASTM International
28. “Standard Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing, E1820, ASTM International
29. W.J. Dixon and A.M. Mood, A Method for Obtaining and Analyzing Sensitivity Data, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 1948, 43, p 109–12610.1080/01621459.1948.10483254 ↗
30. “Standard Practice for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (e-N) Fatigue Data,” E739-91(2004)ε1, ASTM International
31. R.E. Little, Manual on Statistical planning and Analysis, ASTM Standard Technical Publication (STP), Materials Park, 1975, p 54ff10.1520/STP588-EB ↗
32. J. Song, P.N. Crepeau, Z.P. Mourelatos, R.J. Gu, Sensitivity Study of Staircase Fatigue Tests Using Monte Carlo Simulation, Paper No. 2005-01-0803, SAE International, 200510.4271/2005-01-0803 ↗
33. “Specification and Verification of Tensile and Fatigue Properties in Cast Components,” GMN7152, GM Engineering Standard, February 2002
34. “Chemical Compositions of SAE Alloy Steels,” J404, JUN2000, SAE International
35. “Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 0.80Cr-1.8Ni-0.25Mo (0.38-0.43C) (SAE 4340),” AMS-6415R, June 2003, SAE International
36. “Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products,” A370-09aε1, ASTM International
37. J.A. Bannantine, J.J. Comer, and J.L. Handrock, Fundamentals of Metal Fatigue Analysis, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1990, p 61
38. “Standard Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials,” E23-07aε1, ASTM International