Microstructure and Texture Evolution in Cold Rotary Forging of Spur Bevel Gears of 20CrMnTi Alloy Steel
Source abstract
Abstract
The microstructure of cold rotary forged gears greatly affects their working life. Therefore, the aim of this study is to reveal the evolution of microstructure and texture that occurs during the cold rotary forging of spur bevel gears of 20CrMnTi alloy steel. The evolution of grains of the gear tooth is investigated through optical microscopy. By employing scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction, the evolution of the cementite particles and the texture of the gear tooth is also revealed. The results indicate that the grain size distribution is non-uniform from the tooth profile to its center. The cementite particles in the tooth profile are finer and more uniformly distributed than those in the tooth center. After cold rotary forging, the tooth center has a combination of α- and γ-fibers, and the γ-fibers are more developed than the α-fibers, while most of the components in the tooth profile are assembled along the α-fibers.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Metallurgy and Material Forming · Metal and Thin Film Mechanics · Microstructure and mechanical properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (42)
Show source-provided references
1. J.B. Hawkyard, C.K.S. Gurnani, and W. Johnson, Pressure-Distribution Measurements in Rotary Forging, J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 1977, 19, p 135–14210.1243/JMES_JOUR_1977_019_032_02 ↗
2. X.H. Pei, D.C. Zhou, and Z.R Wang, Some basic problems of the rotary forging and its application. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Rotary Metalworking Processes, 1982, p 81-90
3. E. Appleton and R.A.C. Slater, Effects of Upper Platen Configuration in the Rotary Forging Process and Rotary Forging into a Contoured Lower Platen, Int. J. Mach. Tool Des. Res., 1973, 13, p 43–6210.1016/0020-7357(73)90030-9 ↗
4. M. Zhang, Calculating Force and Energy During Rotary Forging. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Rotary Metalworking Processes, 1984, p 115-124
5. J. Oudin, Y. Ravalard, G. Verwaerde, and J.C. Gelin, Force, Torque and Plastic Flow Analysis in Rotary Upsetting of Ring Shaped Billets, Int. J. Mech. Sci., 1985, 27, p 761–78010.1016/0020-7403(85)90008-6 ↗
6. J.B. Hawkyard and C.P. Smith, The Influence of Elastic Die Distortion on Forming Force in Rotary Forging, Int. J. Mech. Sci., 1988, 30, p 533–54210.1016/0020-7403(88)90097-5 ↗
7. T. Canta, D. Frunza, D. Sabadus, and C. Tintelecan, Some Aspects of Energy Distribution in Rotary Forming Processes, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 1998, 80–81, p 195–19810.1016/S0924-0136(98)00210-6 ↗
8. P.M. Standring, J.R. Moon, and E. Appleton, Plastic Deformation Produced During Indentation Phase of Rotary Forging, Met. Technol., 1980, 7, p 159–16610.1179/030716980803286784 ↗
9. T. Nakane, M. Kobayashi, and K. Nakamura, Deformation Behaviour in Simultaneous Backward Extrusion-Upsetting by Rotary Forging. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Rotary Metalworking Processes, 1982, p 59-71
10. K. Nakamura, T. Nakane and M. Kobayashi, Deformation Behaviour in Simultaneous Forward–Backward Extrusion-Upsetting by Rotary Forging. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Rotary Metalworking Processes, 1984, p 13-22
11. D.C. Zhou, Y.D. Han, and Z.R. Wang, Research on Rotary Forging and Its Distribution of Deformation, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 1992, 31, p 161–16810.1016/0924-0136(92)90016-L ↗
12. S. Choi, K.H. Na, and J.H. Kim, Upper-Bound Analysis of the Rotary Forging of a Cylindrical Billet, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 1997, 67, p 78–8210.1016/S0924-0136(96)02822-1 ↗
13. E. Kalinowska-Ozgowicz, W. Krukiewicz, L. Kowalski, R. Kozik, J. Rabus, and J.G. Szota, Orbital Forming of an Oxygen Cylinder Web, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 1997, 64, p 215–22210.1016/S0924-0136(96)02570-8 ↗
14. G.C. Wang, J. Guan, and G.Q. Zhao, A Photo-Plastic Experimental Study on Deformation of Rotary Forging a Ring Workpiece, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2005, 169, p 108–11410.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.03.003 ↗
15. G.C. Wang and G.Q. Zhao, A Three-Dimensional Rigid-Plastic FEM Analysis of Rotary Forging Deformation of a Ring Workpiece, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 1999, 95, p 112–11510.1016/S0924-0136(99)00268-X ↗
16. G. Liu, S.J. Yuan, Z.R. Wang, and D.C. Zhou, Explanation of the Mushroom Effect in the Rotary Forging of a cylinder, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2004, 151, p 178–18210.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.04.035 ↗
17. L. Hua and X.H. Han, 3D FE Modeling Simulation of Cold Rotary Forging of a Cylinder Workpiece, Mater. Des., 2009, 30, p 2133–214210.1016/j.matdes.2008.08.045 ↗
18. X.H. Han and L. Hua, Effect of Size of the Cylindrical Workpiece on the Cold Rotary Forging Process, Mater. Des., 2009, 30, p 2802–281210.1016/j.matdes.2009.01.021 ↗
19. X.H. Han and L. Hua, 3D FE Modeling of Cold Rotary Forging of a Ring Workpiece, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2009, 209, p 5353–536210.1016/j.jmatprotec.2009.04.005 ↗
20. X.H. Han and L. Hua, Plastic Deformation Behaviors of Cold Rotary Forging Under Different Contact Patterns by 3D Elastic–Plastic FE Method, Mater. Trans., 2009, 50, p 1949–195810.2320/matertrans.M2009140 ↗
21. X.H. Han and L. Hua, Comparison Between Cold Rotary Forging and Conventional Forging, J. Mech. Sci. Technol., 2009, 23, p 2668–267810.1007/s12206-009-0624-9 ↗
22. X.H. Han and L. Hua, Deformation Characteristics and Mechanisms of Cold Rotary Forging of a Ring Workpiece, J. Strain Anal. Eng., 2010, 45, p 97–11410.1243/03093247JSA596 ↗
23. X.B. Deng, L. Hua, X.H. Han, and Y.L. Song, Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Cold Rotary Forging of a 20CrMnTi Alloy Spur Bevel Gear, Mater. Des., 2011, 32, p 1376–138910.1016/j.matdes.2010.09.015 ↗
24. S. Grzegorz, Investigation of the Cold Orbital Forging Process of an AlMgSi Alloy Bevel Gear, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2013, 213(10), p 1692–170210.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.03.027 ↗
25. L. Zhen, J.Z. Chen, S. Yang, W.Z. Shao, and S.L. Dai, Development of Microstructures and Texture During Cold Rolling in AA 7055 Aluminum Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2009, 504(1–2), p 55–6310.1016/j.msea.2008.10.055 ↗
26. K. Ryttberg, M. Knutson Wedel, V. Recina, and L. Nyborg, The Effect of Cold Ring Rolling on the Evolution of Microstructure and Texture in 100Cr6 Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 527(9), p 2431–243610.1016/j.msea.2009.12.016 ↗
27. A.A. Gazder, W.Q. Cao, C.H.J. Davies, and E.V. Pereloma, An EBSD Investigation of Interstitial-Free Steel Subjected to Equal Channel Angular Extrusion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 497(1–2), p 341–35210.1016/j.msea.2008.07.030 ↗
28. R.F. Need, D.J. Alexander, R.D. Field, V. Livescu, P. Papin, C.A. Swenson, and D.B. Mutnick, The Effects of Equal Channel Angular Extrusion on the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Alumina Dispersion-Strengthened Copper Alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 565, p 450–45810.1016/j.msea.2012.12.007 ↗
29. T. Baudin, A.L. Etter, and R. Penelle, Annealing Twin Formation and Recrystallization Study of Cold-Drawn Copper Wires from EBSD Measurements, Mater. Charact., 2007, 58(10), p 947–95210.1016/j.matchar.2006.09.009 ↗
30. S.K. Hwang, H.M. Baek, J.W. Lee, I. Son, Y. Im, and C.M. Bae, The Effect of Microstructure and Texture Evolution on Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Steel in a Non-Circular Drawing Sequence, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2014, 214(2), p 318–32510.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.09.020 ↗
31. Zheng Chengsi, Li Longfei, Yang Wangyue, and Sun Zuqing, Relationship Between Microstructure and Yield Strength for Plain Carbon Steel with Ultrafine or Fine (Ferrite + Cementite) Structure, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 617, p 31–3810.1016/j.msea.2014.08.050 ↗
32. W.B. Lee, K.T. Cho, K.H. Kim, K.I. Moon, and Y. Lee, The Effect of the Cementite Phase on the Surface Hardening of Carbon Steels by Shot Peening, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 527, p 5852–585710.1016/j.msea.2010.05.083 ↗
33. D.W. Duddley, Practical Gear Design, McGraw Hill, New York, 1954
34. Anders Flodin and Sören Andersson, Simulation of Mild Wear in Spur Gears, Wear, 1997, 207(1–2), p 16–2310.1016/S0043-1648(96)07467-4 ↗
35. Valentin Onishchenko, Tooth Wear Modeling and Prognostication Parameters of Engagement of Spur Gear Power Transmissions, Mech. Mach. Theory, 2008, 43(12), p 1639–166410.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2007.12.005 ↗
36. U.F. Kocks, C.N. Tome, H.-R. Wenk, H. Mecking. Texture and Anisotropy: Preferred Orientations in Polycrystals and their Effect on Materials. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000
37. V. Randle and O. Engler, Introduction to Texture Analysis: Macrotexture, Microtexture, and Orientation Mapping. CRC Press Inc, 2nd Revised edition, 2009
38. P.S. Bate and J.Q. da Fonseca, Texture Development in the Cold Rolling of IF Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2004, 380(1–2), p 365–37710.1016/j.msea.2004.04.007 ↗
39. Bevis Hutchinson, Deformation Microstructures and Textures in Steels, Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 1999, 357, p 1471–148510.1098/rsta.1999.0385 ↗
40. Olaf Engler and Valerie Randle, Introduction to Texture Analysis Macrotexture, Microtexture and Orientation Mapping, 2nd ed., CRC Press, New York, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4200-6365-3
41. D. Raabe and K. Lücke, Annealing Textures of BCC Metals, Scripta Metall. Mater., 1992, 27(11), p 1533–153810.1016/0956-716X(92)90140-A ↗
42. D. Raabe, A. Dasgupta, and S. Saibaba, Study of Microstructure and Microtexture of Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel Subjected to High Deformation, J. Nucl. Mater., 2013, 432, p 450–45410.1016/j.jnucmat.2012.08.031 ↗