DataVXJournal of Materials Engineering and PerformancePaper
journal article·2025-11Open access

High-Temperature and High-Pressure Steam Oxidation Behavior of TiN Coating Developed on Zircaloy-4 using Cylindrical Magnetron Sputtering: Role of Thickness and Microstructure

Kunal Trivedi, Ramkrishna Rane, Kiran K. Mandapaka, Tarundeep Kaur Lamba, Alphonsa Joseph, Supratik Roychowdhury

Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance· Volume 34· Issue 21
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Abstract

Abstract Titanium nitride (TiN) is a promising candidate as coating material for fuel clad in nuclear reactors exhibiting resistance to crud deposition and also good oxidation resistance under accident conditions. Developing a coating methodology providing good coating adhesion and oxidation resistance is important. TiN coatings with varying thicknesses were deposited on Zircaloy-4 (Zr-4) using cylindrical magnetron sputtering. TiN exhibited columnar growth pattern over the Zircaloy-4 substrate. The thickness of TiN coating influenced the microstructure, surface morphology and lattice strain which were systematically analyzed using the scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The preferential (200) orientation of TiN was observed in the coated samples due to the inherent texture of Zircaloy-4 (Zr-4). The oxidation behavior of TiN coated Zr-4 samples was evaluated in a steam environment at 400 °C, 10 MPa, exposed for up to 521 h in a static autoclave. The gravimetric investigations revealed an increased weight gain and higher oxide thickness for samples having thicker coating compared to samples with thinner coatings. Results showed that the microstructural characteristics and growth properties of the TiN on the Zr-4 prior to oxidation had a direct influence on the oxidation behavior of coated samples. The thin TiN coating (~ 1 µm thick) with minimum defects, a nano-crystalline structure, and dense nature resulted in the lowest weight gain of about 10.2 mg/dm 2 (~ one third that of the uncoated Zr-4), and minimum oxidation rate ~ 5 × 10 −15 g 2 cm −4 s −1 demonstrating enhanced oxidation resistance in the HTHP steam environment.
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Materials processing

OpenAlex topics: Nuclear Materials and Properties · Metal and Thin Film Mechanics · Fusion materials and technologies

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