Effect of Deposition Current on Microstructure, Hardness and Residual Stress Distribution of NiCrBSiC Hardfacing Alloy
Source abstract
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of deposition current on the characteristics of NiCrSiBC alloy hardfacing deposited onto a 316L stainless steel substrate using the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process. The research focuses on evaluating the effect of deposition current on key properties such as Fe dilution, hardness distribution, microstructural features including secondary dendritic arms spacing (SDAS), and lattice strain. Microstructural analysis was conducted using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while dilution analysis performed using energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The microstructural examination revealed a dendritic microstructure typical of such hardfacing, where SDAS increased proportionally with deposition current. Hardness profiling indicated an initial increase away from the fusion line, reaching a plateau beyond a certain distance. Higher deposition currents led to increased temperatures during welding, resulting in greater Fe dilution over a larger area within the hardfacing deposit. Numerical simulations of residual stress distribution demonstrated a significant dependency on deposition current, influencing both the hardfacing bead and substrate.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses · Intermetallics and Advanced Alloy Properties · Metal Alloys Wear and Properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (42)
Show source-provided references
1. F. Suthar, H. Shah, and S. Chaudhury, A review on application of nickel base hardfacing alloys in sodium-cooled fast reactor. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.006816410.1063/5.0068164 ↗
2. N.B. Baba, M.M.A. Omar, and N.A.M. Zin, Thermal Properties of NiCrSiB Coating on Piston Engine, Adv. Mater. Res., 2014, 974, p 71–75. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.974.7110.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.974.71 ↗
3. N.Y. Sari and M. Yilmaz, Improvement of Wear Resistance of Wire Drawing Rolls with Cr-Ni-B-Si+WC Thermal Spraying Powders, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 202(13), p 3136–3141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.11.02210.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.11.022 ↗
4. E. Wild and K.J. Mack, Tribological Problems in Sodium-Cooled Nuclear Power Plants, Wear, 1980, 64(1), p 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(80)90099-X10.1016/0043-1648(80)90099-X ↗
5. A.K. Bhaduri, R. Indira, S.K. Albert, B.P.S. Rao, S.C. Jain, and S. Asokkumar, Selection of Hardfacing Material for Components of the Indian Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor, J. Nucl. Mater., 2004, 334(2–3), p 109–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2004.05.00510.1016/j.jnucmat.2004.05.005 ↗
6. T. Allen, J. Busby, M. Meyer, and D. Petti, Materials Challenges for Nuclear Systems, Mater. Today, 2010, 13(12), p 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(10)70220-010.1016/S1369-7021(10)70220-0 ↗
7. B.V. Cockeram, Fracture Toughness Testing and Toughening Mechanisms of Some Commercial Cobalt-Free Hardfacing Alloys, Surf. Coat. Technol., 1998, 108–109, p 377–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(98)00600-810.1016/S0257-8972(98)00600-8 ↗
8. N. Pravin Kumar, N. Siva Shanmugam, and G. Sreedhar, High Cycle Fatigue Behaviour of Inconel 625 Weld Overlay on AISI 316L Plate, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2021, 415, p 127138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.12713810.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127138 ↗
9. H.-X. Deng, H.-J. Shi, S. Tsuruoka, H.-C. Yu, and B. Zhong, Influence of Welding Technique and Temperature on Fatigue Properties of Steel Deposited with Co-based Alloy Hardfacing Coating, Int. J. Fatigue, 2012, 35(1), p 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2010.11.01610.1016/j.ijfatigue.2010.11.016 ↗
10. P. Aubry, C. Blanc, I. Demirci, M. Dal, T. Malot, and H. Maskrot, Analysis of Nickel Based Hardfacing Materials Manufactured by Laser Cladding for Sodium Fast Reactor, Phys. Procedia, 2016, 83, p 613–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.06410.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.064 ↗
11. F.V. Suthar, H.N. Shah, R.N. Parmar, M.D. Chaudhari, P.M. Bhatt, and S.K. Chaudhury, Optimization of GTAW Process Parameters for Deposition of Nickel-Based Hardfacing Alloy Using Taguchi Method, Weld. World, 2023, 67(8), p 1951–1966. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-023-01540-410.1007/s40194-023-01540-4 ↗
12. S. Balaguru, M. Abid, and M. Gupta, Investigations on Different Hardfacing Processes for High Temperature Applications of Ni-Cr-B-Si Alloy Hardfaced on Austenitic Stainless Steel Components, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2020, 9(5), p 10062–10072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.07.01010.1016/j.jmrt.2020.07.010 ↗
13. V. Ramasubbu, G. Chakraborty, S.K. Albert, and A.K. Bhaduri, Effect of Dilution on GTAW Colmonoy 6 (AWS NiCr-C) Hardface Deposit Made on 316LN Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2011, 27(2), p 573–580. https://doi.org/10.1179/026708309X1252655549343110.1179/026708309X12526555493431 ↗
14. C.R. Das, S.K. Albert, A.K. Bhaduri, and R. Nithya, Effects of Dilution on Microstructure and Wear Behaviour of NiCr Hardface Deposits, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2007, 23(7), p 771–779. https://doi.org/10.1179/174328407X18580210.1179/174328407X185802 ↗
15. G. Chakraborty, S.K. Albert, and A.K. Bhaduri, Effect of Dilution and Cooling Rate on Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Ni Base Hardfacing Alloy Deposited on Austenitic Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2012, 28(4), p 454–459. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284711Y.000000008210.1179/1743284711Y.0000000082 ↗
16. C.R. Fisher, D.H. Bechetti, and M.F. Sinfield, Comparison of Analytical, Empirical, and Finite-Element Modeling of Weld Metal Cooling as Function of Plate Orientation, Thickness, and Heat Input, J. Manuf. Process., 2021, 62, p 471–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.12.01910.1016/j.jmapro.2020.12.019 ↗
17. C. Guoqing, F. Xuesong, W. Yanhui, L. Shan, and Z. Wenlong, Microstructure and Wear Properties of Nickel-Based Surfacing Deposited by Plasma Transferred Arc Welding, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2013, 228(1), p S276–S282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.05.12510.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.05.125 ↗
18. T. Liyanage, G. Fisher, and A.P. Gerlich, Influence of Alloy Chemistry on Microstructure and Properties in NiCrBSi Overlay Coatings Deposited by Plasma Transferred Arc Welding (PTAW), Surf. Coat. Technol., 2010, 205(3), p 759–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.07.09510.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.07.095 ↗
19. Q. Tan, K. Liu, J. Li, S. Geng, L. Sun, and V. Skuratov, A Review on Cracking Mechanism and Suppression Strategy of Nickel-Based Superalloys during Laser Cladding, J. Alloys Compd., 2024, 1001, p 175164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.17516410.1016/j.jallcom.2024.175164 ↗
20. S. Jian, K. Liu, J. Li, and C. Xu, A New Test for Evaluating the Cracking Susceptibility of Laser Cladding Coatings and its Validity on Assessing the Effect of Laser Power, Opt. Laser Technol., 2025, 180, p 111609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.11160910.1016/j.optlastec.2024.111609 ↗
21. K. Liu, H. Wang, C. Shu, J. Zhou, J. Li, C. Wang, H. Wu, J. Li, and L. Wang, Effect of WC Content on Microstructure and Properties of Laser-Cladded in-Situ Reactive ZrC/ZrB2 Composite Coatings on Zirconium Alloy, Int. J. Refract. Hard Met., 2024, 118, p 106486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2023.10648610.1016/j.ijrmhm.2023.106486 ↗
22. A.P. Wu, J.L. Ren, Z.S. Peng, H. Murakawa, and Y. Ueda, Numerical Simulation for the Residual Stresses of Stellite Hard-Facing on Carbon Steel, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2000, 101(1–3), p 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(99)00456-210.1016/S0924-0136(99)00456-2 ↗
23. S. Balaguru, V. Murali, and P. Chellapandi, Measurement of the Residual Stresses and Investigation of their Effects on a Hardfaced Grid Plate Due to Thermal Cycling in a Pool Type Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor, Sci. Technol. Nucl. Installs, 2016, 2016, p 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/835325610.1155/2016/8353256 ↗
24. A. Savaş, Investigating the Thermal and Structural Responses in Hard-Facing Application with the GTAW Process, J. Theor. Appl. Mech., 2021 https://doi.org/10.15632/jtam-pl/13621010.15632/jtam-pl/136210 ↗
25. M. Zubairuddin, S.K. Albert, S. Mahadevan, M. Vasudevan, V. Chaudhari, and V.K. Suri, Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of Residual Stress and Distortion in GTA Welding of Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel, J. Mech. Sci. Technol., 2014, 28(12), p 5095–5105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-014-1132-010.1007/s12206-014-1132-0 ↗
26. Y.S. Yegaie, A. Kermanpur, and M. Shamanian, Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Temperature and Residual Stresses in GTAW with a Heat Sink Process of Monel 400 Plates, J. Mater. Process. Tech., 2010, 210(13), p 1690–1701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.05.01710.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.05.017 ↗
27. A. Ravisankar, S.K. Velaga, G. Rajput, and S. Venugopal, Influence of Welding Speed and Power on Residual Stress during Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) of Thin Sections with Constant Heat Input: A Study Using Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation, J. Manuf. Process., 2014, 16(2), p 200–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2013.11.00210.1016/j.jmapro.2013.11.002 ↗
28. P.K. Taraphdar, R. Kumar, C. Pandey, and M.M. Mahapatra, Significance of Finite Element Models and Solid-State Phase Transformation on the Evaluation of Weld Induced Residual Stresses, Met. Mater. Int., 2021, 27(9), p 3478–3492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00921-410.1007/s12540-020-00921-4 ↗
29. R. Niles and C. Jackson, Weld Thermal Efficiency of the GTAW Process, Weld. J., 1975, 54(1), p 25.
30. ASTM, “ASTM E3-11: Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens. ASTM Int., 2017. https://doi.org/10.1520/E0003-11R1710.1520/E0003-11R17 ↗
31. ASTM, ASTM E384-22: Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials. ASTM Int. https://doi.org/10.1520/E0384-2210.1520/E0384-22 ↗
32. J. Goldak, A. Chakravarti, and M. Bibby, A New Finite Element Model for Welding Heat Sources, Metall. Trans. B, 1984, 15(2), p 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0266733310.1007/BF02667333 ↗
33. J.H. Chang, C.P. Chang, J.M. Chou, R.I. Hsieh, and J.L. Lee, Microstructure and Bonding Behavior on the Interface of an Induction-Melted Ni-Based Alloy Coating and AISI 4140 Steel Substrate, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2010, 204(20), p 3173–3181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.03.00210.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.03.002 ↗
34. B. Weiss and R. Stickler, Phase Instabilities during High Temperature Exposure of 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel, Metall. Trans., 1972, 3(4), p 851–866. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0264765910.1007/BF02647659 ↗
35. E.L. Hall and C.L. Briant, Chromium Depletion in the Vicinity of Carbides in Sensitized Austenitic Stainless Steels, Metall. Trans. A, 1984, 15(5), p 793–811. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0264455410.1007/BF02644554 ↗
36. M. Matula, L. Hyspecka, M. Svoboda, V. Vodarek, C. Dagbert, J. Galland, Z. Stonawska, and L. Tuma, Intergranular Corrosion of AISI 316L Steel, Mater Charact, 2001, 46(2–3), p 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1044-5803(01)00125-510.1016/S1044-5803(01)00125-5 ↗
37. G. Chakraborty, N. Kumar, C.R. Das, S.K. Albert, A.K. Bhaduri, S. Dash, and A.K. Tyagi, Study on Microstructure and Wear Properties of Different Nickel Base Hardfacing Alloys Deposited on Austenitic Stainless Steel, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2014, 244, p 180–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.02.01310.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.02.013 ↗
38. F.V. Suthar, H.N. Shah, D. Mandal, and S.K. Chaudhury, Effect of Alloy 625 Buffer Layer on Corrosion Resistance of Nickel Base Hardfacing, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2024, 485, p 130893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.13089310.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.130893 ↗
39. A. Niklas, F. Santos, D. Garcia, M. Rouco, R. González-Martínez, J.C. Pereira, E. Rayón, P. Lopez, and G. Guillonneau, Chemical Composition Effects on the Microstructure and Hot Hardness of NiCrSiFeB Self-Fluxing Alloys Manufactured via Gravity Casting, J. Manuf. Mater. Proc., 2023, 7(6), p 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp706019610.3390/jmmp7060196 ↗
40. L.J. da Silva and A.S.C.M. D’Oliveira, NiCrSiBC Coatings: Effect of Dilution on Microstructure and High Temperature Tribological Behavior, Wear, 2016, 350–351, p 130–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2016.01.01510.1016/j.wear.2016.01.015 ↗
41. L.M. Dupuy, E.B. Tadmor, R.E. Miller, and R. Phillips, Finite-Temperature Quasicontinuum: Molecular Dynamics without All the Atoms, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2005, 95(6), p 060202. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.06020210.1103/PhysRevLett.95.060202 ↗
42. P. Shunmuga Sundaram, T. Sangeetha, S. Rajakarthihan, R. Vijayalaksmi, A. Elangovan, and G. Arivazhagan, XRD Structural Studies on Cobalt Doped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized by Coprecipitation Method: Williamson-Hall and Size-Strain Plot Approaches, Phys. Rev. B Condens., 2020, 595, p 412342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2020.41234210.1016/j.physb.2020.412342 ↗