Effect of Scanning Speed on Microstructure, Hardness, and Corrosion Behavior of Additively Manufactured 316L SS in a Chloride-Rich Environment
Source abstract
Abstract
316L stainless steel is widely used in chemical processing, shipbuilding, medical implants, and nuclear components due to its excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical performance. In this study, selective laser melting (SLM) was employed to fabricate 316L stainless steel under various laser scanning speeds (600-1000 mm/s) to investigate the combined effects on microstructure, porosity, hardness, and corrosion behavior. Results show that higher scanning speeds promote microstructural refinement and increase hardness, reaching 372.4 HV for the AB1 condition, but also lead to increased porosity. Electrochemical tests in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution revealed that corrosion resistance improves at lower scanning speeds, with the AB5 sample achieving a corrosion current density of 2.722 3 1028 A cm22 and a polarization resistance of 93.97 3 104 X cm2, outperforming even wrought 316L stainless steel. This study demonstrates that controlling scanning speed enables a balance between strength and corrosion resistance, providing valuable insights for additively manufactured 316L components in demanding industrial environments.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · High Entropy Alloys Studies · Laser Material Processing Techniques
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (42)
Show source-provided references
1. G. Özer and A. Kisasöz, The Role of Heat Treatments on Wear Behaviour of 316L Stainless Steel Produced by Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Lett., 2022, 327, 133014.10.1016/j.matlet.2022.133014 ↗
2. S. Singh, S. Ramakrishna, and R. Singh, Material Issues in Additive Manufacturing: A Review, J. Manuf. Process., 2017, 25, p 185–200.10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.11.006 ↗
3. J. Bedmar, A. Riquelme, P. Rodrigo, B. Torres, and J. Rams, Comparison of Different Additive Manufacturing Methods for 316l Stainless Steel, Materials, 2021, 14(21), 6504.10.3390/ma14216504 ↗
4. D. Herzog, V. Seyda, E. Wycisk, and C. Emmelmann, Additive Manufacturing of Metals, Acta Mater., 2016, 117, p 371–392.10.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.019 ↗
5. D. Bourell, J.P. Kruth, M. Leu, G. Levy, D. Rosen, A.M. Beese, and A. Clare, Materials for Additive Manufacturing, CIRP Ann., 2017, 66(2), p 659–681.10.1016/j.cirp.2017.05.009 ↗
6. R. Singh, A. Gupta, O. Tripathi, S. Srivastava, B. Singh, A. Awasthi, S. Rajput, P. Sonia, P. Singhal, and K.K. Saxena, Powder Bed Fusion Process in Additive Manufacturing: An Overview, Mater. Today Proc., 2020, 26, p 3058–3070.10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.635 ↗
7. R. Acharya, J.A. Sharon, and A. Staroselsky, Prediction of Microstructure in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Process, Acta Mater., 2017, 124, p 360–371.10.1016/j.actamat.2016.11.018 ↗
8. J.P. Oliveira, A. LaLonde, and J. Ma, Processing Parameters in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Metal Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Des., 2020, 193, 108762.10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108762 ↗
9. H. Gong, D. Snelling, K. Kardel, and A. Carrano, Comparison of Stainless Steel 316L Parts made by FDM-and SLM-Based Additive Manufacturing Processes, JOM, 2019, 71, p 880–885.10.1007/s11837-018-3207-3 ↗
10. M. Pham, B. Dovgyy, and P. Hooper, Twinning Induced Plasticity in Austenitic Stainless Steel 316L made by Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 704, p 102–111.10.1016/j.msea.2017.07.082 ↗
11. X. Chen, J. Li, X. Cheng, B. He, H. Wang, and Z. Huang, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Austenitic Stainless Steel 316L Fabricated by Gas Metal Arc Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 703, p 567–577.10.1016/j.msea.2017.05.024 ↗
12. R.S. Tanwar and S. Jhavar, Investigation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Steel Bimetallic Structures Fabricated Using Wire Arc Direct Energy Deposition for Remanufacturing Applications, J. Adv. Join. Process., 2025, 11, 100287.10.1016/j.jajp.2025.100287 ↗
13. R. Ghanavati, A. Saboori, E. Gadalińska, S. Bagherifard, and L. Iuliano, Laser Powder Bed Fusion of SS316L-IN718 Functionally Graded Materials: Processing, Microstructure, and Properties, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2025, 934, 148341.10.1016/j.msea.2025.148341 ↗
14. J. Liu, Y. Song, C. Chen, X. Wang, H. Li, J. Wang, K. Guo, and J. Sun, Effect of Scanning Speed on the Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting, Mater. Des., 2020, 186, 108355.10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108355 ↗
15. M. Gor, H. Soni, V. Wankhede, P. Sahlot, K. Grzelak, I. Szachgluchowicz, and J. Kluczyński, A Critical Review on Effect of Process Parameters on Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Powder-Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing of SS316L, Materials, 2021, 14(21), 6527.10.3390/ma14216527 ↗
16. T.U. Anwar, P. Merighe, R.R. Kancharla, B. Kombaiah, and N. Kouraytem, Influence of Process Parameter and Build Rate Variations on Defect Formation in Laser Powder Bed Fusion SS316L, Materials, 2025, 18(2), 435.10.3390/ma18020435 ↗
17. A. AlFaify, J. Hughes, and K. Ridgway, Controlling the Porosity of 316L Stainless Steel Parts Manufactured Via the Powder Bed Fusion Process, Rapid Prototyp. J., 2019, 25(1), p 162–175.10.1108/RPJ-11-2017-0226 ↗
18. C.İ Çalışkan, H.M. Khan, G. Özer, S. Waqar, and İ Tütük, The Effect of Conformal Cooling Channels on Welding Process in Parts Produced by Additive Manufacturing, Laser Powder Bed Fusion, J. Manuf. Process., 2022, 83, p 705–716.10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.09.036 ↗
19. A. Standard, E407-07: Standard Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012, pp. 1-21
20. A. Woźniak, M. Adamiak, G. Chladek, and J. Kasperski, The Influence of the Process Parameters on the Microstructure and Properties SLM Processed 316L Stainless Steel, Arch. Metall. Mater., 2020, 65, p 73–80.10.24425/amm.2019.131098 ↗
21. J. Nie, L. Wei, Y. Jiang, Q. Li, and H. Luo, Corrosion Mechanism of Additively Manufactured 316 L Stainless Steel in 3.5 wt.% NaCl Solution, Mater. Today Commun., 2021, 26, 101648.10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101648 ↗
22. G. Song and A. Atrens, Understanding Magnesium Corrosion: A Framework for Improved Alloy Performance, Adv. Eng. Mater., 2003, 5(12), p 837–858.10.1002/adem.200310405 ↗
23. T. Kurzynowski, K. Gruber, W. Stopyra, B. Kuźnicka, and E. Chlebus, Correlation Between Process Parameters, Microstructure and Properties of 316 L Stainless Steel Processed by Selective Laser Melting, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, 718, p 64–73.10.1016/j.msea.2018.01.103 ↗
24. E. Liverani, S. Toschi, L. Ceschini, and A. Fortunato, Effect of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) Process Parameters on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2017, 249, p 255–263.10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.05.042 ↗
25. D. Wang, S. Wu, F. Fu, S. Mai, Y. Yang, Y. Liu, and C. Song, Mechanisms and Characteristics of Spatter Generation in SLM Processing and Its Effect on the Properties, Mater. Des., 2017, 117, p 121–130.10.1016/j.matdes.2016.12.060 ↗
26. E. Tascioglu, H.M. Khan, Y. Kaynak, M. Coşkun, G. Tarakci, and E. Koç, Effect of Aging and Finish Machining on the Surface Integrity of Selective Laser Melted Maraging Steel, Rapid Prototyp. J., 2021, 27(10), p 1900–1909.10.1108/RPJ-11-2020-0269 ↗
27. H.M. Khan, S. Waqar, and E. Koç, Evolution of Temperature and Residual Stress Behavior in Selective Laser Melting of 316L Stainless Steel Across a Cooling Channel, Rapid Prototyp. J., 2022, 28(7), p 1272–1283.10.1108/RPJ-09-2021-0237 ↗
28. G. Tarakçı, H.M. Khan, M.S. Yılmaz, and G. Özer, Effect of Building Orientations and Heat Treatments on AlSi10Mg Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting: Microstructure Evolution, Mechanical Properties, Fracture Mechanism and Corrosion Behavior, Rapid Prototyp. J., 2022, 28(8), p 1609–1621.10.1108/RPJ-11-2021-0325 ↗
29. A. Bernhardt, J. Schneider, A. Schroeder, K. Papadopoulous, E. Lopez, F. Brückner, and U. Botzenhart, Surface Conditioning of Additively Manufactured Titanium Implants and Its Influence on Materials Properties and in vitro Biocompatibility, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2021, 119, 111631.10.1016/j.msec.2020.111631 ↗
30. C.İ Çalışkan, G. Özer, E. Koç, U.S. Sarıtaş, C.F. Yıldız, and Ö.Y. Çiçek, Efficiency Research of Conformal Channel Geometries Produced by Additive Manufacturing in Plastic Injection Mold Cores (inserts) used in Automotive Industry, 3D Print. Addit. Manuf., 2023, 10(2), p 213–225.10.1089/3dp.2021.0062 ↗
31. F. Borgioli, From Austenitic Stainless Steel to Expanded Austenite-S Phase: Formation, Characteristics and Properties of An Elusive Metastable Phase, Metals, 2020, 10(2), 187.10.3390/met10020187 ↗
32. C. Zhao, Y. Bai, Y. Zhang, X. Wang, J.M. Xue, and H. Wang, Influence of Scanning Strategy and Building Direction on Microstructure and Corrosion Behaviour of Selective Laser Melted 316L Stainless Steel, Mater. Des., 2021, 209, 109999.10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109999 ↗
33. K. Saeidi, X. Gao, F. Lofaj, L. Kvetková, and Z.J. Shen, Transformation of Austenite to Duplex Austenite-Ferrite Assembly in Annealed Stainless Steel 316L Consolidated by Laser Melting, J. Alloys Compd., 2015, 633, p 463–469.10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.01.249 ↗
34. E. Hall, The Deformation and Ageing of Mild Steel: III Discussion of Results, Proc. Phys. Soc. Sect. B, 1951, 64(9), p 747.10.1088/0370-1301/64/9/303 ↗
35. T.R. Smith, J.D. Sugar, C. San Marchi, and J.M. Schoenung, Strengthening Mechanisms in Directed Energy Deposited Austenitic Stainless Steel, Acta Mater., 2019, 164, p 728–740.10.1016/j.actamat.2018.11.021 ↗
36. J. Cherry, H. Davies, S. Mehmood, N. Lavery, S. Brown, and J. Sienz, Investigation into the Effect of Process Parameters on Microstructural and Physical Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Parts by Selective Laser Melting, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2015, 76, p 869–879.10.1007/s00170-014-6297-2 ↗
37. A.B. Spierings, Mu. Schneider, and R. Eggenberger, Comparison of Density Measurement Techniques for Additive Manufactured Metallic Parts, Rapid Prototyp. J., 2011, 17(5), p 380–386.10.1108/13552541111156504 ↗
38. T. Larimian, M. Kannan, D. Grzesiak, B. AlMangour, and T. Borkar, Effect of Energy Density and Scanning Strategy on Densification, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Processed Via Selective Laser Melting, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2020, 770, 138455.10.1016/j.msea.2019.138455 ↗
39. X. Ni, D. Kong, W. Wu, L. Zhang, C. Dong, B. He, L. Lu, K. Wu, and D. Zhu, Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting under Different Scanning Speeds, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2018, 27, p 3667–3677.10.1007/s11665-018-3446-z ↗
40. M.H. Shaeri Karimi, M. Yeganeh, S.R. Alavi Zaree, and M. Eskandari, Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) in an Alkaline Solution, Opt. Laser Technol., 2021, 138, 106918.10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.106918 ↗
41. K. Lin, D. Gu, L. Xi, L. Yuan, S. Niu, P. Lv, and Q. Ge, Selective Laser Melting Processing of 316L Stainless Steel: Effect of Microstructural Differences Along Building Direction on Corrosion Behavior, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2019, 104(5), p 2669–2679.10.1007/s00170-019-04136-9 ↗
42. S. Mohd Yusuf, M. Nie, Y. Chen, S. Yang, and N. Gao, Microstructure and Corrosion Performance of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting and Processed through High-Pressure Torsion, J. Alloys Compd., 2018, 763, p 360–375.10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.05.284 ↗