Investigating Optimum Hot Working Window of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Using Modified Dynamic Material Modeling
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract This paper uses a modified dynamic material modeling (MDMM) suggested by Murty and Rao to develop processing maps (PM) of 2205 duplex stainless steels (DSS). Gleeble 1500D, a thermo-mechanical simulator was used to conduct single hit compression tests at a temperature between 850 and 1050 °C and strain rates of 0.001-5 s−1. Additionally hot compression tests at a strain rate of 15 s−1 and same temperature range were also conducted on a Bahr 805 dilatometer. As per general procedure acquired stress-strain data were corrected for friction and adiabatic heating, before constructing PMs at true strains of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8. Microstructures to validate the PM were prepared from safe domains and instability regimes belonging to PM of 0.8 true strain. Results showed that hot processing at intermediate to high strain rates and temperature leads to formation of flow instabilities such as mechanical twins and adiabatic shear bands. Safe domain located within the temperature range of (850-925) °C, strain rates of (2.6-15) s−1 and peak η = 35% gave an inhomogeneous microstructure with presumably non-uniform mechanical properties. This region was considered ideal for hot processing of 2205 DSS provided that deformation conditions are carefully controlled to optimise DRX. Low Z conditions also provided an optimum hot working for hot processing.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Metallurgy and Material Forming · Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels · Metal Forming Simulation Techniques
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (83)
Show source-provided references
1. Y. Han, D. Zou, Z. Chen, G. Fan, and W. Zhang, Investigation on Hot Deformation Behavior of 00Cr23Ni4N Duplex Stainless Steel Under Medium-High Strain Rates, Mater Charact, 2011, 62(2), p 198–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2010.11.01310.1016/j.matchar.2010.11.013 ↗
2. M. Faccoli and R. Roberti, Study of Hot Deformation Behaviour of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Through Hot Tension Tests, J. Mater. Sci., 2013, 48(15), p 5196–5203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7307-810.1007/s10853-013-7307-8 ↗
3. J. Moon, H.H. Jo, H.Y. Ha, S.D. Kim, T.H. Lee, and C.H. Lee, Microstructure Evolution and Hot Deformation Behavior of 25Cr–6Mn–3Ni–1Mo–3W–0.1C–0.34N Lean Duplex Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2021, 14, p 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.06.07510.1016/j.jmrt.2021.06.075 ↗
4. G. E. Dieter, H. a. Kuhn, and S. L. Semiatin, Handbook of Workability and Process Design. 2003.
5. S.V.S. Narayana Murty, B. Nageswara Rao, and B.P. Kashyap, Instability criteria for hot deformation of materials, Int. Mater. Rev., 2000, 45(1), p 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1179/09506600077104878210.1179/095066000771048782 ↗
6. L. Chen, X. Ma, X. Liu, and L. Wang, Processing Map for Hot Working Characteristics of a Wrought 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel, Mater. Des., 2011, 32(3), p 1292–1297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.09.03010.1016/j.matdes.2010.09.030 ↗
7. W. Min et al., Hot Deformation Behavior and Softening Mechanism of As-Cast S32750 Super Duplex Stainless Steel at Low and High Strain Rates, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2020, 29(2), p 727–738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04571-w10.1007/s11665-020-04571-w ↗
8. Q. Li et al., Strain Rate and Temperature Sensitivity on the Flow Behaviour of a Duplex Stainless Steel During Hot Deformation, Mater. Technol., 2023, 38(1), p 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/10667857.2023.216621610.1080/10667857.2023.2166216 ↗
9. Y. Zhao, Y. Wang, S. Tang, W. Zhang, and Z. Liu, Development of a Novel Cr21 Lean Duplex Stainless Steel and Its Hot Deformation Behavior, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2019, 28(1), p 296–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3830-810.1007/s11665-018-3830-8 ↗
10. Y.V.R.K. Prasad, Processing Maps: A Status Report, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2013, 22(10), p 2867–2874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-013-0732-710.1007/s11665-013-0732-7 ↗
11. A. Momeni, K. Dehghani, G.R. Ebrahimi, and S. Kazemi, Developing the Processing Maps Using the Hyperbolic Sine Constitutive Equation, Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci., 2013, 44(12), p 5567–5576.10.1007/s11661-013-1841-5 ↗
12. M. Ma, H. Ding, Z. Tang, J. Zhao, Z. Jiang, and G. Li, Effect of Strain Rate and Temperature on Hot Workability and Flow Behaviour of Duplex Stainless Steel, Ironmak. Steelmak., 2016, 43(2), p 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743281215Y.000000005310.1179/1743281215Y.0000000053 ↗
13. J. Han, J.P. Sun, Y. Han, and H. Liu, Hot Workability of the As-Cast 21Cr Economical Duplex Stainless Steel Through Processing Map and Microstructural Studies Using Different Instability Criteria, Acta Metall. Sin., 2017, 30(11), p 1080–1088. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-017-0647-710.1007/s40195-017-0647-7 ↗
14. J.L. Zhang, H.Z. Guo, and H.Q. Liang, Hot Deformation Behavior and Process Parameter Optimization of Ti22Al25Nb Using Processing Map, Rare Met., 2016, 35(1), p 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-015-0646-710.1007/s12598-015-0646-7 ↗
15. Y. Zhang, Q. Fan, X. Zhang, Z. Zhou, Z. Xia, and Z. Qian, Avrami Kinetic-Based Constitutive Relationship for Armco-Type Pure Iron in Hot Deformation, Metals, 2019 https://doi.org/10.3390/met903036510.3390/met9030365 ↗
16. L. Chen, X. Ma, X. Liu, and L. Wang, Processing Map for Hot Working Characteristics of a Wrought 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel, Mater. Des., 2011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.09.03010.1016/j.matdes.2010.09.030 ↗
17. M.S. Ghazani and B. Eghbali, Prediction of Post-deformation Recrystallization Kinetics in AISI 321 Austenitic Stainless Steel Using Double-Stage Hot Compression, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2024, 28(6), p 3563–3571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04139-310.1007/s11665-019-04139-3 ↗
18. A. Sarkar et al., Kinetics of Dynamic Recrystallization in Cobalt: A Study Using the Avrami Relation, Phys. Status Solidi (a), 2011, 818(4), p 814–818. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.20112700110.1002/pssa.201127001 ↗
19. S.H. Zahiri, C.H.J. Davies, and P.D. Hodgson, A Mechanical Approach to Quantify Dynamic Recrystallization in Polycrystalline Metals, Scr. Mater., 2005, 52(4), p 299–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2004.10.01110.1016/j.scriptamat.2004.10.011 ↗
20. H. Mirzadeh, J.M. Cabrera, J.M. Prado, and A. Najafizadeh, Hot Deformation Behavior of a Medium Carbon Microalloyed Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, 528(10–11), p 3876–3882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.01.09810.1016/j.msea.2011.01.098 ↗
21. S. M. Abbasi, A. Momeni, M. Morakkabati, and R. Mahdavi, Influence of Hot Working on Mechanical and Physical Properties of an Fe – Ni – Co alloy, pp. 1–9.
22. Y.J. Zhang, G.L. Wu, and S.W. Wu, The Critical Conditions and Kinetics Required for Dynamic Recrystallization in a High-Carbon Tool Steel, Arch. Metall. Mater., 2021, 66(1), p 119–125. https://doi.org/10.24425/amm.2021.13476710.24425/amm.2021.134767 ↗
23. C. Li, L. Huang, M. Zhao, X. Zhang, J. Li, and P. Li, Influence of Hot Deformation On Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of 300M Steel: Rules and Modeling, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2020, 797, p 139925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.13992510.1016/j.msea.2020.139925 ↗
24. H.Z. Zhao, L. Xiao, P. Ge, J. Sun, and Z.P. Xi, Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Maps of Ti-1300 Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 604, p 111–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.03.01610.1016/j.msea.2014.03.016 ↗
25. Y.H. Mozumder, K. Arun Babu, R. Saha, and S. Mandal, Flow Characteristics and Hot Workability Studies of a Ni-Containing Fe-Mn-Al-C Lightweight Duplex Steel, Mater Charact, 2018, 146, p 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.09.03610.1016/j.matchar.2018.09.036 ↗
26. Y. V. R. K. Prasad, K. P. Rao, and S. Sasidhara, Hot Working Guide. 2015. [Online]. Available: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978008033454750019X
27. Y.V.R.K. Prasad and T. Seshacharyulu, Modelling of Hot Deformation for Microstructural Control, Int. Mater. Rev., 1998, 43(6), p 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1179/imr.1998.43.6.24310.1179/imr.1998.43.6.243 ↗
28. Y. Han, G. Liu, D. Zou, R. Liu, and G. Qiao, Deformation Behavior and Microstructural Evolution of As-Cast 904L Austenitic Stainless Steel During Hot Compression, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 565, p 342–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.12.04310.1016/j.msea.2012.12.043 ↗
29. Z. Du, S. Jiang, and K. Zhang, The Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Map of Ti-47.5Al-Cr-V Alloy, Mater. Des., 2015, 86, p 464–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.07.02710.1016/j.matdes.2015.07.027 ↗
30. B. Gong, X.W. Duan, J.S. Liu, and J.J. Liu, A Physically Based Constitutive Model of As-Forged 34CrNiMo6 Steel and Processing Maps for Hot Working, Vacuum, 2018, 155, p 345–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.06.02210.1016/j.vacuum.2018.06.022 ↗
31. J.K. Fan, H.C. Kou, M.J. Lai, B. Tang, H. Chang, and J.S. Li, Characterization of Hot Deformation Behavior of a New Near Beta Titanium Alloy: Ti-7333, Mater. Des., 2013, 49, p 945–952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.02.04410.1016/j.matdes.2013.02.044 ↗
32. Y.L. Fang, Z.Y. Liu, H.M. Song, and L.Z. Jiang, Hot Deformation Behavior of a New Austenite-Ferrite Duplex Stainless Steel Containing High Content of Nitrogen, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2009, 526(1–2), p 128–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.07.01210.1016/j.msea.2009.07.012 ↗
33. G. E. Dieter and D. Bacon, Mechanical Metallurgy MECHANICAL Adapted by. 1988.
34. J. Lu, Y. Song, L. Hua, K. Zheng, and D. Dai, Thermal Deformation Behavior and Processing Maps of 7075 Aluminum Alloy Sheet Based on Isothermal Uniaxial Tensile Tests, J. Alloys Compd., 2018, 767, p 856–869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.07.17310.1016/j.jallcom.2018.07.173 ↗
35. Y. Tong, G. Zheng Quan, J. Zhao, Q. Liu, W. Xiong, and R. Ju Shi, Double Identification of the Optimal Hot Deformation Parameter Windows for AlCu4SiMg Alloy, Mater. Res., 2019, 22(4), p e20190131. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2019-013110.1590/1980-5373-MR-2019-0131 ↗
36. H. Ahamed and V. Senthilkumar, Hot Deformation Behavior of Mechanically Alloyed Al6063/0.75Al2O3/0.75Y2O3 Nano-Composite: A Study Using Constitutive Modeling and Processing Map, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2012, 539, p 349–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.01.10910.1016/j.msea.2012.01.109 ↗
37. C. Zhang, L. Zhang, W. Shen, M. Li, and S. Gu, Characterization of Hot Deformation Behavior of Hastelloy C-276 Using Constitutive Equation and Processing Map, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, 24(1), p 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-1310-310.1007/s11665-014-1310-3 ↗
38. N. Nayan, G. Singh, S.V.S. Narayana Murty, A.K. Jha, B. Pant, and K.M. George, High-Temperature Deformation Processing Map Approach for Obtaining the Desired Microstructure in a Multi-component (Ni-Ti-Cu-Fe) Alloy, Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci., 2015, 46(5), p 2201–2215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-2799-210.1007/s11661-015-2799-2 ↗
39. Y. Han, Y. Sun, W. Zhang, and H. Chen, Hot Deformation and Processing Window Optimization of a 70MnSiCrMo Carbide-Free Bainitic Steel, Materials, 2017, 10(3), p 318. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1003031810.3390/ma10030318 ↗
40. O. Deformation, “One-Pass Deformation,” 2021.
41. W. Feng, F. Qin, and H. Long, Hot Workability Analysis and Processing Parameters Optimisation for 20CrMnTiH Steel by Combining Processing Map with Microstructure, Ironmak. Steelmak., 2018, 45(4), p 317–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2016.126414510.1080/03019233.2016.1264145 ↗
42. G. Zheng Quan, Y. Wang, C. Tang Yu, and J. Zhou, Hot Workability Characteristics of As-Cast Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V: A Study Using Processing Map, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 564, p 46–56.10.1016/j.msea.2012.11.070 ↗
43. Y. Li, H. Ji, W. Li, Y. Li, W. Pei, and J. Liu, Hot Deformation Characteristics-Constitutive Equation and Processing Maps-of 21–4N Heat- Resistant Steel, Materials, 2018, 12(1), p 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1201008910.3390/ma12010089 ↗
44. X. Wang, Z. Liu, and H. Luo, Hot Deformation Characterization of Ultrahigh Strength Stainless Steel Through Processing Maps Generated Using Different Instability Criteria, Mater Charact, 2017, 131, p 480–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2017.07.04110.1016/j.matchar.2017.07.041 ↗
45. N. Neethu and P. Chakravarthy, Development of Processing Maps for Hot Deformation: Algorithm and Common Errors, Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci., 2020, 51(7), p 3398–3402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05817-x10.1007/s11661-020-05817-x ↗
46. S.V.S. Narayana Murty and B. Nageswara Rao, On the Flow Localization Concepts in the Processing Maps of Titanium Alloy Ti-24Al-20Nb, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2000, 104(1), p 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(00)00517-310.1016/S0924-0136(00)00517-3 ↗
47. H. Zhao et al., Hot Deformation Behaviour of 40CrNi Steel and Evaluation of Different Processing Map Construction Methods, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2020, 9(3), p 2856–2869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.01.02010.1016/j.jmrt.2020.01.020 ↗
48. D. Huang and W. Feng, Hot Deformation Characteristics and Processing Map of FV520B Martensitic Precipitation-Hardened Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2019, 28(4), p 2281–2291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-03974-810.1007/s11665-019-03974-8 ↗
49. A. Al Omar and J.M. Prado, Criteria for Prediction of Plastic Instabilities for Hot Working Processes (Part I: Theoretical Review), Weld. Int., 2012, 26(12), p 921–934. https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2011.59270410.1080/09507116.2011.592704 ↗
50. J. Zhang, H. Di, H. Wang, K. Mao, T. Ma, and Y. Cao, Hot Deformation Behavior of Ti-15-3 Titanium Alloy: A Study Using Processing Maps, Activation Energy Map, and Zener-Hollomon Parameter Map, J. Mater. Sci., 2012, 47(9), p 4000–4011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6253-110.1007/s10853-012-6253-1 ↗
51. H.T. Jeong, H.K. Kim, and W.J. Kim, Processing Maps (With Flow Instability Criterion Based on Power-Law Breakdown) Integrated Into Finite Element Simulations for Evaluating the Hot Workability of 7075 Aluminum Alloy, Mater. Today Commun., 2021, 27, p 102254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.10225410.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102254 ↗
52. Q. Li, H. Bu, J. Han, and M. Li, Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior and Processing Maps of 5CrNiMoV Steel During Hot Deformation, Mater. Res. Express, 2023, 10(4), p 046519. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/acce2210.1088/2053-1591/acce22 ↗
53. K. Huang and R.E. Logé, A Review of Dynamic Recrystallization Phenomena in Metallic Materials, Mater. Des., 2016, 111, p 548–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.09.01210.1016/j.matdes.2016.09.012 ↗
54. J. Dong, K. Li, Z. Shao, L. Peng, and C. Li, Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior and Mechanism of Fe–Cr–Ni–Mn–Mo–N Low Magnetic Stainless Steel During Hot Deformation, J. Mater. Sci., 2023, 58(40), p 15845–15860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08916-310.1007/s10853-023-08916-3 ↗
55. F. J. Humphreys, M. Matherly, 6.1.1 The occurrence of recovery. Recryst. Relat. Annelaling Phenom., pp. 437–444, 2004.
56. W. Chen, C. Zheng, and L. Dianzhong, The Operative Dynamic Recrystallization Mechanism of Austenite During the Transient Deformation in a Ni-30%Fe Model Alloy, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2019, 1270(1), p 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1270/1/01204710.1088/1742-6596/1270/1/012047 ↗
57. W. Chen, C. Zheng, C. Jia, B. Hu, and D. Li, Strain-Rate Dependence of the Dynamic Softening in a Duplex Stainless Steel, Mater Charact, 2020, 162, p 110219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.11021910.1016/j.matchar.2020.110219 ↗
58. N. Haghdadi, P. Cizek, H. Beladi, and P.D. Hodgson, Dynamic Restoration Processes in a 23Cr-6Ni-3Mo Duplex Stainless Steel: Effect of Austenite Morphology and Interface Characteristics, Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci., 2017, 48(10), p 4803–4820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-4227-210.1007/s11661-017-4227-2 ↗
59. N. Haghdadi, P. Cizek, H. Beladi, and P.D. Hodgson, The Austenite Microstructure Evolution in a Duplex Stainless Steel Subjected to Hot Deformation, Philos. Mag., 2017, 97(15), p 1209–1237. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2017.129386010.1080/14786435.2017.1293860 ↗
60. N. Haghdadi, P. Cizek, H. Beladi, and P.D. Hodgson, Hot Deformation and Restoration Mechanisms in Duplex Stainless Steels: Effect of Strain Rate, Metall. Ital., 2017, 109(9), p 5–16.
61. X. Gao, H. Bin Wu, M. Liu, Y. Xiang Zhang, and X. Dong Zhou, Dynamic Recovery and Recrystallization Behaviors of C71500 Copper-Nickel Alloy Under Hot Deformation, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2020, 29(11), p 7678–7692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05221-x10.1007/s11665-020-05221-x ↗
62. B. Li, Y. Du, Z. Chu, W. Zhou, and X. Yang, Research on Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Ni[sbnd]Fe[sbnd]Cr Based Alloy, Mater Charact, 2020, 169, p 110653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.11065310.1016/j.matchar.2020.110653 ↗
63. C. Sun, Y. Xiang, Q. Zhou, D.J. Politis, Z. Sun, and M. Wang, Dynamic Recrystallization and Hot Workability of 316LN Stainless Steel, Metals, 2016, 6(7), p 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/met607015210.3390/met6070152 ↗
64. A. Momeni and K. Dehghani, Hot Working Behavior of 2205 Austenite-Ferrite Duplex Stainless Steel Characterized by Constitutive Equations and Processing Maps, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.11.02010.1016/j.msea.2010.11.020 ↗
65. Y. Sen Hao, W.C. Liu, and Z.Y. Liu, Microstructure Evolution and Strain-Dependent Constitutive Modeling to Predict the Flow Behavior of 20Cr–24Ni–6Mo Super-Austenitic Stainless Steel During Hot Deformation, Acta Metall. Sin., 2018, 31(4), p 401–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-017-0657-510.1007/s40195-017-0657-5 ↗
66. M.O. Bodunrin, L.H. Chown, J.W. van der Merwe, and K.K. Alaneme, Hot Working of Ti-6Al-4V with a Complex Initial Microstructure, Int. J. Mater. Form., 2019, 12(5), p 857–874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-018-1457-910.1007/s12289-018-1457-9 ↗
67. Y. Peng et al., Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Low-Carbon Steel During Hot Rolling Process: Modeling and Simulation, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2022, 20, p 1266–1290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.07.03910.1016/j.jmrt.2022.07.039 ↗
68. M. Hu, L. Dong, Z. Zhang, X. Lei, R. Yang, and Y. Sha, Correction of Flow Curves and Constitutive Modelling of a Ti-6AL-4V Alloy, Metals, 2018, 8(4), p 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/met804025610.3390/met8040256 ↗
69. A. Hadadzadeh and M.A. Wells, Analysis of the Hot Deformation of ZK60 Magnesium Alloy, J. Magnes. Alloy., 2017, 5(4), p 369–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2017.09.00210.1016/j.jma.2017.09.002 ↗
70. J. Zhang, H. Di, X. Wang, Y. Cao, J. Zhang, and T. Ma, Constitutive Analysis of the Hot Deformation Behavior of Fe-23Mn-2Al-0.2C Twinning Induced Plasticity Steel in Consideration of Strain, Mater. Des., 2013, 44, p 354–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.08.00410.1016/j.matdes.2012.08.004 ↗
71. Y.P. Li, H. Matsumoto, and A. Chiba, Correcting the Stress-Strain Curve in the Stroke-Rate Controlling Forging Process, Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci., 2009, 40(5), p 1203–1209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-009-9811-710.1007/s11661-009-9811-7 ↗
72. L.Y. Qian, G. Fang, P. Zeng, and L.X. Wang, Correction of Flow Stress and Determination of Constitutive Constants for Hot Working of API X100 Pipeline Steel, Int. J. Press. Vessel. Pip., 2015, 132–133, p 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2015.05.00810.1016/j.ijpvp.2015.05.008 ↗
73. H. Wang, G. Qin, and C. Li, A Modified Arrhenius Constitutive Model of 2219-O Aluminum Alloy Based on Hot Compression with Simulation Verification, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2022, 19, p 3302–3320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.06.08010.1016/j.jmrt.2022.06.080 ↗
74. B. Adam, J. Tucker, and G. Tewksbury, Hot Deformation Data for Haynes 214, Haynes 230 and Inconel 740H, Data Br., 2020, 28, p 104923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.10492310.1016/j.dib.2019.104923 ↗
75. A. Tabei, F.H. Abed, G.Z. Voyiadjis, and H. Garmestani, Constitutive Modeling of Ti-6Al-4V at a Wide Range of Temperatures and Strain Rates, Eur. J. Mech. A/Solids, 2017, 63, p 128–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2017.01.00510.1016/j.euromechsol.2017.01.005 ↗
76. L.F. Kanan, B. Vicharapu, D.R. Pissanti, C.E.F. Kwietniewski, T. Clarke, and A. De, An Investigation on Girth Friction Welding of Duplex Stainless Steel Pipes, J. Manuf. Process., 2020, 51, p 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.01.03210.1016/j.jmapro.2020.01.032 ↗
77. K.K. Saxena, V. Pancholi, S.K. Jha, G.P. Chaudhari, D. Srivastava, and G.K. Dey, A Novel Approach to Understand the Deformation Behavior in Two Phase Region Using Processing Map, J. Alloys Compd., 2017, 706, p 511–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.02.17710.1016/j.jallcom.2017.02.177 ↗
78. L.X. Li, Y. Lou, L.B. Yang, D.S. Peng, and K.P. Rao, Flow Stress Behavior and Deformation Characteristics of Ti-3Al-5V-5Mo Compressed at Elevated Temperatures, Mater. Des., 2002, 23(5), p 451–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3069(02)00025-010.1016/S0261-3069(02)00025-0 ↗
79. T. R. Society, P. Transactions, R. Society, P. Sciences, Recovery and Recrystallization by Stacking Fault.
80. H. Zhao, J. Qi, G. Liu, R. Su, and Z. Sun, A Comparative Study on Hot Deformation Behaviours of Low-Carbon and Medium-Carbon Vanadium Microalloyed Steels, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2020, 9(5), p 11319–11331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.08.01610.1016/j.jmrt.2020.08.016 ↗
81. X. Wang, Z. Liu, and H. Luo, Complicated Interaction of Dynamic Recrystallization and Precipitation During Hot Deformation of Ultrahigh-Strength Stainless Steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci., 2016, 47(12), p 6248–6258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3743-910.1007/s11661-016-3743-9 ↗
82. A. Momeni, K. Dehghani, and X.X. Zhang, Mechanical and Microstructural Analysis of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Under Hot Working Condition, J. Mater. Sci., 2012, 47(6), p 2966–2974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-6130-310.1007/s10853-011-6130-3 ↗
83. G.G. Yapici, I. Karaman, and Z.P. Luo, Mechanical twinning and texture evolution in severely deformed Ti-6Al-4V at high temperatures, Acta Mater., 2006, 54(14), p 3755–3771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2006.04.00710.1016/j.actamat.2006.04.007 ↗