journal article·2026-02

Multi-scale Optimization and Computational Validation for Enhancing the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Physical Performance of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing-Fabricated SS309L Stainless Steel

S. Tamil Prabakaran, Saravanakumar Sengottaiyan, D. Yogaraj, V. S. Shaisundaram

Publisher page

Abstract

No abstract is available for this record. The assistant can identify its topic from the title, but cannot infer the study’s results.

Source: Not provided · Quality: missing

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies · Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (59)

Show source-provided references
1. N. Manikandan and M. Arumugam, Optimizing Cold Metal Transfer-Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Parameters for Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of ER5356 Aluminum Alloy Using Artificial Neural Network and Response Surface Methodology, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2025, 34, p 4853–4872. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-024-10403-y10.1007/s11665-024-10403-y ↗
2. Y. Li, S. Yin, G. Zhang, C. Wang, X. Liu, and R. Guan, A Review on Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Magnesium Alloys: Wire Preparation, Defects and Properties, Met. Mater. Int., 2024 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01724-710.1007/s12540-024-01724-7 ↗
3. M. Srivastava, S. Rathee, A. Tiwari, and M. Dongre, Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Metals: A Review on Processes, Materials and Their Behaviour, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2023, 294, 126988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.12698810.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.126988 ↗
4. M.D.B. Kumar and M. Manikandan, Evaluation of Microstructure, Residual Stress, and Mechanical Properties in Different Planes of Wire + Arc Additive Manufactured Nickel-Based Superalloy, Met. Mater. Int., 2022, 28(12), p 3033–3056. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-022-01185-w10.1007/s12540-022-01185-w ↗
5. A. Sethuraman, E. Vijayaragavan, T. Lakshmanan, T. Geethapriyan, and I.A. Palani, Optimization and Finite Element Analysis Simulation on Mechanical Behavior of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing for SS316L Using Response Surface Methodology, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2025 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-025-10776-810.1007/s11665-025-10776-8 ↗
6. T. Wang, J. Tang, D. Guo, J. Lei, L. Li, and H. Han, Effect of Solution and Double-Stage Aging Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CMT-WAAM Inconel625 Structural Components, Met. Mater. Int., 2024, 30(10), p 2916–2924. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01686-w10.1007/s12540-024-01686-w ↗
7. E. Tenuta, A. Nycz, M. Noakes, S. Simunovic, and M.H.A. Piro, Material Properties and Mechanical Behaviour of Functionally Graded Steel Produced by Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing, Addit. Manuf., 2021, 46, p 1–36.
8. W.J. Oh, C.M. Lee, and D.H. Kim, Prediction of Deposition Bead Geometry in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Using Machine Learning, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2022, 20, p 4283–4296.10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.08.154 ↗
9. V. Monfared, S. Ramakrishna, N. Nasajpour-Esfahani, D. Toghraie, M. Hekmatifar, and S. Rahmati, Science and Technology of Additive Manufacturing Progress: Processes, Materials, and Applications, Met. Mater. Int., 2023, 29(12), p 3442–3470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-023-01467-x10.1007/s12540-023-01467-x ↗
10. V.T. Le, D.S. Mai, T.K. Doan, and H. Paris, Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of 308L Stainless Steel Components: Optimization of Processing Parameters and Material Properties, Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J., 2021, 24(4), p 1015–1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2021.01.00910.1016/j.jestch.2021.01.009 ↗
11. Z. Lyu, Y.S. Sato, S. Tokita, Y. Zhao, J. Jia, and A. Wu, Homogenization of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured Martensitic Stainless Steel Through Optimization of Post-Process Heat Treatment, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2022, 21, p 2682–2692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.10.07710.1016/j.jmrt.2022.10.077 ↗
12. P.N. Bellamkonda, M. Dwivedy, M. Sudersanan, and B. Visvalingam, Influence of Welding Processes on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Duplex Stainless Steel Parts Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Met. Mater. Int., 2025, 31(2), p 368–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01753-210.1007/s12540-024-01753-2 ↗
13. J. Chen, H. Wei, K. Bao, X. Zhang, Y. Cao, Y. Peng, J. Kong, and K. Wang, Dynamic Mechanical Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by an Additive Manufacturing Process, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2021, 11, p 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.12.09710.1016/j.jmrt.2020.12.097 ↗
14. C. Rakesh, P. Heet, V. Jay, and P. Vivek, Parametric Study and Investigations of Bead Geometries of GMAW-Based Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing of 316L Stainless Steels, Metals (Basel)., 2022, 12, 1232.10.3390/met12071232 ↗
15. L. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. Yang, J. Hou, J. Li, and J. Lin, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Multi-laser Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2024, 913, 147053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2024.14705310.1016/j.msea.2024.147053 ↗
16. S.V. Motghare, K.M. Ashtankar, and N.K. Lautre, Experimental Investigation of Electrochemical and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel 309L at Different Built Orientation by Cold Metal Transfer Assisted Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Today Commun., 2024, 39, 109382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.10938210.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.109382 ↗
17. S. Prabhakaran, B. Vinod, S. Suresh, and K. Asokkumar, Implementation of Automated Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (AGTAW) for Stainless Steel 309L Applications, Int. J. Aquat. Sci., 2021, 12(02), p 2021.
18. C. Wichan and S. Loeshpahn, Effect of Filler Alloy on Microstructure, Mechanical and Corrosion Behaviour of Dissimilar Weldment Between AISI 201 Stainless Steel and Low Carbon Steel Sheets Produced by a Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, Adv. Mater. Res., 2012 https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.581-582.80810.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.581-582.808 ↗
19. M. Gao, C. Chen, S. Mei, L. Wang, and X. Zeng, Parameter Optimization and Mechanism of Laser-Arc Hybrid Welding of Dissimilar Al Alloy and Stainless Steel, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2014, 74(1–4), p 199–208.10.1007/s00170-014-5996-z ↗
20. A. Thirugnanasambandam, M.K. Subramaniyan, A. Gobiraman, and V. Elumalai, Wire plus Arc Additive Manufacturing of Stainless Steel Wall for Predicting Parametric Influences on Strength: Experimentation and Finite-Element Analysis Approach, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part. E J Process. Mech. Eng., 2024 https://doi.org/10.1177/0954408924124190010.1177/09544089241241900 ↗
21. D. Shetty, V. Vijayan, and K. Natesan, An Experimental Study on Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) of 308L Stainless Steel and Its Chemical Dissolution, Weld. Int., 2025, 39(2), p 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2024.241045110.1080/09507116.2024.2410451 ↗
22. V.T. Le and D.S. Mai, Microstructural and Mechanical Characteristics of 308L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Gas Metal Arc Welding-Based Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Lett., 2020, 271, 127791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.12779110.1016/j.matlet.2020.127791 ↗
23. Y. Ke and J. Xiong, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Double-Wire Feed GTA Additive Manufactured 308L Stainless Steel, Rapid Prototyp. J., 2020, 26(9), p 1503–1513.10.1108/RPJ-09-2019-0238 ↗
24. R. Chaudhari, S. Khanna, J. Vora, and V. Patel, Experimental Investigations on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wall Structure of SS309L Using Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing, J. Adv. Join. Process., 2023, 2024(9), p 100172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2023.10017210.1016/j.jajp.2023.100172 ↗
25. J. Sivakumar, J. Lakshmipathy, and E. Uthirapathi, An investigation on Surface Integrity and Microstructure Behaviour of AISI 304 Stainless Steel Machined by Die Sinking EDM, Metall. Res. Technol., 2024, 121(5), p 511. https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/202406510.1051/metal/2024065 ↗
26. U. Elaiyarasan, C. Nandakumar, and T. Arunkumar, Experimental Study on Parametric Effect of Wire Electric Discharge Machining of Titanium Grade 2 Alloy Using Cryogenic Treated Wire, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2024 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-024-09976-510.1007/s11665-024-09976-5 ↗
27. U. Elaiyarasan, P. Baranitharan, V. Satheeshkumar, C. Senthilkumar, and B. Vinod, Wear Behaviour and Coating Performance of WC–Cu Composite Electrodes on ZE41A Magnesium Alloy Using Electrospark Deposition, Can. Metall. Q., 2024, 4433, p 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00084433.2024.243721810.1080/00084433.2024.2437218 ↗
28. U. Elaiyarasan, P. Baranitharan, V. Satheeshkumar, C. Senthilkumar, and T. Arunkumar, Evaluation on Tribological Performance of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Modified Using Powder Composite Electrode-Assisted Electrical Discharge Coating, JOM, 2024, 77(4), p 1834–1843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-024-07070-810.1007/s11837-024-07070-8 ↗
29. T. Elangovan, J. Ajith, G.V. Hariharan, S. Dinesh Kumar, M. Manickam, and U. Elaiyarasan, Surface Integrity and Microstructure Analysis of the AZ31B Magnesium Alloy Machined by Sustainable EDM with a B4C-Enriched Bio-Dielectric Fluid, Can. Metall. Q., 2025, 4433, p 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/00084433.2025.247161310.1080/00084433.2025.2471613 ↗
30. U. Elaiyarasan, V. Satheeshkumar, C. Senthilkumar, and T. Arunkumar, Enhancing Microhardness and Surface Integrity of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy Using WC–Cu Composite Electrode Aided Electrical Discharge Coating, J. Adhes. Sci. Technol.Adhes. Sci. Technol., 2024, 39(4), p 596–614. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2024.241535010.1080/01694243.2024.2415350 ↗
31. G.I. Khidhir, S.A. Baban, and Brazilian Metallurgical, Materials and Mining Association, Efficiency of Dissimilar Friction Welded 1045 Medium Carbon Steel and 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel Joints, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2019, 8(2), p 1926–1932.10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.01.010 ↗
32. D. Van Thuc, D. Van Luu, P. Hoang Cuong, Q. Tien Ha, T. Dinh, and T. Van Dinh, Influence of WAAM Process Parameters on Morphology of Beads When Coating High-Temperature Stainless Steels SS309L on Low Carbon Steel Plates, Irjaes. Com, 2023, 8(2), p 183–186.
33. S. Sengottaiyan, S. Sathiyamurthy, and G. Selvakumar, Influence of Treatment and Fly Ash Fillers on the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Banana Fiber Epoxy Composites: Experimental and ANN- RSM Modeling, Compos. Interfaces, 2025, 32(7), p 953–985. https://doi.org/10.1080/09276440.2024.244887910.1080/09276440.2024.2448879 ↗
34. S. Saravanakumar, S. Sathiyamurthy, N. Ananthi, and P. Devi, Optimization of Drilling Characteristics of Al2O3 and Boiled Eggshell Filler-Added Hybrid Bio Composite from Agriculture Residue, Biomass Convers. Biorefin., 2024, 14(23), p 29321–29335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04572-410.1007/s13399-023-04572-4 ↗
35. T. Kurzynowski, K. Gruber, W. Stopyra, B. Kuźnicka, and E. Chlebus, Correlation between Process Parameters, Microstructure and Properties of 316 L Stainless Steel Processed by Selective Laser Melting, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 2018(718), p 64–73.
36. L. Wang, J. Hu, E. Guo, Y. Li, H. Kang, and Y. Feng, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Thick-Walled WE43A Alloy Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2024 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-024-10270-710.1007/s11665-024-10270-7 ↗
37. O. Basil Quent, C.C. Nwobi-Okoye, P.U. Ochieze, and I.A. Ochieze, Microstructural and Properties Evaluation of A356 Alloy/Cow Horn Particulate Composites Produced by Spark Plasma Sintering, J. Chinese Adv. Mater. Soc., 2018, 6(1), p 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/22243682.2017.138760410.1080/22243682.2017.1387604 ↗
38. S. Joy and J.K. Antony, Design and Simulation of a Micro Hotplate Using COMSOL Multiphysics for MEMS Based Gas Sensor, Fifth International Conference on Advances in Computing and Communications (ICACC), 2015, 2015, p 465–468.
39. A. Jafari, P. Broumand, M. Vahab, and N. Khalili, An EXtended Finite Element Method Implementation in COMSOL Multiphysics: Solid Mechanics, Finite Elem. Anal. Des., 2022, 202, 103707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finel.2021.10370710.1016/j.finel.2021.103707 ↗
40. S. Sathiyamurthy, S. Saravanakumar, N. Ananthi, and P. Devi, Optimization of Fiber Length and Filler Content for Improving the Mechanical Behaviour of Musa acuminate Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composite Using Response Surface Methodology, J. Ceram. Process. Res., 2023, 24(4), p 683–692.
41. S. Sengottaiyan, S. Subbarayan, R. Natarajan, and V. Gurunathan, Enhancing Mechanical, Degradation, and Tribological Properties of Biocomposites via Treatment and Alumina Content, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 2025 https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684425132166410.1177/07316844251321664 ↗
42. U. Elaiyarasan, N. Ananthi, and S. Sathiyamurthy, Prediction and Parametric Effect of Electrical Discharge Layering of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy Using Response Surface Methodology-Assisted Artificial Neural Network, Bull. Mater. Sci., 2024 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-024-03184-610.1007/s12034-024-03184-6 ↗
43. S. Saravanakumar, S. Sathiyamurthy, P. Pathmanaban, and P. Devi, Integrating Machine Learning and Response Surface Methodology for Analyzing Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of Biocomposites, Compos. Interfaces, 2024, 31(1), p 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/09276440.2023.226023910.1080/09276440.2023.2260239 ↗
44. S. Sengottaiyan, S. Subbarayan, V. Viswanathan, and P. Pugazhendi, Optimized Machine Learning with Hyperparameter Tuning and Response Surface Methodology for Predicting Tribological Performance in Bio-composite Materials, Polym. Compos., 2024, 45(10), p 9421–9439. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.2841810.1002/pc.28418 ↗
45. S. Sathiyamurthy, S. Saravanakumar, and V. Vinoth, Enhancing Tribological Performance of Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Composites through Machine Learning and Response Surface Methodology. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/073168442412564210.1177/0731684424125642 ↗
46. S. Saravanakumar, S. Sathiyamurthy, and V. Vinoth, Enhancing Machining Accuracy of Banana Fiber-Reinforced Composites with Ensemble Machine Learning, Meas. J. Int. Meas. Confed., 2024, 235(March), p 114912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2024.11491210.1016/j.measurement.2024.114912 ↗
47. U. Elaiyarasan, V. Satheeshkumar, and C. Senthilkumar, Parametric Effect on Electrical Discharge Treatment of Magnesium Alloy with Powder Composite Electrode, SN Appl. Sci., 2020, 2(3), p 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2184-710.1007/s42452-020-2184-7 ↗
48. V. Vinoth, S. Sathiyamurthy, S. Saravanakumar, and R. Senthilkumar, Integrating Response Surface Methodology and Machine Learning for Analyzing the Unconventional Machining Properties of Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Composites, Polym. Compos., 2024, 45(7), p 6077–6092.10.1002/pc.28180 ↗
49. S. Sengottaiyan, V.S. Shaisundaram, M.S. Basha, B. Deepanraj, and N. Senthilkumar, Effect of Duplex and Austenite Stainless Steel Fillers on Mechanical, Microstructural, and Corrosion Characteristics of Dissimilar Welds Using Cold Metal Transfer Welding, Results Eng., 2025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.10481810.1016/j.rineng.2025.104818 ↗
50. S. Sengottaiyan, S. Subbarayan, R. Natarajan, and V. Gurunathan, Synergistic Effects of NaOH Treatment and Ceramic Fillers on the Mechanical and Tribological Behavior of Roselle Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites, Fibers Polym., 2025, 26(5), p 2077–2095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-025-00922-310.1007/s12221-025-00922-3 ↗
51. G. Periyappillai, S. Subbarayan, and S. Sengottaiyan, Advanced Ensemble Machine Learning Prediction to Enhance the Accuracy of Abrasive Waterjet Machining for Biocomposites, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2025, 333, 130175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.13017510.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.130175 ↗
52. G. Periyappillai, S. Sathiyamurthy, S. Saravanakumar, and The Korean Fiber Society, Optimized Machine Learning Prediction and RSM Optimization of Mechanical Properties in Boiled Eggshell Filler-Added Biocomposites, Fibers Polym., 2024, 25(8), p 3115–3133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-024-00638-w10.1007/s12221-024-00638-w ↗
53. P. Long, D. Wen, J. Min, Z. Zheng, J. Li, and Y. Liu, Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of a Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steel: Effect of Processing Parameter, Materials, 2021 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1407168110.3390/ma14071681 ↗
54. Z. Du, Y. Wang, J. Chen, Q. Zhang, C. Li, Y. Jiang, Y. Pu, and X. Wang, Effect of Additive Manufacturing Thickness on Microstructure and Properties of DG09 Welding Wire Wear-Resistant Layer, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2023 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2549/1/01200810.1088/1742-6596/2549/1/012008 ↗
55. J.S. Kumar, M. Qasim, and S. Pushpendra, Microstructural and Mechanical Properties Analysis of SS 316L Structure Fabricated Using CMT- Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, J. Adhes. Sci. Technol.Adhes. Sci. Technol., 2024 https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2024.239911510.1080/01694243.2024.2399115 ↗
56. N. Arivazhagan, M. Manikandan, and G. Kumar, Heliyon Pulsed Directed Energy Deposition-Arc Technology for Depositing Stainless Steel 309L: Microstructural, Elements Distribution, and Mechanical Characteristics, Heliyon, 2024, 10(15), p e35279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e3527910.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35279 ↗
57. C. Chen, W. Du, H. Zhang, and X. Zhao, Improvement of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel TIG Based Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing by Using AC/DC Mix Current Waveform, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2023, 23, p 4355–4366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.02.09310.1016/j.jmrt.2023.02.093 ↗
58. V. Amiri and H. Naffakh-Moosavy, Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Carbon Steel - Stainless Steel 316L - Inconel 625: Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Behavior, J. Adv. Join. Process., 2024, 9(1), p 100194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2024.10019410.1016/j.jajp.2024.100194 ↗
59. X. Chen, J. Li, X. Cheng, B. He, H. Wang, and Z. Huang, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Austenitic Stainless Steel 316L Fabricated by Gas Metal Arc Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 703, p 567–577.10.1016/j.msea.2017.05.024 ↗