Influence of Various Heat Treatment Cycles on the Phase Transformation and Microstructure Evolution of AISI 329 Super-Duplex Stainless Steel
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The importance of duplex stainless steel in the global steel industries takes from its application because of its utilization in the environment, the paper industries, and pipelines and reactions champers found in the gas, oil, and chemicals industries. This research investigates the effect of various heat treatment cycles on the intermetallic compound precipitation and different constituents' evolution of the AISI 329 steel. Also, this investigation aims at exploring the relationship of the microstructure evolution at various heat treatment cycles and its effect on the tensile properties of selected steel. The phase transformation studies were conducted theoretically utilizing the JMatPro program and experimentally employing differential scanning calorimetry tests and dilatation; the obtained microstructure was inspected by exploiting a light metallographic microscope, a field-emission scanning electron microscope, and x-ray diffraction. The results illustrated that the microstructure includes ferrite, austenite phases, and dispersive particles. The dispersive particles are carbide particles and intermetallic compounds. Furthermore, the sigma phase settled at the boundaries of the ferrite grains. Intermetallic compounds were observed in both cast and heat-treated steel microstructures. Observed intermetallic compounds have no specific engineering geometry with various sizes, and the main alloying elements are Cr, Fe, and Mn. Special heat treatment, including solid solution and aging at high temperatures, leads to thinning of the sigma phase while diminishing the size of the intermetallic compound. Tensile properties were enhanced by controlling the volume fraction of different constituents that are adjusted by heat treatment. The fracture morphology is consistent with the microstructure and tensile properties of the investigated steel.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion behaviors in metals · Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels · Corrosion Behavior and Inhibition
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (37)
Show source-provided references
1. K.I. Osozawa, Fundamentals for Better Use of Stainless Steels-Development History, Characteristics, and Resistance to Corrosion-1: History of Stainless Steel and its Production, Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met., 2011, 60, p 680–686. https://doi.org/10.2472/jsms.60.68010.2472/jsms.60.680 ↗
2. J.B. Vogt, Fatigue Properties of High Nitrogen Steels, J. Mater. Process Technol., 2001, 117, p 364–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(01)00799-310.1016/S0924-0136(01)00799-3 ↗
3. L.X. Xu and H.B. Wu, Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Property Optimization under Solution Treatment of an Ultra-Low Carbon Fe-Mn-Al Duplex Steel, J. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2018, 738, p 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mesa.2018.09.09710.1016/j.mesa.2018.09.097 ↗
4. S.S.M. Tavares, J.M. Pardal, H.F.G.D. Abreu, C.D.S. Nunes, and M.R.D. Silva, Tensile Properties of Duplex UNSS32205 and Lean Duplex UNS S32304 Steels and the Influence of Short Duration 475°C Aging, Mater. Res., 2012, 15, p 859–864. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-1439201200500011610.1590/S1516-14392012005000116 ↗
5. A. Mateo, L. Llanes, N. Akdut, and M. Anglada, High Cycle Fatigue Behavior Standard Duplex Stainless Steel Plate and Bar, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2001, 319, p 516–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01096-610.1016/S0921-5093(01)01096-6 ↗
6. M. Knyazeva and M. Pohl, Duplex Steels: Part I: Genesis, Formation Structure, Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal., 2013, 2, p 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-013-0066-810.1007/s13632-013-0066-8 ↗
7. I. Calliari, M. Pellizzari, M. Zanellato, and E. Ramous, The Phase Stability in Cr–Ni, and Cr–Mn Duplex Stainless Steels, J. Mater. Sci., 2011, 46, p 6916–6924. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5657-710.1007/s10853-011-5657-7 ↗
8. I. Alvarez-Armas, Duplex Stainless Steels: Brief History and Some Recent Alloys, Recent Pat. Mech. Eng., 2008, 1, p 51–57.10.2174/2212797610801010051 ↗
9. D. Mutaşcu, I. Mitelea, I. Bordeaşu, M. Burcă, and I.D. Uţu, Hardfacing of X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 Duplex Stainless Steel with Stellite Alloy Using Pulsed TIG Welding Process, Mater. Today Proc., 2021, 45, p 4112–4116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.66210.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.662 ↗
10. L. Chen, F.P. Yuan, P. Jiang, J.J. Xie, and X.L. Wu, Simultaneous Improvement of Tensile Strength and Ductility in Micro-Duplex Structure Consisting of Austenite and Ferrite, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 618, p 563–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.09.01410.1016/j.msea.2014.09.014 ↗
11. J.O. Nilsson, Super Duplex Stainless Steels, Mater. Sci. Technol., 1992, 8, p 685–700. https://doi.org/10.1179/mst.1992.8.8.68510.1179/mst.1992.8.8.685 ↗
12. K. Saeidi, L. Kevetkova, F. Lofaj, and Z. Shen, Novel Ferritic Stainless Steel Formed by Laser Melting from Duplex Stainless-Steel Powder with Advanced Mechanical Properties and High Ductility, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 665, p 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.04.02710.1016/j.msea.2016.04.027 ↗
13. C.C. Hsieh and W. Wu, Overview of Intermetallic Sigma (σ) Phase Precipitation in Stainless Steels, ISRN Metall., 2012, 732471, p 1–16. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/73247110.5402/2012/732471 ↗
14. M. Knyazeva and M. Pohl, Duplex Steels. Part II Carbides and Nitrides, Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal., 2013, 2, p 343–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-013-0088-210.1007/s13632-013-0088-2 ↗
15. Y. Ohmori and Y. Maehara, Precipitation of M23C6 and σ-Phase in δ/γ Duplex Stainless Steels, Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met., 1984, 24, p 60–68. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational1966.24.6010.2355/isijinternational1966.24.60 ↗
16. M. Kumar, N.P. Gurao, and A. Upadhyaya, Implications of Slip Transition on the Work Hardening and Texture Evolution of Nickel-Tungsten-Iron Ternary Alloy, Mater. Charact., 2022, 189, p 112010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2022.11201010.1016/j.matchar.2022.112010 ↗
17. G. Laplanche, S. Berglund, C. Reinhart, A. Kostka, F. Fox, and E.P. George, Phase Stability and Kinetics of σ-Phase Precipitation in CrMnFeCoNi High-Entropy Alloys, Acta Mater., 2018, 161, p 338–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.09.04010.1016/j.actamat.2018.09.040 ↗
18. T.H. Chen and J.R. Yang, Effect of Solution Treatment and Continuous Cooling on σ-Phase 2205 Duplex SUS, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2001, 311, p 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(01)00911-X10.1016/S0921-5093(01)00911-X ↗
19. M. Senior, P.H. Jouneau, and C. Esnouf, TEM and EBSD Investigation of Continuous and Discontinuous Precipitation of CrN in Nitrided Pure Fe-Cr Alloys, J. Mater. Sci., 2004, 39, p 4521–4531. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSC.0000034146.64444.8010.1023/B:JMSC.0000034146.64444.80 ↗
20. M. Pohl, The Ferrite/Austenite Ratio of Duplex Stainless Steels, Z. Metallkd., 1995, 86, p 97–101. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-1995-86020510.1515/ijmr-1995-860205 ↗
21. M. Martins and L.C. Casteletti, Effect of Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of ASTM A 890 Gr6A Super Duplex Stainless Steel, J. ASTM Int., 2005, 2, p 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI1303710.1520/JAI13037 ↗
22. Q. Ran, Y. Xu, J. Li, J. Wan, X. Xiao, H. Yu, and L. Jiang, Effect of Heat Treatment on Transformation Induced Plasticity of Economical Cr19 Duplex Stainless Steel, Mater. Des., 2014, 56, p 959–965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.12.01910.1016/j.matdes.2013.12.019 ↗
23. W. Zhang and J. Hu, Effect of Annealing Temperature on Transformation Induced Plasticity Effect of a Lean Duplex Stainless Steel, Mater. Charact., 2013, 79, p 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2013.02.00310.1016/j.matchar.2013.02.003 ↗
24. Y. Baik, B.K. Kang, Y. Choi, and W.C. Woo, Effect of Gadolinium and Boron Addition on the Texture Development and Magnetic Properties of 23Cr–10NiCu Duplex Stainless Steels, Nucl. Eng. Technol., 2021, 53, p 1887–1892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2020.11.03210.1016/j.net.2020.11.032 ↗
25. A. Lapechenkov, A. Fedorov, L. Galata, and A. Piskarev, Comparative Analysis of Corrosion Resistance of S31200 Duplex Stainless Steel and Its Analogue, Mater. Today Proc., 2020, 30, p 361–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.17410.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.174 ↗
26. Z.C. Wang, S.J. Kim, C.G. Lee, and T.H. Lee, Bake-Hardening Behaviour of Cold-Rolled CMnSi and CMnSiCu TRIP-Aided Steel Sheets, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2004, 151, p 141–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.04.02910.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.04.029 ↗
27. Z. Li and D. Wu, Effects of Hot Deformation and Subsequent Austempering on the Mechanical Properties of Si-Mn TRIP Steels, ISIJ Int., 2004, 46, p 121–128. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.46.12110.2355/isijinternational.46.121 ↗
28. H. Halfa, H.S. Asiful, and S.S. Mahmoud, Effect of Heat Treatment on Tensile Properties and Microstructure of Co-Free, Low Ni-10 Mo-1.2 Ti Maraging Steel, Materials, 2022, 15, p 2136–2158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1506213610.3390/ma15062136 ↗
29. A.D. Warren, R.L. Harniman, Z. Guo, C.M. Younes, P.E.J. Flewittl, and T.B. Scott, Quantification of Sigma-Phase Evolution in Thermally Aged 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Sci., 2016, 51, p 694–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9131-910.1007/s10853-015-9131-9 ↗
30. J.W. Elmer, T.A. Palmer, and E.D. Specht, Direct Observations of Sigma Phase Formation in Duplex Stainless Steels Using In-Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction, Metall. Mater. Trans. A., 2007, 38, p 464–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-9076-310.1007/s11661-006-9076-3 ↗
31. D.M.E. Villanueva, F.C.P. Junior, R.L. Plaut, and A.F. Padilha, Comparative Study on Sigma Phase Precipitation of Three Types of Stainless: Austenitic, Super Ferritic, and Duplex, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2006, 22, p 1098–1104. https://doi.org/10.1179/174328406X10923010.1179/174328406X109230 ↗
32. R. Magnabosco, Kinetics of Sigma Phase Formation in Duplex Stainless Steel, Mater. Res., 2009, 12, p 321–327. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-1439200900030001210.1590/S1516-14392009000300012 ↗
33. M. Pohl, O. Storz, and T. Glogowski, Effect of Intermetallic Precipitations on the Properties of Duplex Stainless Steel, Mater. Character., 2007, 58, p 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2006.03.01510.1016/j.matchar.2006.03.015 ↗
34. J.T. Gow and O.E. Harder, Balancing the Composition of Cast 25 Percent Chromium-12 Percent Nickel Type Alloys, Trans. Am. Soc. Metals, 1942, 30, p 855–935.
35. P. Prabhu and G. Rajnish, Effect of Intermetallic Phases on Corrosion Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Duplex Stainless Steel and Super Duplex Stainless Steel, Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J., 2015, 9(27), p 87–105.
36. I.F. Machado and A.F. Padilha, Aging Behaviour of 25Cr–17Mn High Nitrogen Duplex Stainless Steel, ISIJ Int., 2000, 40, p 719–724. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.40.71910.2355/isijinternational.40.719 ↗
37. K.L. Weng, H.R. Chen, and J.R. Yang, The Low-Temperature Aging Embrittlement in a 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2004, 379, p 119–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.12.05110.1016/j.msea.2003.12.051 ↗